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Hernández-Silva CD, Ramírez de Arellano A, Pereira-Suárez AL, Ramírez-López IG. HPV and Cervical Cancer: Molecular and Immunological Aspects, Epidemiology and Effect of Vaccination in Latin American Women. Viruses 2024; 16:327. [PMID: 38543693 PMCID: PMC10974876 DOI: 10.3390/v16030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is primarily caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and remains a significant public health concern, particularly in Latin American regions. This comprehensive narrative review addresses the relationship between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, focusing on Latin American women. It explores molecular and immunological aspects of HPV infection, its role in cervical cancer development, and the epidemiology in this region, highlighting the prevalence and diversity of HPV genotypes. The impact of vaccination initiatives on cervical cancer rates in Latin America is critically evaluated. The advent of HPV vaccines has presented a significant tool in combating the burden of this malignancy, with notable successes observed in various countries, the latter due to their impact on immune responses. The review synthesizes current knowledge, emphasizes the importance of continued research and strategies for cervical cancer prevention, and underscores the need for ongoing efforts in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian David Hernández-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.D.H.-S.); (A.L.P.-S.)
| | - Adrián Ramírez de Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.D.H.-S.); (A.L.P.-S.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Inocencia Guadalupe Ramírez-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, CUValles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara-Ameca Rd Km. 45.5, Ameca 46600, Jalisco, Mexico
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Ye J, Zheng L, He Y, Qi X. Human papillomavirus associated cervical lesion: pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e368. [PMID: 37719443 PMCID: PMC10501338 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted virus globally. Persistent high-risk HPV infection can result in cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer, with 70% of cervical cancer cases associated with high-risk types HPV16 and 18. HPV infection imposes a significant financial and psychological burden. Therefore, studying methods to eradicate HPV infection and halt the progression of precancerous lesions remains crucial. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms underlying HPV-related cervical lesions, including the viral life cycle, immune factors, epithelial cell malignant transformation, and host and environmental contributing factors. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of treatment methods for HPV-related cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. Our focus is on immunotherapy, encompassing HPV therapeutic vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and advanced adoptive T cell therapy. Furthermore, we summarize the commonly employed drugs and other nonsurgical treatments currently utilized in clinical practice for managing HPV infection and associated cervical lesions. Gene editing technology is currently undergoing clinical research and, although not yet employed officially in clinical treatment of cervical lesions, numerous preclinical studies have substantiated its efficacy. Therefore, it holds promise as a precise treatment strategy for HPV-related cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Ye
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Lab MedicineUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yuedong He
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Xu F, Ma J, Wang X, Wang X, Fang W, Sun J, Li Z, Liu J. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) in Vascular Pathology and Physiology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1410. [PMID: 37759810 PMCID: PMC10526873 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen is indispensable in health and disease and mainly functions through its receptors. The protection of the cardiovascular system by estrogen and its receptors has been recognized for decades. Numerous studies with a focus on estrogen and its receptor system have been conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Although nuclear estrogen receptors, including estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β, have been shown to be classical receptors that mediate genomic effects, studies now show that GPER mainly mediates rapid signaling events as well as transcriptional regulation via binding to estrogen as a membrane receptor. With the discovery of selective synthetic ligands for GPER and the utilization of GPER knockout mice, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of GPER. In this review, the tissue and cellular localizations, endogenous and exogenous ligands, and signaling pathways of GPER are systematically summarized in diverse physiological and diseased conditions. This article further emphasizes the role of GPER in vascular pathology and physiology, focusing on the latest research progress and evidence of GPER as a promising therapeutic target in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Thus, selective regulation of GPER by its agonists and antagonists have the potential to be used in clinical practice for treating such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Xu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China; (F.X.); (W.F.); (J.S.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jipeng Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China; (F.X.); (W.F.); (J.S.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingwei Sun
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China; (F.X.); (W.F.); (J.S.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.M.); (X.W.); (X.W.)
