miR-328-3p mediates the anti-tumor effect in osteosarcoma via directly targeting MMP-16

Pharmacological p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 enhances AML stem cell line KG1a chemosensitivity to daunorubicin by promoting late apoptosis, cell growth arrest in S-phase, and miR-328-3p upregulation

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells and impaired maturation, leading to immature cell accumulation in the bone marrow and bloodstream, resulting in hematopoietic dysfunction. Chemoresistance, hyperactivity of survival pathways, and miRNA alteration are major factors contributing to treatment failure and poor outcomes in AML patients. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the pharmacological p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 on the chemoresistance potential of AML stem cell line KG1a to the therapeutic drug daunorubicin (DNR). KG1a and chemosensitive leukemic HL60 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DNR. Cell Titer-Glo®, flow cytometry, phosphokinase and protein arrays, Western blot technology, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were employed for assessment of cell viability, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) determination, apoptotic status detection, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis-related protein and gene expression monitoring. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize caspase and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activities. Exposed at various incubation times, higher DNR IC50 values were determined for KG1a cells than for HL60 cells, confirming KG1a cell chemoresistance potential. Exposed to DNR, late apoptosis induction in KG1a cells was enhanced after SB203580 pretreatment, defined as the combination treatment. This enhancement was confirmed by increased cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, caspase-9, caspase-3, and augmented caspase-3/-7 and mPTP activities in KG1a cells upon combination treatment, compared to DNR. Using phosphokinase and apoptosis protein arrays, the combination treatment decreased survival Akt phosphorylation and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression levels in KG1a cells while increasing the expression levels of the tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, compared to DNR. Cell cycle analysis revealed KG1a cell growth arrest in G2/M-phase caused by DNR, while combined treatment led to cell growth arrest in S-phase, mainly associated with cyclin B1 expression levels. Remarkably, the enhanced KG1a cell sensitivity to DNR after SB203580 pretreatment was associated with an increased upregulation of miR-328-3p and slight downregulation of miR-26b-5p, compared to DNR effect. Altogether, these findings could contribute to the development of a new therapeutic strategy by targeting the p38 MAPK pathway to improve treatment outcomes in patients with refractory or relapsed AML.

Circulating miRNAs and lncRNAs serve as biomarkers for early colorectal cancer diagnosis

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most prevalent and lethal disease, accounted for approximately 1.9 million new cases and claimed nearly 861,000 lives in 2018. It is imperative to develop a minimally invasive diagnostic technique for early identification of CRC. This would facilitate the selection of patient populations most suitable for clinical trials, monitoring disease progression, assessing treatment effectiveness, and enhancing overall patient care. Utilizing blood as a biomarker source is advantageous due to its minimal discomfort for patients, enabling better integration into clinical and follow-up trials. Recent findings indicate that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are detectable in the blood of cancer patients, proving crucial in diagnosing various malignancies.

METHODS

In this case-control study, we collected plasma samples from 30 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 30 healthy volunteers. Following RNA extraction, we measured the expression levels of specific biomolecules, including miR-410, miR-211, miR-139, miR-197, lncRNA UICLM, lncRNA FEZF1-AS1, miR-129, lncRNA CCAT1, lncRNA BBOX1-AS1, and lncRNA LINC00698, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The obtained data underwent analysis using the Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric data and the T-test for parametric data.

RESULTS

The level of miR-410, miR-211, miR-139, miR-197, lncRNA UICLM, lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 were significantly higher in patients with CRC than healthy controls (p < .05). Meanwhile, the level of miR-129, lncRNA CCAT1, lncRNA BBOX1-AS1, and lncRNA LINC00698 were higher in healthy controls than in CRC patients (p < .05).

CONCLUSION

MicroRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as detectable entities in the blood of cancer patients, playing crucial roles in diagnosing various malignancies. However, their specific relevance in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate miRNA and lncRNA profiles in the plasma fraction of human blood to discern significant differences in content and expression levels between CRC patients and healthy individuals. Our cohort comprised 30 CRC patients and 30 healthy controls, with no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in age or gender observed between the two groups. Noteworthy is the uniqueness of our study, as we identified a panel of three significant microRNAs and one significant lncRNA, providing a more reliable prediction compared to existing molecular markers in diagnosing CRC. The four genes examined, including miR-211, miR-129, miR-197, and lncRNA UICLM, demonstrated impeccable results in terms of sensitivity and specificity, suggesting their potential candidacy for inclusion in diagnostic panels. Further validation in a larger statistical population is recommended to confirm the robustness of these genes as promising markers for colorectal cancer diagnosis.

Reprogramming of glucose metabolism: Metabolic alterations in the progression of osteosarcoma

Metabolic reprogramming is an adaptive response of tumour cells under hypoxia and low nutrition conditions. There is increasing evidence that glucose metabolism reprogramming can regulate the growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma (OS). Reprogramming in the progress of OS can bring opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment of OS. Previous research mainly focused on the glycolytic pathway of glucose metabolism, often neglecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. However, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism are also involved in the progression of OS and are closely related to this disease. The research on glucose metabolism in OS has not yet been summarized. In this review, we discuss the abnormal expression of key molecules related to glucose metabolism in OS and summarize the glucose metabolism related signaling pathways involved in the occurrence and development of OS. In addition, we discuss some of the targeted drugs that regulate glucose metabolism pathways, which can lead to effective strategies for targeted treatment of OS.

