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Soyaltin U. Solution is not simple; sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor use in Conn syndrome. Blood Press Monit 2024; 29:195-197. [PMID: 38465737 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with bilateral primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) and those with unilateral PA who are unwilling or unable to undergo adrenalectomy an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) provided by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) therapy reflects sufficient antagonism for elevated aldosterone. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) have cardiovascular, renal protective properties and some clinical data have shown an increase in PRA levels with SGLT2-i. Here, we present our experience of using SGLT2-i in PA patients with suppressed PRA despite 100 mg/day spironolactone therapy. CASES We prospectively evaluate the laboratory values of seven patients who were diagnosed with bilateral hyperaldosteronism. All of them were diabetic and had an HbA1c <7% with metformin treatment alone. Spironolactone was started in all of the patients after diagnosis and although the dose was increased to 100 mg/day, PRA levels remained <1 ng/ml/h. Metformin treatment was changed to empagliflozin in all patients and PRA was checked again at the sixth month of treatment. RESULTS Metformin treatment was changed to empagliflozin in all patients and PRA was checked again at the sixth month of treatment. Mean PRA levels were 0.464 ± 0.189 ng/ml/h before the treatment change and increased to mean 3.257 ± 1.881 ng/ml/h in the sixth month ( P = 0.008). The mean PRA was >1 ng/ml/h except for one patient in the sixth month of treatment. CONCLUSION Larger molecular and clinical studies are needed to understand whether the increase in PRA after empagliflozin treatment indicates interference, whether spironolactone treatment has become more effective, or whether empagliflozin has aldosterone receptor antagonism apart from its known effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Soyaltin
- University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Turkey
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2
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Green JB, Everett BM, Ghosh A, Younes N, Krause-Steinrauf H, Barzilay J, Desouza C, Inzucchi SE, Pokharel Y, Schade D, Scrymgeour A, Tan MH, Utzschneider KM, Mudaliar S. Cardiovascular Outcomes in GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study). Circulation 2024; 149:993-1003. [PMID: 38344820 PMCID: PMC10978227 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The effects of glucose-lowering medications on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes and low cardiovascular risk are unclear. We investigated cardiovascular outcomes by treatment group in participants randomly assigned to insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin, added to baseline metformin, in GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study). METHODS A total of 5047 participants with a mean±SD age of 57.2±10.0 years, type 2 diabetes duration of 4.0±2.7 years, and low baseline prevalence of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, 5.1%; cerebrovascular accident, 2.0%) were followed for a median of 5 years. Prespecified outcomes included between-group time-to-first event analyses of MACE-3 (composite of major adverse cardiovascular events: cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke), MACE-4 (MACE-3+unstable angina requiring hospitalization or revascularization), MACE-5 (MACE-4+coronary revascularization), MACE-6 (MACE-5+hospitalization for heart failure), and the individual components. MACE outcomes and hospitalization for heart failure in the liraglutide-treated group were compared with the other groups combined using Cox proportional hazards models. MACE-6 was also analyzed as recurrent events using a proportional rate model to compare all treatment groups. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of first MACE-3, MACE-4, MACE-5, or MACE-6, or their individual components, by randomized treatment group. However, when compared with the other treatment groups combined, the liraglutide-treated group had a significantly lower risk of MACE-5 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.54-0.91]; P=0.021), MACE-6 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.55-0.90]; P=0.021), and hospitalization for heart failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.28-0.86]; P=0.022). Compared with the liraglutide group, significantly higher rates of recurrent MACE-6 events occurred in the groups treated with glimepiride (rate ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.13-2.29]) or sitagliptin (rate ratio 1.75; [95% CI, 1.24-2.48]). CONCLUSIONS This comparative effectiveness study of a contemporary cohort of adults with type 2 diabetes, largely without established cardiovascular disease, suggests that liraglutide treatment may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients at relatively low risk compared with other commonly used glucose-lowering medications. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01794143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Green
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Brendan M. Everett
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alokananda Ghosh
- The Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Naji Younes
- The Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Heidi Krause-Steinrauf
- The Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Joshua Barzilay
- Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, and Department of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cyrus Desouza
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Yashashwi Pokharel
- Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - David Schade
- Division of Endocrinology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Alexandra Scrymgeour
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Meng H. Tan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Sunder Mudaliar
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, CA
