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Tian H, Huang N, Yao W, Yu H, Yu B, Chen X, Chen C. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the flavor production mechanism in yogurt by traditional starter strains. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5402-5415. [PMID: 38331185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The synergistic fermentation of milk by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is one of the key factors that determines the quality of yogurt. In this study, the mechanism whereby yogurt flavor compounds are produced by a mixture of S. thermophilus SIT-20.S and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus SIT-17.B were investigated by examining the flavor production, growth, and gene transcription of these strains. The results showed that yogurt produced by a 10:1 mixture of the aforementioned strains had the highest abundance of acetoin, whereas yogurt produced by a 1:1 mixture had the highest abundance of diacetyl and acetaldehyde. In addition, the growth of S. thermophilus SIT-20.S was enhanced in the 10:1 mixture. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in the flavor-compound-related pathways of S. thermophilus SIT-20.S and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus SIT-17.B in yogurts produced by 10:1 and 1:1 mixtures compared with those produced by either strain alone. Mixed fermentations regulated the expression of genes related to glycolysis, resulting in an increase of pyruvate, which is an important precursor for diacetyl and acetoin synthesis. The gene encoding the acetoin reductase (SIT-20S_orf01454) was decreased in S. thermophilus SIT-20.S, which ensured the accumulation of acetoin. In addition, the gene encoding the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (SIT-20S_orf00949) was upregulated in S. thermophilus SIT-20.S, and the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (SIT-20S_orf01479; SIT-17B_orf00943) was downregulated in both strains, maintaining the abundance of acetaldehyde. In addition, the gene encoding the NADH oxidase (SIT-17B_orf00860) in L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus SIT-17.B were upregulated, which promoted the accumulation of diacetyl and acetoin. Overall, we characterized the mechanism by which S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus synergistically generated yogurt flavor compounds during their production of yogurt and highlighted the importance of appropriate proportions of fermentation starters for improving the flavor of yogurts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixiang Tian
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningwei Huang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenian Yao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjie Yu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China.
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Zaręba D, Ziarno M. Tween 80™-induced changes in fatty acid profile of selected mesophilic lactobacilli. Acta Biochim Pol 2024; 71:13014. [PMID: 39027262 PMCID: PMC11254618 DOI: 10.3389/abp.2024.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid profiles are crucial for the functionality and viability of lactobacilli used in food applications. Tween 80™, a common culture media additive, is known to influence bacterial growth and composition. This study investigated how Tween 80™ supplementation impacts the fatty acid profiles of six mesophilic lactobacilli strains (Lacticaseibacillus spp., Limosilactobacillus spp., Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). Analysis of eleven strains revealed 29 distinct fatty acids. Tween 80™ supplementation significantly altered their fatty acid composition. Notably, there was a shift towards saturated fatty acids and changes within the unsaturated fatty acid profile. While some unsaturated fatty acids decreased, there was a concurrent rise in cyclic derivatives like lactobacillic acid (derived from vaccenic acid) and dihydrosterculic acid (derived from oleic acid). This suggests that despite the presence of Tween 80™ as an oleic acid source, lactobacilli prioritize the synthesis of these cyclic derivatives from precursor unsaturated fatty acids. Myristic acid and dihydrosterculic acid levels varied across strains. Interestingly, palmitic acid content increased, potentially reflecting enhanced incorporation of oleic acid from Tween 80™ into membranes. Conversely, cis-vaccenic acid levels consistently decreased across all strains. The observed fatty acid profiles differed from previous studies, likely due to a combination of factors including strain-specific variations and growth condition differences (media type, temperature, harvesting point). However, this study highlights the consistent impact of Tween 80™ on the fatty acid composition of lactobacilli, regardless of these variations. In conclusion, Tween 80™ significantly alters fatty acid profiles, influencing saturation levels and specific fatty acid proportions. This work reveals key factors, including stimulated synthesis of lactobacillic acid, competition for oleic acid incorporation, and strain-specific responses to myristic and dihydrosterculic acids. The consistent reduction in cis-vaccenic acid and the presence of cyclic derivatives warrant further investigation to elucidate their roles in response to Tween 80™ supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zaręba
- Professor E. Pijanowski Catering School Complex in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ziarno
- Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Xu X, Liu F, Qiao W, Dong Y, Yang H, Liu F, Xu H, Qiao M. A Point Mutation in Cassette Relieves the Repression Regulation of CcpA Resulting in an Increase in the Degradation of 2,3-Butanediol in Lactococcus lactis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:773. [PMID: 38674718 PMCID: PMC11051896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In lactic acid bacteria, the global transcriptional regulator CcpA regulates carbon metabolism by repressing and activating the central carbon metabolism pathway, thus decreasing or increasing the yield of certain metabolites to maximize carbon flow. However, there are no reports on the deregulation of the inhibitory effects of CcpA on the metabolism of secondary metabolites. In this study, we identified a single-base mutant strain of Lactococcus lactis N8-2 that is capable of metabolizing 2,3-butanediol. It has been established that CcpA dissociates from the catabolite responsive element (cre) site due to a mutation, leading to the activation of derepression and expression of the 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene cluster (butB and butA). Transcriptome analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) results showed significant upregulation of transcription of butB and butA compared to the unmutated strain. Furthermore, micro-scale thermophoresis experiments confirmed that CcpA did not bind to the mutated cre. Furthermore, in a bacterial two-plasmid fluorescent hybridization system, it was similarly confirmed that the dissociation of CcpA from cre eliminated the repressive effect of CcpA on downstream genes. Finally, we investigated the differing catalytic capacities of the 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene cluster in L. lactis N8-1 and L. lactis N8-2 for 2,3-butanediol. This led to increased expression of butB and butA, which were deregulated by CcpA repression. This is the first report on the elimination of the deterrent effect of CcpA in lactic acid bacteria, which changes the direction of enzymatic catalysis and alters the direction of carbon metabolism. This provides new perspectives and strategies for metabolizing 2,3-butanediol using bacteria in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.X.); (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Fulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Wanjin Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Q.); (H.X.)
| | - Yujie Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.X.); (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.X.); (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Fengming Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.X.); (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Haijin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Q.); (H.X.)
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (X.X.); (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (F.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Q.); (H.X.)
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Cui Y, Dong S, Qu X. New progress in the identifying regulatory factors of exopolysaccharide synthesis in lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:301. [PMID: 37688654 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have presented various bioactivities and beneficial characteristics, rendering their vast commercial value and attracting a broad interest of researchers. The diversity of EPS structures contributes to the changes of EPS functions. However, the low yield of EPS of LAB has severely limited these biopolymers' comprehensive studies and applications in different areas, such as functional food, health and medicine fields. The clarification of biosynthesis mechanism of EPS will accelerate the synthesis and reconstruction of EPS. In recent years, with the development of new genetic manipulation techniques, there has been significant progress in the EPS biosynthesis mechanisms in LAB. In this review, the structure of LAB-derived EPSs, the EPS biosynthesis basic pathways in LAB, the EPS biosynthetic gene cluster, and the regulation mechanism of EPS biosynthesis will be summarized. It will focus on the latest progress in EPS biosynthesis regulation of LAB and provide prospects for future related developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Shiyuan Dong
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150010, China
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Wen ZT, Huang X, Ellepola K, Liao S, Li Y. Lactobacilli and human dental caries: more than mechanical retention. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35671222 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacilli have been considered as major contributors to human dental caries for over a century. Recent in vitro model studies have shown that when compared to Streptococcus mutans, a keystone pathogen of human dental caries, the ability of lactobacilli to form biofilms is poor, although differences exist between the different major species. Further studies using molecular and bioinformatics approaches provide evidence that multiple mechanisms, including adhesin-receptor mediated physical contact with S. mutans, facilitate the adherence and establishment of lactobacilli on the tooth surface. There is also evidence that under conditions like continuous sugar consumption, weak acids and other antimicrobials such as bacteriocins from lactobacilli can become detrimental to the microbial community, especially those in the proximity. Details on the underlying mechanisms of how different Lactobacillus sp. establish and persist in the highly complex microbiota on the tooth surface await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhang T Wen
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Present address: Analysis and Testing Center, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Load, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Present address: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sumei Liao