Diverse functions of miR-328 in the carcinogenesis

MicroRNA-328 (miR-328) is an RNA gene that is primarily associated with lung cancer, and its encoding gene is located on 16q22.1. Expression of miR-328 has been observed in lung and esophagus tissues based on RNAseq data. Although several studies have aimed at the detection of miR-328 levels in tumor tissues, there is an obvious discrepancy between the results of these studies. Even in a certain type of cancer, some studies have reported up-regulation of miR-328 in cancerous tissues versus control tissues, while others have reported its down-regulation. This discrepancy might be attributed to different stages/grades of tumor tissues or other clinical characteristics. This review article focuses on the available literature to explore the functions of miR-328 in the development of human carcinogenesis.

MiR-328-3p promotes TGF-β1-induced proliferation, migration, and inflammation of airway smooth muscle cells by regulating the PTEN/Akt pathway

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have shown that the up-regulation of microRNA miR-328-3p expression increases seasonal allergy and asthma symptoms in children, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of -miR-328-3p in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs).

METHODS

The effect of TGF-β1 on the expression of miR-328-3p in ASMCs was examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cells proliferation, migration, and inflammatory factors in TGF-β1-induced ASMCs were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), transwell, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Besides, TargetScan was used to predict phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), the downstream target of miR-328-3p; double-luciferase reporter assay, western blot, and qRT-PCR were used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-328-3p and PTEN; western blot was also used to examine the effects of PTEN and miR-328-3p knockdown on the expression levels of PTEN, Akt, and p-Akt proteins.

RESULTS

The expression of miR-328-3p was up-regulated in TGF-β1-induced ASMCs. Knockdown of miR-328-3p significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and inflammation of ASMCs induced by TGF-β1 and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. The dual--luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that PTEN was a target gene of miR-328-3p. Moreover, inhibition of PTEN expression reversed the inhibitory effect of low miR-328-3p expression on -TGF-β1-induced ASMC's proliferation, migration, and inflammation. In comparison to the knockdown of miR-328-3p alone, the simultaneous knockdown of miR-328-3p with PTEN decreased PTEN protein expression levels and increased p-Akt/Akt ratio in TGF-β1-induced ASMCs.

CONCLUSION

Through regulating the expression of PTEN and the activity of Akt signaling pathway, miR-328-3p promotes TGF-β1-induced proliferation, migration, and inflammation of ASMCs.

The diagnostic, prognostic role and molecular mechanism of miR-328 in human cancer

MicroRNA are non-coding small RNAs that bind to their target mRNA and cause mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. MiRNA dysregulation is linked to a variety of human cancers and has a role in the genesis and development of cancer pathology. MiR-328 has been reported to be involved in various human cancers. And miR-328 is considered a key regulator in human cancer. It participates in biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and EMT. The present review will combine the basic and clinical studies to find that miR-328 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in human cancer. And we will describe the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of miR-328 in various human cancers.

Lnc-PKD2-2-3/miR-328/GPAM ceRNA Network Induces Cholangiocarcinoma Proliferation, Invasion and 5-FU Chemoresistance

Purpose

Our previous study observed that long non-coding RNA PKD2-2-3 (lnc-PKD2-2-3) is related to advanced tumor features and worse prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Then, this study aimed to further explore the linkage between lnc-PKD2-2-3, miR-328, and GPAM, as well as their effects on regulating CCA viability, mobility, and chemosensitivity.

Methods

Lnc-PKD2-2-3, miR-328, and GPAM expression in 30 pairs of CCA tumor and adjacent tissues, as well as in CCA cell lines, were determined. Two CCA cell lines (HuCCT1 and TFK1) were transfected by lnc-PKD2-2-3 overexpression plasmid, lnc-PKD2-2-3 siRNA, miR-328 inhibitor, and GPAM siRNA alone or in combination, followed by cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and 5-FU chemosensitivity detection. Besides, xenograft mice were established for validation.

Results

Lnc-PKD2-2-3 and GPAM were higher, whereas miR-328 was lower in CCA tissues versus adjacent tissues and also in CCA cell lines versus control cells; meanwhile, they were correlated with each other (all P &lt;0.05). Lnc-PKD2-2-3 knockdown decreased CCA cell proliferation, invasion, and increased apoptosis (all P &lt;0.05), but lnc-PKD2-2-3 overexpression exhibited the opposite and weaker effect. MiR-328 knockdown induced CCA cell proliferation and invasion and also attenuated the effect of lnc-PKD2-2-3-knockdown in these functions (all P &lt;0.05). Subsequently, GPAM knockdown reduced CCA cell proliferation and invasion and also weakened the effect of miR-328-knockdown in these functions (all P &lt;0.05). Additionally, lnc-PKD2-2-3 positively regulated GPAM while negatively regulating miR-328. MiR-328 negatively modified GPAM in CCA cells. Luciferase gene reporter assays verified that lnc-PKD2-2-3 directly bound miR-328 and miR-328 directly bound GPAM. Finally, the lnc-PKD2-2-3/miR-328/GPAM network also regulated the 5-FU chemosensitivity of CCA cells. In vivo experiments further revealed that lnc-PKD2-2-3 overexpression promoted tumor volume and weight but repressed tumor apoptosis in xenograft mice; meanwhile, it increased GPAM expression but decreased miR-328 expression (all P &lt;0.05). Conversely, lnc-PKD2-2-3 knockdown exhibited the opposite effects (all P &lt;0.05).