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Krittanawong C, Escobar J, Virk HUH, Alam M, Virani S, Lavie CJ, Narayan KMV, Sharma R. Lifestyle Approach and Medical Therapy of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease. Am J Med 2024; 137:202-209. [PMID: 37980970 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is common among patients with several risk factors, such as elderly, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Notably, PAD is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. Non-invasive interventions are beneficial to improve morbidity and mortality among patients with PAD. Traditional risk factors like smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia play a significant role in the development of PAD. Still, additional factors such as mental health, glycemic control, diet, exercise, obesity management, lipid-lowering therapy, and antiplatelet therapy have emerged as important considerations. Managing these factors can help improve outcomes and reduce complications in PAD patients. Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin or clopidogrel is recommended in PAD patients, with clopidogrel showing more significant benefits in symptomatic PAD individuals. Managing several risk factors is crucial for improving outcomes and reducing complications in patients with PAD. Further research is also needed to explore the potential benefits of novel therapies. Ultimately, a comprehensive approach to PAD management is essential for improving morbidity and mortality among patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johao Escobar
- Division of Cardiology, Harlem Cardiology, New York, NY
| | - Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Salim Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center and Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Raman Sharma
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josée Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Heart, New York, NY
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4
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Sheikh S, Dehghani H, Kazerani HR. Protective effect of ellagic acid against high-glucose-induced injury in human umbilical venous endothelial cells. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2024; 14:138-141. [PMID: 38948172 PMCID: PMC11210693 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2023.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective There is escalating evidence suggesting the beneficial effects of ellagic acid (EA) on the cardiovascular system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of EA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against high glucose (HG)- induced endothelial dysfunction and to study the potential roles of adropin and nitric oxide (NO) in this regard. Materials and Methods The experimental groups consisted of normal and HG (30 mM, 48 hr)-treated HUVECs incubated without or with 5 or 10 μM of EA (6 groups of at least 6 replicates, each). The cell count and viability were studied. Moreover, the markers of the redox state, including malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes, and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP), were assayed. The levels of adropin and eNOS gene expression were also studied using RT-qPCR. Results A high concentration of glucose reduced cell count and caused lipid peroxidation, reduced anti-oxidant capacity of the cells, decreased NO levels, and downregulated the expression of NOS3 (encoding eNOS) and ENHO (encoding adropin) genes. Ellagic acid reversed all these effects. Conclusion These results suggest a significant protective effect for EA against HG-induced injury in HUVECs. The improved redox state and upregulation of NOS3 and ENHO genes seem to play critical roles in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Sheikh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Kazerani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Reijnders E, van der Laarse A, Jukema JW, Cobbaert CM. High residual cardiovascular risk after lipid-lowering: prime time for Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory, and Psycho-cognitive medicine. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1264319. [PMID: 37908502 PMCID: PMC10613690 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1264319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As time has come to translate trial results into individualized medical diagnosis and therapy, we analyzed how to minimize residual risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reviewing papers on "residual cardiovascular disease risk". During this review process we found 989 papers that started off with residual CVD risk after initiating statin therapy, continued with papers on residual CVD risk after initiating therapy to increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), followed by papers on residual CVD risk after initiating therapy to decrease triglyceride (TG) levels. Later on, papers dealing with elevated levels of lipoprotein remnants and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] reported new risk factors of residual CVD risk. And as new risk factors are being discovered and new therapies are being tested, residual CVD risk will be reduced further. As we move from CVD risk reduction to improvement of patient management, a paradigm shift from a reductionistic approach towards a holistic approach is required. To that purpose, a personalized treatment dependent on the individual's CVD risk factors including lipid profile abnormalities should be configured, along the line of P5 medicine for each individual patient, i.e., with Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory, and Psycho-cognitive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Reijnders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A. van der Laarse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. W. Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C. M. Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Di Lullo L, Lavalle C, Scatena A, Mariani MV, Ronco C, Bellasi A. Finerenone: Questions and Answers-The Four Fundamental Arguments on the New-Born Promising Non-Steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3992. [PMID: 37373685 PMCID: PMC10299719 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite guideline-directed therapy of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of renal failure and cardiovascular events still remains high, and diabetes remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in affected patients. To date, current medications for CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus have not reset residual risk in patients due to a high grade of inflammation and fibrosis contributing to kidney and heart disease. This question-and-answer-based review will discuss the pharmacological and clinical differences between finerenone and other mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and then move on to the main evidence in the cardiovascular and renal fields, closing, finally, on the potential role of therapeutic combination with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Lullo
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi—Delfino Hospital, 00034 Colleferro, Italy
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (M.V.M.)