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornel University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Chen X, Shang C, Zhang H, Sun C, Zhang G, Liu L, Li C, Li A, Du P. Effects of Alkali Stress on the Growth and Menaquinone-7 Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis natto. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899802. [PMID: 35572665 PMCID: PMC9096614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important vitamin K2, synthesized from the menaquinone parent ring and seven isoprene side chains. Presently, the synthesis of MK-7 stimulated by environmental stress primarily focuses on oxygen stress, while the effect of alkali stress is rarely studied. Therefore, this study researched the effects of alkali stress on the fermentation performance and gene expression of Bacillus subtilis natto. The organism’s growth characteristics, biomass, sporogenesis, MK-7 biosynthesis, and gene expression were analyzed. After a pH 8.5 stress adaptation treatment for 0.5 h and subsequent fermentation at pH 8.5, which promoted the growth of the strain and inhibited the spore formation rate. In addition, biomass was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The conversion rate of glycerol to MK-7 was 1.68 times higher than that of the control group, and the yield of MK-7 increased to 2.10 times. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the MK-7 high-yielding strain had enhanced carbon source utilization, increased glycerol and pyruvate metabolism, enhanced the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulation flux, and terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, and promoted the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, the side-chain precursor of isoprene. At the same time, the up-regulation of transketolase increased the metabolic flux of the pentose phosphate (HMP) pathway, which was conducive to the accumulation of D-erythrose 4-phosphate, the precursor of the menadione parent ring. This study’s results contribute to a better understanding of the effects of environmental stress on MK-7 fermentation by Bacillus subtilis natto and the molecular regulatory mechanism of MK-7 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Jan G, Tarnaud F, Rosa do Carmo FL, Illikoud N, Canon F, Jardin J, Briard-Bion V, Guyomarc'h F, Gagnaire V. The stressing life of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in soy milk. Food Microbiol 2022; 106:104042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Ding R, Li M, Zou Y, Wang Y, Yan C, Zhang H, Wu R, Wu J. Effect of normal and strict anaerobic fermentation on physicochemical quality and metabolomics of yogurt. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Catone MV, Palomino MM, Legisa DM, Fina Martin J, Monedero García V, Ruzal SM, Allievi MC. Lactic acid production using cheese whey based medium in a stirred tank reactor by a ccpA mutant of Lacticaseibacillus casei. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:61. [PMID: 33719024 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In lactobacilli, CcpA is known to modulate the expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism, stress response and aerobic adaptation. This study aimed to evaluate a ccpA mutant of Lacticaseibacillus casei BL23 to increase lactic acid production using cheese whey. The ccpA derivative (BL71) showed better growth than the L. casei wild-type in the whey medium. In a stirred tank reactor, at 48 h, lactate production by BL71 was eightfold higher than that by BL23. In batch fermentations, the final values reached were 44.23 g L-1 for BL71 and 27.58 g L-1 for BL23. Due to a decrease in the delay of lactate production in the mutant, lactate productivity increased from 0.17 g (L.h)-1 with BL23 to 0.80 g (L.h)-1 with BL71. We found that CcpA would play additional roles in nitrogen metabolism by the regulation of the proteolytic system. BL71 displayed higher activity of the PepX, PepQ and PrtP enzymes than BL23. Analysis of prtP expression confirmed this deregulation in BL71. Promoter analysis of the prtP gene revealed CcpA binding sites with high identity to the cre consensus sequence and the interaction of CcpA with this promoter was confirmed in vitro. We postulate that deregulation of the proteolytic system in BL71 allows a better exploitation of nitrogen resources in cheese whey, resulting in enhanced fermentation capacity. Therefore, the ccpA gene could be a good target for future technological developments aimed at effective and inexpensive lactate production from dairy industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Verónica Catone
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología Industrial, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Av. General Paz 5445, B1650AAC, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Palomino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) - CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, CABA, Argentina
| | - Danilo Mario Legisa
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología Industrial, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI), Av. General Paz 5445, B1650AAC, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquina Fina Martin
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) - CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, CABA, Argentina
| | - Vicente Monedero García
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, España
| | - Sandra Mónica Ruzal
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) - CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, CABA, Argentina
| | - Mariana Claudia Allievi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) - CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, CABA, Argentina.
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