Conclusion

Lnc-PKD2-2-3/miR-328/GPAM ceRNA network promotes CCA proliferation, invasion, and 5-FU chemoresistance.

Circ-FOXM1 promotes the proliferation, migration and EMT process of osteosarcoma cells through FOXM1-mediated Wnt pathway activation

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor that commonly occurs in adolescents with a high mortality rate and frequent pulmonary metastasis. Emerging evidence has suggested that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators in multiple biological activities of carcinomas. Nevertheless, the role of circRNAs derived from forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), a well-accepted modulator of OS progression, has not been discussed in OS.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was utilized to test circ-FOXM1 (hsa_circ_0025033) expression in OS cell lines. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), transwell assays and western blot analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and EMT process. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were utilized to detect the interaction of circ-FOXM1 and RNAs.

RESULTS

High expression of circ-FOXM1 was detected in OS cell lines. Functionally, circ-FOXM1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and EMT process, whereas induced the apoptosis of OS cells. From the aspect of molecular mechanism, circ-FOXM1 was discovered to upregulate FOXM1 expression via sponging miR-320a and miR-320b, therefore activating Wnt signaling pathway. Besides, rescue experiments elucidated that circ-FOXM1 regulated cellular activities of OS cells via FOXM1. Further, in vivo assays supported that loss of circ-FOXM1 restrained OS tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

Circ-FOXM1 facilitated the malignant phenotypes of OS cells through FOXM1-mediated Wnt pathway activation, revealing circ-FOXM1 as a potential biomarker for OS treatment.

MicroRNAs and osteosarcoma: Potential targets for inhibiting metastasis and increasing chemosensitivity

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the third most common cancer in young adults after lymphoma and brain cancer. Metastasis, like other cellular events, is dependent on signaling pathways; a series of changes in some proteins and signaling pathways pave the way for OS cells to invade and migrate. Ezrin, TGF-β, Notch, RUNX2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT are among the most important of these proteins and signaling pathways. Despite the improvements in treating OS, the overall survival of patients suffering from the metastatic disease has not experienced any significant change after surgical treatments and chemotherapy and 5-years overall survival in patients with metastatic OS is about 20%. Studies have shown that overexpression or inhibition of some microRNAs (miRNAs) has significant effects in limiting the invasion and migration of OS cells. The results of these studies highlight the potential of the clinical application of some miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors (antagomiRs) to inhibit OS metastasis in the future. In addition, some studies have shown that miRNAs are associated with the most important drug resistance mechanisms in OS, and some miRNAs are highly effective targets to increase chemosensitivity. The results of these studies suggest that miRNA mimics and antagomiRs may be helpful to increase the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of metastatic OS. In this article, we discussed the role of various signaling pathways and the involved miRNAs in the metastasis of OS, attempting to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on OS metastasis and chemosensitivity.

Circulating microRNAs in patients with aneurysmal dilatation of coronary arteries

To understand the mechanism underlying coronary artery abnormal dilatation (CAAD), the present study identified and compared the expression of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in three groups of patients. Group 1 included 20 patients with CAAD, Group 2 included 20 patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD), and Group 3 included 20 patients with normal coronary arteries (control). miRNAs were isolated from plasma samples and were profiled using PCR arrays and miRCURY LNA Serum/Plasma Focus PCR Panels. The present study demonstrated that the plasma miRNA levels were significantly different in Group 1 compared with in Group 2 and Group 3 (fold change >2 and P<0.05). The comparison of Group 1 with Group 3 identified 21 significantly upregulated and two downregulated miRNAs in patients with CAAD compared with in the control group. Moreover, six upregulated and two downregulated miRNAs were identified in patients with CAD compared with in the controls. The third comparison revealed four upregulated and three downregulated miRNAs in Group 1, when compared with patients with CAD. In conclusion, the present study identified a specific signature of plasma miRNAs, which were upregulated and downregulated in patients with CAAD compared with in patients with CAD and control individuals.

Upregulated miR-328-3p and its high risk in atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression

BACKGROUND

Several studies have shown miR-328-3p increased in atrial fibrillation (AF), but some researches indicated no difference or even decreased. This inconsistent result confuses researchers, and it is urgent to know the truth. This study is to assess the association between miR-328-3p levels in plasma/atrial tissue and patients with AF.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest were searched from inception to February 1, 2021. The standardized mean differences (SMD) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between miR-328-3p levels and AF.

RESULTS

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were used for our meta-analysis. Overall, the levels of miR-328-3p were higher in patients with AF than in the control group (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI [0.10, 1.28], P = .022). After adjustment, the overall SMD was 0.82 (95% CI [0.22, 1.42], P = .007). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were stable, and the trim-fill analysis showed that the results were credible. Subgroup analyses showed that AF patients, n ≥ 30, various of comorbidity, articles published earlier, and Asia groups had higher levels of expression of miR-328-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

High levels of miR-328-3p are significantly associated with an increased risk of AF. It implies that miR-328-3p played an important role in diagnosis and may serve as a potential momentous, and useful biomarker to identify AF.