| | | | - Marco Valerio Mariani
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), S. Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
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7
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Lim LL, Chow E, Chan JCN. Cardiorenal diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical trials and real-world practice. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:151-163. [PMID: 36446898 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can have multiple comorbidities and premature mortality due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hospitalization with heart failure and/or chronic kidney disease. Traditional drugs that lower glucose, such as metformin, or that treat high blood pressure and blood levels of lipids, such as renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors and statins, have organ-protective effects in patients with T2DM. Amongst patients with T2DM treated with these traditional drugs, randomized clinical trials have confirmed the additional cardiorenal benefits of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. The cardiorenal benefits of SGLT2i extended to patients with heart failure and/or chronic kidney disease without T2DM, whereas incretin-based therapy (such as GLP1RA) reduced cardiovascular events in patients with obesity and T2DM. However, considerable care gaps exist owing to insufficient detection, therapeutic inertia and poor adherence to these life-saving medications. In this Review, we discuss the complex interconnections of cardiorenal-metabolic diseases and strategies to implement evidence-based practice. Furthermore, we consider the need to conduct clinical trials combined with registers in specific patient segments to evaluate existing and emerging therapies to address unmet needs in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Evans M, Morgan AR, Bain SC, Davies S, Dashora U, Sinha S, Seidu S, Patel DC, Beba H, Strain WD. Defining the Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Primary Care: Time to Think Differently. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:889-911. [PMID: 35349120 PMCID: PMC9076801 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease burden in people with diabetes is mainly driven by long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. This is a consequence of the interconnection between the cardiovascular, renal and metabolic systems, through a continuous chain of events referred to as 'the cardiorenal metabolic continuum'. Increasing evidence suggests that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have beneficial effects across all stages of the cardiorenal metabolic continuum, reducing morbidity and mortality in a wide range of individuals, from those with diabetes and multiple risk factors to those with established heart failure and chronic kidney disease, regardless of the presence of diabetes. Despite this robust evidence base, the complexity of label indications and misconceptions concerning potential side effects have resulted in a lack of clear understanding in primary care regarding the implementation of SGLT2is in clinical practice. With this in mind, we provide an overview of the clinical and economic benefits of SGLT2is across the cardiorenal metabolic continuum together with practical considerations in order to help address some of these concerns and clearly define the role of SGLT2is in primary care as a holistic outcomes-driven treatment with the potential to reduce disease burden across the cardiorenal metabolic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Evans
- Diabetes Resource Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Penlan Rd, Llandough, Penarth, Cardiff, CF64 2XX UK
| | - Angharad R. Morgan
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd., Unit A, Cardiff Gate Business Park, Copse Walk, Pontprennau, Cardiff, CF23 8RB UK
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Diabetes Research Unit, Swansea University Medical School, Grove Building Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Sarah Davies
- Woodlands Medical Centre, 1 Green Farm Rd, Cardiff, CF5 4RG UK
| | - Umesh Dashora
- East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Conquest Hospital, The Ridge, St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, TN37 7RD UK
| | - Smeeta Sinha
- Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD UK
| | - Samuel Seidu
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, LE5 4PW UK
| | - Dipesh C. Patel
- Department of Diabetes, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Hannah Beba
- NHS Leeds Clinical Commissioning Group, 2–4 Wira Business Park Ring Road, Leeds, LS16 6EB UK
| | - W. David Strain
- Diabetes and Vascular Research Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
- The Academic Department of Healthcare for Older Adults, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
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9
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Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Cirillo P, Maio A, Carotenuto R, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Esposito K. Glycemic Control and the Heart: The Tale of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Continues. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020272. [PMID: 35204778 PMCID: PMC8961546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in people with diabetes. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is an important complication of diabetes and represents a distinct subtype of heart failure that occurs in absence of cardiovascular diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia along with insulin resistance and inflammatory milieu are the main mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of DC. Changes in lifestyle favoring healthy dietary patterns and physical activity, combined with more innovative anti-diabetes therapies, are the current treatment strategies to safeguard the cardiovascular system. This review aims at providing an updated comprehensive overview of clinical, pathogenetic, and molecular aspects of DC, with a focus on the effects of anti-hyperglycemic drugs on the prevention of pump dysfunction and consequently on cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Antonietta Maio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Raffaela Carotenuto
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bellastella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.); (L.S.); (P.C.); (A.M.); (R.C.); (M.I.M.); (G.B.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-156-65031
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10