MicroRNA Therapy for Dry Eye Disease

Purpose: We tested the role of microRNA-328 in dry eye disease (DED). Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has been used to induce DED in animal models. We first demonstrated that both BAC and hyperosmotic stress induced overexpression of miR-328 in corneal cells and then tested whether anti-miR-328 could be a new therapy. Methods: BAC was instilled to both eyes of 41 rabbits and 19 mice from day 0 to 21 to induce DED. Animals of each species were divided to receive topical instillation of saline or anti-miR-328 eye drops between day 8 and 21. The DED signs were assessed by corneal fluorescein staining, histological examination, apoptosis of corneal cells, and inflammatory cytokines in rabbit eyes. For mice, only corneal fluorescein staining was assessed for the therapeutic effects. The corneal fluorescein staining scores ranged from 0 of no staining to 4 of coalescent. Results: For the rabbits, the staining score was significantly reduced (P = 0.038) after the 14-day anti-miR-328 treatment (n = 42 eyes), but the score was not improved by saline treatment (n = 40 eyes). Furthermore, rabbit eyes treated with anti-miR-328 had thicker corneal epithelium (P = 9.4 × 10^-5), fewer apoptotic cells in corneal epithelium (P = 0.002), and stroma (P = 0.029) compared with the saline-treated eyes. Anti-miR-328 was more effective than saline to reduce the block of orifices of Meibomian glands, although such an effect was only marginally significant (P = 0.059). Similarly, anti-miR-328 was more effective than saline in reducing corneal staining in mouse eyes (P = 0.005). Conclusion: Overexpression of miR-328 may contribute to DED. Anti-miR-328 protects corneal cells and promotes re-epithelialization for DED treatment.

m6A-mediated upregulation of AC008 promotes osteoarthritis progression through the miR-328-3p‒AQP1/ANKH axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of osteoarthritis (OA), but the biological roles and clinical significance of most lncRNAs in OA are not fully understood. Microarray analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs between normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. We found that AC008440.5 (abbreviated AC008), as well as AQP1 and ANKH, were highly expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage, whereas miR-328-3p was expressed at a low level in osteoarthritic cartilage. Functional assays showed that ectopic expression of AC008, AQP1, and ANKH significantly decreased chondrocyte viability and promoted chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, whereas knockdown of AC008, AQP1, and ANKH resulted in the opposite effects. Moreover, miR-328-3p overexpression increased chondrocyte viability and attenuated chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, whereas inhibition of miR-328-3p resulted in the opposite effects. Bioinformatics analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and luciferase assays revealed that AC008 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate miR-328-3p, which specifically targeted the AQP1 and ANKH genes. In addition, miR-328-3p significantly ameliorated MIA-induced OA, whereas AC008 accelerated OA progression in vivo. Furthermore, fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO)-mediated N6-methyladenosine demethylation downregulated AC008 transcription, while lower FTO expression led to upregulation of AC008 transcription in OA. In conclusion, our data reveal that AC008 plays a critical role in OA pathogenesis via the miR-328-3p‒AQP1/ANKH pathway, suggesting that AC008 may be a potential therapeutic target for OA.

miR-328-3p promotes migration and invasion by targeting H2AFX in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Migration and invasion are the initial step in the metastatic process, while metastasis is responsible for the poor prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Since miRNA has been found as an important regulator of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in various diseases including carcinoma, exploring the role of miRNA in cancer metastasis will facilitate the target therapy of advanced HNSCC. MiR-328-3p has been reported to be an onco-miRNA or a tumor suppressor in several cancers. However, the role of miR-328-3p in HNSCC migration and invasion remains undefined. In this study, we first demonstrated that miR-328-3p enhanced migration and invasion of HNSCC in vitro, accompanying with a promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mTOR activity. Meanwhile, we confirmed that miR-328-3p directly targeted the 3'UTR of H2A histone family, member X (H2AFX), which served as a tumor suppressor in migration and invasion of HNSCC. Moreover, H2AFX could partially reverse the migration and invasion of HNSCC caused by miR-328-3p. Overall, our results indicated that miR-328-3p enhanced migration and invasion of HNSCC through targeting H2AFX and activated the mTOR pathway.

miR-328a-3p stimulates endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis

Endothelial cells have important biological roles after peripheral nerve injury by forming blood vessels within the nerve gap and guiding Schwann cell migration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) affect cellular behavior and regulate a wide variety of physiological and pathological activities, including peripheral nerve regeneration. Emerging studies have identified the essential roles of miRNAs in the phenotype modulation of Schwann cells, while the effects of miRNAs on endothelial cells have remained to be thoroughly investigated. miR-328a-3p was differentially expressed in peripheral nerve stumps after nerve injury. In the present study, the effects of miR-328a-3p on biological functions of endothelial cells were determined by transfecting cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with miR-328a-3p mimics or inhibitor. Transfection with miR-328a-3p mimics led to slightly decreased HUVEC proliferation and robustly increased HUVEC migration and tubulogenesis, while transfection with miR-328a-3p inhibitor led to opposite results. Using bioinformatics analysis, potential regulators and effectors of miR-328a-3p were further discovered and a miR-328a-3p-centered competing endogenous RNA network was constructed. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that dysregulated miR-328a-3p after peripheral nerve injury may affect the migration and angiogenesis of endothelial cells and contribute to peripheral nerve regeneration.

Ceramide-1-phosphate and its transfer proteins in eukaryotes

Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is a bioactive phosphorylated sphingolipid (SL), produced through the direct phosphorylation of ceramide by ceramide kinase. It plays important roles in regulating cell survival, migration, apoptosis and autophagy and is involved in inflammasome assembly/activation, which can stimulate group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A₂α and subsequently increase the levels of arachidonic acid and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Human C1P transfer protein (CPTP) can selectively transport C1P from the Golgi apparatus to specific cellular sites through a non-vesicular mechanism. Human CPTP also affects specific SL levels, thus regulating cell SL homeostasis. In addition, human CPTP plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy, inflammation and cell death; thus, human CPTP is closely associated with autophagy and inflammation-related diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers. Therefore, illustrating the functions and mechanisms of human CPTP is important for providing the research foundations for targeted therapy. The key human CPTP residues for C1P recognition and binding are highly conserved in eukaryotic orthologs, while the human CPTP homolog in Arabidopsis (accelerated cell death 11) also exhibits selective inter-membrane transfer of phyto-C1P. These results demonstrate that C1P transporters play fundamental roles in SL metabolism in cells. The present review summarized novel findings of C1P and its TPs in eukaryotes.

LncRNA SNHG17 promotes tumor progression and predicts poor survival in human renal cell carcinoma via sponging miR-328-3p

Accumulating data shows that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in human tumors' occurrence and progression. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) are recently revealed to play a carcinogenic role in various human neoplasms. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA SNHG17 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still elusive. We analyzed the relationship between SNHG17 expression levels and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in patients with RCC according to TCGA RNA-sequencing data and our cohort data. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were conducted to examine the biological behaviors of SNHG17 on RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and tumor growth in vivo. The interaction between SNHG17, miR-328-3p, and Histone’sH2Avariant (H2AX) was verified by bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter gene, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). Highly expressed SNHG17 was evident in RCC tissue samples and cell lines, and SNHG17 overexpression was related to advanced TNM stage and reduced relapse-free and overall survival of patients with RCC. Knockdown of SNHG17 prohibited malignant phenotypes, whereas ectopic SNHG17 expression showed the opposite effects. More importantly, SNHG17 could upregulate the expression of H2AX by acting as a miR-328-3p sponge. In vivo experiments confirmed that SNHG17 promoted the growth of RCC tumors. SNHG17/miR-328-3p/H2AXaxis might be involved in RCC progression, which provided a potential therapeutic target for RCC.

Circ-RPPH1 knockdown retards breast cancer progression via miR-328-3p-mediated suppression of HMGA2

BACKGROUND

Circular RNA Ribonuclease P RNA Component H1 (circ-RPPH1) was confirmed to act as an oncogene in many cancers to promote cancer progression. However, the exact function and mechanism of circ-RPPH1 in breast cancer (BC) remain vague.

METHODS

The expression of circ-RPPH1, microRNA (miR)-328-3p and high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined using cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. Glucose metabolism was calculated by detecting glucose uptake and lactate production. The target correlations between miR-328-3p and circ-RPPH1 or HMGA2 were confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The murine xenograft model was established to conduct in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Circ-RPPH1 expression was elevated and miR-328-3p was decreased in BC tissues and cells. Circ-RPPH1 knockdown or miR-328-3p re-expression suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis but induced apoptosis in BC in vitro. Circ-RPPH1 was a sponge of miR-328-3p, and silencing of miR-328-3p reversed the inhibitory effects of circ-RPPH1 knockdown on BC cell malignant phenotypes and glycolysis. MiR-328-3p directly targeted HMGA2, and HMGA2 overexpression abolished the action of miR-328-3p in BC cells. Besides, circ-RPPH1 could regulate HMGA2 expression by miR-328-3p in BC cells. Moreover, murine xenograft model analysis suggested circ-RPPH1 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Circ-RPPH1 knockdown retarded cell malignant phenotypes and glycolysis via miR-328-3p/HMGA2 axis in BC, providing a potential therapeutic target for BC treatment.

Immune-Related Nine-MicroRNA Signature for Predicting the Prognosis of Gastric Cancer

Recent findings have demonstrated the superiority and utility of microRNAs (miRNAs) as new biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. In this study, to explore the prognostic value of immune-related miRNAs in gastric cancer (GC), we analyzed the miRNA-expression profiles of 389 patients with GC, using data deposited in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Using a forward- and backward-variable selection and multivariate Cox regression analyses model, we identified a nine-miRNA signature (the “ImmiRSig,” consisting of miR-125b-5p, miR-99a-3p, miR-145-3p, miR-328-3p, miR-133a-5p, miR-1292-5p, miR-675-3p, miR-92b-5p, and miR-942-3p) in the training cohort that enabled the division of patients into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different survival rates. The ImmiRSig was successfully validated with an independent test cohort of 193 GC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the ImmiRSig would serve as an independent prognostic factor after adjusting for other clinical covariates. Pending further prospective validation, the identified ImmiRSig appears to have significant clinical importance in terms of improving outcome predictions and guiding personalized treatment for patients with GC. Finally, significant associations between the ImmiRSig and the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents were observed, suggesting that ImmiRSig may predict the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy.