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Maiorino MI, Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Bellastella G, Chiodini P, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Improvement of glycemic control and reduction of major cardiovascular events in 18 cardiovascular outcome trials: an updated meta-regression. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:210. [PMID: 34663316 PMCID: PMC8522255 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides providing reassurance about cardiovascular (CV) safety of newer diabetes drugs, cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) have also shown encouraging benefits on some CV endpoints. The contribution of the better glycemic control in the reduction of major cardiovascular events (MACE) remains an open question. The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations between the reduction of HbA1c and risk of MACE, MACE components, hospitalization for heart failure (HF) and all-cause death in CVOTs. METHODS An electronic search up to July 2021 was conducted to determine eligible trials. Systematic review identified eighteen CVOTs reporting prespecified CV outcomes. Pooled summary estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated according to the random effects model using the Paule-Mandel method; restricted maximum likelihood estimators were used to estimate model parameters in the metaregression. RESULTS The eighteen CVOTs evaluated 161,156 patients and included four trials with dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), eight trials with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and six trials with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i). Random-effects model meta-analysis showed an association between treatment and risk of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 0.90; 95% CI 0.86, 0.94, P < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 45.2%, Q statistic P = 0.040). In meta-regression, there was an association between the reduction in HbA1c at the end of the trial and the HR reduction for MACE (beta = - 0.298, P = 0.007), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 40%, Q statistic P = 0.04); this association was totally driven by the risk reduction of non-fatal stroke, which explained 100% of between-study variance (beta = - 0.531, R2 = 100%), without heterogeneity (I2 = 24%, Q statistic P = 0.206). There was no association between the reduction in HbA1c and the HR for heart failure or all-cause death. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of HbA1c in eighteen CVOTs was significantly associated with reduction of non-fatal stroke, explaining all (R2 = 100%) of the between-study variance. While the contribution of glucose lowering in some CV benefits of newer agents does not influence their indications for the patient with type 2 diabetes, it may hopefully facilitate their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ida Maiorino
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Miriam Longo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bellastella
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Giugliano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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11
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Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, De Nicola L, Bellastella G, Esposito K. Renal and metabolic effects of SGLT-2i and DPP-4i according to basal estimated glomerular filtration rate: Analysis from GIOIA, an observational prospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 178:108990. [PMID: 34333059 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the GIOIA study, users of both SGLT-2i and DPP-4i improved glycometabolic control, after 12 months, independently from baseline eGFR levels. Moreover, both classes led to a significant decrease in eGFR in participants with eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and no deterioration in case of mild impairment of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Luca De Nicola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Nefrology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bellastella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Unit of Diabetes, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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12
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Caruso P, Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Up and down waves of glycemic control and lower-extremity amputation in diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:135. [PMID: 34229673 PMCID: PMC8261935 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity amputations (LEA) are associated with a high mortality and medical expenditure. Diabetes accounts for 45% to 70% of LEA and is one of the most potent risk factors for peripheral artery diseases (PAD). The existence of a link between the recent relaxation of glycemic targets and the resurgence of LEA is suggested from the analysis of adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2010 and 2015, when diabetes-related LEA increased by more than 25% associated with a decline in glycemic control. Indeed, in “the perfect wave” of NHANES, including the years 2007–2010, there was the highest number of diabetic people with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and blood pressure levels at their respective targets, associated with the lowest number of LEA. Until now, the ACCORD study, testing the role of aggressive vs conventional glucose control, and the LEADER trial, evaluating the effects of liraglutide versus placebo, have shown a reduced incidence of LEA in people with type 2 diabetes. The results of ongoing clinical trials involving glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA, liraglutide or semaglutide) hopefully will tell us whether the wider use of these drugs may provide additional vascular benefits for diabetic people affected by PAD to decrease their risk of LEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caruso
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Ph.D. of Translational Medicine, Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Ph.D. of Translational Medicine, Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Ph.D. of Translational Medicine, Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Diabetes Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Giugliano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy. .,Ph.D. of Translational Medicine, Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
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