Circ_0004104 knockdown alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells through targeting miR-328-3p/TRIM14 axis in atherosclerosis

Background

Circular RNAs have shown important regulatory roles in cardiovascular diseases, containing atherosclerosis (AS). We intended to explore the role of circ_0004104 in AS using oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced vascular endothelial cells and its associated mechanism.

Methods

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were conducted to analyze RNA levels and protein levels, respectively. Cell viability, apoptosis, angiogenic ability and inflammatory response were assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, capillary-like network formation assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Cell oxidative stress was assessed using commercial kits. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay and RNA-pull down assay were performed to verify the intermolecular interaction.

Results

ox-LDL exposure up-regulated the level of circ_0004104 in HUVECs. ox-LDL exposure suppressed cell viability and angiogenic ability whereas promoted the apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress of HUVECs partly through up-regulating circ_0004104. MicroRNA-328-3p (miR-328-3p) was confirmed as a target of circ_0004104. MiR-328-3p interference largely reversed circ_0004104 silencing-mediated effects in HUVECs upon ox-LDL exposure. MiR-328-3p interacted with the 3′ untranslated region of tripartite motif 14, and circ_0004104 positively regulated TRIM14 expression by sponging miR-328-3p. TRIM14 overexpression largely overturned miR-328-3p accumulation-induced influences in HUVECs upon ox-LDL exposure.

Conclusion

Circ_0004104 knockdown attenuated ox-LDL-induced dysfunction in HUVECs via miR-328-3p-mediated regulation of TRIM14.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-021-02012-7.

WITHDRAWN: Circ_0000517 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression by upregulating ARID4B via sponging miR-328-3p

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Hypoxic bone marrow mesenchymal cell-extracellular vesicles containing miR-328-3p promote lung cancer progression via the NF2-mediated Hippo axis

Lung cancer is the most aggressive tumour afflicting patients on a global scale. Extracellular vesicle (EV)-delivered microRNAs (miRs) have been reported to play critical roles in cancer development. The current study aimed to investigate the role of hypoxic bone marrow mesenchymal cell (BMSC)-derived EVs containing miR-328-3p in lung cancer. miR-328-3p expression was determined in a set of lung cancer tissues by RT-qPCR. BMSCs were infected with lentivirus-mediated miR-328-3p knock-down and then cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions, followed by isolation of EVs. Following ectopic expression and depletion experiments in lung cancer cells, the biological functions of miR-328-3p were analysed using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and Transwell assay. Xenograft in nude mice was performed to test the in vivo effects of miR-328-3p delivered by hypoxic BMSC-derived EVs on tumour growth of lung cancer. Finally, the expression of circulating miR-328-3p was detected in the serum of lung cancer patients. miR-328-3p was highly expressed in EVs derived from hypoxic BMSCs. miR-328-3p was delivered to lung cancer cells by hypoxic BMSC-derived EVs, thereby promoting lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. miR-328-3p targeted NF2 to inactivate the Hippo pathway. Moreover, EV-delivered miR-328-3p increased tumour growth in vivo. Additionally, circulating miR-328-3p was bioactive in the serum of lung cancer patients. Taken together, our results demonstrated that hypoxic BMSC-derived EVs could deliver miR-328-3p to lung cancer cells and that miR-328-3p targets the NF2 gene, thereby inhibiting the Hippo pathway to ultimately promote the occurrence and progression of lung cancer.

MiR-519d and miR-328-3p Combinatorially Suppress Breast Cancer Progression

Background

MiR-519d and miR-328-3p had tumor-regulatory properties in different cancers, but their combinatorial effects and potential common target in breast cancer had not been fully reported. This research targeted to study the underlying mechanism of how miR-519d and miR-328-3p cooperatively suppressed breast cancer.

Methods

MiR-519d and miR-328-3p expressions in breast cancer tissues and cells were assessed and Ki-67 expression was also checked. DLR assay was executed to verify whether Ki-67 was a common target of miR-519d and miR-328-3p. Western blot, flow cytometry, colony formation, wound healing and transwell assays were applied to examine the inhibitory roles of these two miRNAs on the malignant behaviors of breast cancer cells and the potential molecular mechanism.

Results

Impeded miR-519d and miR-328-3p expressions and enhanced Ki-67 expression were detected in breast cancer tissues and cells. Ki-67 was confirmed as a target of these two miRNAs. MiR-519d and miR-328-3p hampered cell proliferation and blocked cell cycle via binding to Ki-67 and they also suppressed migration and invasion. The combinatorial effects of two miRNAs were much stronger than a single miRNA.

Conclusion

Our findings proved that miR-519d and miR-328-3p played combinatorial anti-cancer roles in breast cancer by directly targeting a common target Ki-67. Our study suggested that these two miRNAs might own the potential to become novel therapeutic biomarkers involved in the diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer.

Regulators at Every Step-How microRNAs Drive Tumor Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis

Simple Summary

Tumor cell invasiveness and metastasis are key processes in cancer progression and are composed of many steps. All of them are regulated by multiple microRNAs that either promote or suppress tumor progression. Multiple studies demonstrated that microRNAs target the mRNAs of multiple genes involved in the regulation of cell motility, local invasion, and metastatic niche formation. Thus, microRNAs are promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in oncology.

Abstract

Tumor cell invasiveness and metastasis are the main causes of mortality in cancer. Tumor progression is composed of many steps, including primary tumor growth, local invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, pre-metastatic niche formation, and metastasis. All these steps are strictly controlled by microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. miRNAs can act as oncomiRs that promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis or as tumor suppressor miRNAs that inhibit tumor progression. These miRNAs regulate the actin cytoskeleton, the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors including integrins and ECM-remodeling enzymes comprising matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), hence modulating cell migration and invasiveness. Moreover, miRNAs regulate angiogenesis, the formation of a pre-metastatic niche, and metastasis. Thus, miRNAs are biomarkers of metastases as well as promising targets of therapy. In this review, we comprehensively describe the role of various miRNAs in tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis.

Regulators at Every Step—How microRNAs Drive Tumor Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis

Tumor cell invasiveness and metastasis are the main causes of mortality in cancer. Tumor progression is composed of many steps, including primary tumor growth, local invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, pre-metastatic niche formation, and metastasis. All these steps are strictly controlled by microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. miRNAs can act as oncomiRs that promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis or as tumor suppressor miRNAs that inhibit tumor progression. These miRNAs regulate the actin cytoskeleton, the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors including integrins and ECM-remodeling enzymes comprising matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), hence modulating cell migration and invasiveness. Moreover, miRNAs regulate angiogenesis, the formation of a pre-metastatic niche, and metastasis. Thus, miRNAs are biomarkers of metastases as well as promising targets of therapy. In this review, we comprehensively describe the role of various miRNAs in tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis.

Beneficial role of microRNA-328-3p in fracture healing by enhancing osteoblastic viability through the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway

Although fragility fracture is a global public health burden, the mechanisms underlying fracture healing remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess the dynamic expression pattern of microRNA-328-3p (miR-328-3p) during fracture healing in patients with fragility fracture and to explore the functional role and mechanisms of miR-328-3p in the regulation of osteoblastic viability. The expression levels of miR-328-3p was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Osteoblastic proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed via MTT and flow cytometry assays. A luciferase reporter assay was adopted to confirm the interaction between miR-328-3p and its target gene PTEN, and western blotting was used to explore the activity of PI3K/AKT signaling. The results of the present study demonstrated that serum miR-328-3p expression did not significantly differ at the early stage of healing in patients with fracture, but was markedly decreased 14 and 21 days post fixation (P<0.01). PTEN was demonstrated to be a target gene of miR-328-3p and was inhibited by miR-328-3p overexpression in osteoblasts (P<0.001). miR-328-3p overexpression increased osteoblastic proliferation but decreased apoptotic rate, with these effects being reversed by PTEN overexpression (P<0.05). The expression of phosphorylated-AKT was elevated in osteoblasts by miR-328-3p overexpression, but this effect was abolished by overexpressing PTEN. Thus, the present study revealed that miR-328-3p may accelerate fracture healing by promoting osteoblastic viability through the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Puerarin Inhibits the Progression of Bladder Cancer by Regulating circ_0020394/miR-328-3p/NRBP1 Axis

Background: Previous studies have shown puerarin to be a potential therapeutic drug for treatment of bladder cancer. But the role and possible molecular mechanism of puerarin remain unknown. Methods: Cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, and transwell assays, respectively. Western blot was used to measure the levels of all protein. Glucose consumption and lactate production were detected using a glucose and lactate assay kit. Circular RNA_0020394 (circ_0020394), microRNA-328-3p (miR-328-3p), and nuclear receptor binding protein 1 (NRBP1) levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The interaction between miRNA and circRNA or mRNA was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. In vivo experiments were performed to examine the effect of puerarin on tumor growth. Results: Puerarin suppressed cell viability, migration, invasion, and glycolysis, and induced apoptosis in bladder cancer. circ_0020394 was downregulated in puerarin-treated bladder cancer cells, and circ_0020394 overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effect of puerarin on cell progression. Moreover, circ_0020394 could bind to miR-328-3p, and miR-328-3p directly targeted NRBP1. Functionally, miR-328-3p could reverse the promotion effect of circ_0020394 overexpression on the progression of puerarin-treated cells, and silencing NRBP1 counteracted the effects of anti-miR-328-3p on puerarin-treated cells. Mechanically, circ_0020394 could increase NRBP1 expression by acting as miR-328-3p sponge in puerarin-treated bladder cancer cells. Besides, puerarin inhibited tumorigenesis in vivo by increasing miR-328-3p and decreasing the levels of circ_0020394 and NRBP1. Conclusions: Puerarin impedes cell viability, migration, invasion, and glycolysis, and promoted apoptosis in bladder cancer by regulating circ_0020394/miR-328-3p/NRBP1 axis.

miR-548d-3p inhibits osteosarcoma by downregulating KRAS

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be associated with certain cancers, including osteosarcoma. We examined osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, and found that most expressed lower levels of miR-548d-3p than adjacent tissues and normal cell lines. KRAS was identified as a potential target gene of miR-548d-3p. In osteosarcoma cells, miR-548d-3p exerted tumor-suppressive effects by downregulating KRAS. Functional assays revealed that miR-548d-3p mimics dramatically reduced cell growth and migration in vitro. These results suggest that miR-548d-3p mimics could be applied for osteosarcoma treatment.

MicroRNA-328-3p Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Induced Injury via Targeting Forkhead Box Protein O4 (FOXO4) in Atherosclerosis

Background

Endothelial cell (EC) injury is underlies for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been indicated play important role in modulating AS occurrence and development. However, how miR-328-3p modulates EC injury molecular level for AS remains unclear.

Material/Methods

MiR-328-3p and forkhead box protein O4 (FOXO4) expression were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cell viability was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze the apoptotic rate. The migration and invasion abilities were measured by Transwell assay. Western blot was applied to examine the expression of C-caspase 3, Beclin, LC3-I, and LC3-II. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay and western blot.

Results

MiR-328-3p expression was downregulated in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Overexpressed miR-328-3p obviously alleviated ox-LDL induced inhibition on cell viability, migration and invasion, stimulation on apoptosis, autophagy as well as inflammation in HUVECs. FOXO4 was elevated in ox-LDL HUVECs, and functional assay indicated that FOXO4 aggravated ox-LDL induced HUVECs impairment. In addition, FOXO4 was a target of miR-328-3p in HUVECs; rescue experiments suggested miR-328-3p could protect HUVECs against ox-LDL induced injury via regulating FOXO4.

Conclusions

MiR-328-3p protected vascular endothelial cells against ox-LDL induced injury via targeting FOXO4, suggesting a novel insight for atherosclerosis treatment.

MiR-328-3p inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer by targeting Girdin and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

MiR-328-3p has been reported to be downregulated and serve as a tumor suppressor in several cancers. Previous studies only have reported the downregulation of miR-328-3p in CRC. However, the roles of miR-328-3p in CRC growth and metastasis were unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-328-3p overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was also inactivated by miR-328-3p overexpression. MiR-328-3p knockdown showed the opposite effects. In addition, we confirmed that miR-328-3p directly bound to 3'UTR of Girdin and negatively regulated its expression. Girdin knockdown or treatment with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked the effects of miR-328-3p inhibitor on cell proliferation, metastasis, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, pre-miR-328 decreased numbers of liver metastatic nodules, and reduced the levels of p-Akt, p-Girdin, and Girdin in metastatic tissues in liver. In conclusion, miR-328-3p may inhibit proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells by targeting Girdin and inactivating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. MiR-328-3p may be a novel target in cancer therapy.

miR-485-5p/HSP90 axis blocks Akt1 phosphorylation to suppress osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration via PI3K/AKT pathway

Osteosarcoma (OS) is closely related to the dysregulation of various intracellular signaling pathways, especially the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Reportedly, HSP90 was responsible for phospho-Akt stabilization, and both AKT1 and HSP90 were upregulated within osteosarcoma. Herein, we demonstrated that AKT1 and HSP90 mRNA and protein expression were upregulated within osteosarcoma tissues and cells; AKT1 knockdown significantly inhibited OS cell viability. HSP90 knockdown suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT1, decreased ki-67 and Vimentin protein levels, enhanced p21 and E-cadherin protein levels, and inhibited OS cell proliferation and migration; AKT1 overexpression exerted opposing effects and significantly attenuated the effects of HSP90 knockdown. miR-485-5p targeted AKT1 and HSP90 3'-UTR to inhibit AKT1 and HSP90 expression. miR-485-5p overexpression dramatically reduced AKT1, HSP90, and ki-67 proteins, increased E-cadherin protein levels, and inhibited OS cell proliferation and migration. In conclusion, HSP90 knockdown blocked the phosphorylation of AKT1 suppressing the proliferation and migration capacity of OS cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway; miR-485-5p binds to HSP90 and AKT1 in their 3'-UTR to inhibit HSP90 and AKT1 expression, therefore exerting a tumor suppressor function within osteosarcoma.

Bioengineered miR-328-3p modulates GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake and metabolism to exert synergistic antiproliferative effects with chemotherapeutics

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small noncoding RNAs derived from genome to control target gene expression. Recently we have developed a novel platform permitting high-yield production of bioengineered miRNA agents (BERA). This study is to produce and utilize novel fully-humanized BERA/miR-328-3p molecule (hBERA/miR-328) to delineate the role of miR-328-3p in controlling nutrient uptake essential for cell metabolism. We first demonstrated successful high-level expression of hBERA/miR-328 in bacteria and purification to high degree of homogeneity (>98%). Biologic miR-328-3p prodrug was selectively processed to miR-328-3p to suppress the growth of highly-proliferative human osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Besides glucose transporter protein type 1, gene symbol solute carrier family 2 member 1 (GLUT1/SLC2A1), we identified and verified large neutral amino acid transporter 1, gene symbol solute carrier family 7 member 5 (LAT1/SLC7A5) as a direct target for miR-328-3p. While reduction of LAT1 protein levels by miR-328-3p did not alter homeostasis of amino acids within OS cells, suppression of GLUT1 led to a significantly lower glucose uptake and decline in intracellular levels of glucose and glycolytic metabolite lactate. Moreover, combination treatment with hBERA/miR-328 and cisplatin or doxorubicin exerted a strong synergism in the inhibition of OS cell proliferation. These findings support the utility of novel bioengineered RNA molecules and establish an important role of miR-328-3p in the control of nutrient transport and homeostasis behind cancer metabolism.