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Loris J, Hanesch L, Bauerschmitz G, Gallwas J, Gründker C. Activation of G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER1) Reduces Progression of Vulvar Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13705. [PMID: 37762008 PMCID: PMC10530864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) is tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive depends in part on tumor entity. Little is known about the function of GPER1 in vulvar carcinoma. In this work, we aim to clarify what role GPER1 plays in vulvar cancer, tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive. Localization of GPER1 in A431 and CAL-39 vulvar carcinoma cells was examined by immunofluorescence. Using a tissue microarray of vulvar neoplasias, the correlation between GPER1 expression and grade of malignancy was investigated. A431 and CAL-39 cells were treated either with GPER1 agonist G1 or antagonist G36. Proliferation was quantified by BrdU assay and viability examined using Resazurin assay. Morphological changes were analyzed by microscopy and measured using ImageJ. Cell migration was analyzed by gap closure assay. Clonogenic potential was tested by colony and sphere formation. Expression of estrogen receptors was examined by Western blot. GPER1 was found consistently expressed in vulvar neoplasia tissues. The immune-reactive score was found to be significantly higher in tissue samples of lymph node metastases and neoplasias with grade 3. In A431 and CAL-39 vulvar carcinoma cells, GPER1 expression was mainly found in the cytoplasm and nuclei. Treatment of A431 and CAL-39 cells with GPER1 agonist G1 resulted in a decrease in proliferation and migration. In addition, colony formation and tumor sphere formation were reduced. Furthermore, morphological signs of necrosis and reduction in cell viability after G1 treatment were observed. The GPER1 antagonist G36 did not have significant effects on vulvar carcinoma cells. Neither agonist G1 nor antagonist G36 treatment resulted in altered expression of estrogen receptors. Activation of GPER1 with GPER1 agonist G1 reduces the tumorigenic potential of the vulvar carcinoma cells. It can be deduced from this that GPER1 appears to have a tumor-suppressive effect in vulvar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (J.L.); (L.H.); (G.B.); (J.G.)
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Godoy‑Pacheco A, García‑Chagollán M, Ramírez‑De‑Arellano A, Hernández‑Silva C, Villegas‑Pineda J, Ramírez‑López I, Zepeda‑Nuño J, Aguilar‑Lemarroy A, Pereira‑Suárez A. Differential modulation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity by 17β‑estradiol and prolactin through the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis in cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:288. [DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Godoy‑Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Mariel García‑Chagollán
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez‑De‑Arellano
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández‑Silva
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Julio Villegas‑Pineda
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Inocencia Ramírez‑López
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - José Zepeda‑Nuño
- Center for Research and Diagnosis of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar‑Lemarroy
- Department of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Ana Pereira‑Suárez
- Institute for Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
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Human Papillomavirus in Breast Carcinogenesis: A Passenger, a Cofactor, or a Causal Agent? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080804. [PMID: 34440036 PMCID: PMC8389583 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent tumor in women worldwide. A minority of BC patients have a family history of the disease, suggesting the importance of environmental and lifestyle factors. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been detected in a subset of tumors, suggesting a potential role in BC. In this review, we summarized relevant information in respect to this topic and we propose a model of HPV-mediated breast carcinogenesis. Evidence suggests that breast tissue is accessible to HPV, which may be a causal agent of BC in a subset of cases. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide as well as the leading cause of cancer-related death in this gender. Studies have identified that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a potential risk factor for BC development. While vaccines that protect against oncogenic HPVs infection have been commercially available, global disparities persist due to their high cost. Interestingly, numerous authors have detected an increased high risk (HR)-HPV infection in BC specimens when compared with non-tumor tissues. Therefore, it was suggested that HR-HPV infection could play a role in breast carcinogenesis in a subset of cases. Additional epidemiological and experimental evidence is still needed regarding the role of HR-HPV infection in the development and progression of BC.
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Ramachandran B, Murhekar K, Sundersingh S. SERMs suppresses the growth of ERα positive cervical cancer xenografts through predominant inhibition of extra-nuclear ERα expression. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3335-3353. [PMID: 34249466 PMCID: PMC8263693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of estrogens and estrogen receptors (ER) in cervical cancer (CC) is not well established. However, epidemiological studies and abundant evidence from genetically engineered mouse models support such hypothesis. In this study, we have addressed estrogen responsiveness in a human CC cell line xenograft mouse model. We assessed the sensitivity of Ethynyl Estradiol (EE), SERMs (fulvestrant, MPP) and a non-SERM (EGCG) to competitively modulate the growth of ERα+ve MS751 CC xenografts. We also checked the agonistic-antagonistic propensity of the above treatments to alter the histology of ovariectomised mouse uterine cervix. Chronic EE treatment encouraged the growth of ERα+ve MS751 CC xenografts, while SERMs and EGCG significantly decreased tumor formation. SERMs were found to inhibit ERα expression, localized within cytoplasmic and membrane compartments. Conversely, ERα was not inducible and EE administration suppressed the growth of ERα-ve HeLa CC xenografts. SERMs competitively induced atrophic features to uterine cervix, with MPP giving rise to mucinous metaplasia in the ectocervix. We have demonstrated that, estrogen sensitivity mediated through ERα has promoted CC tumorigenesis. This in turn was modulated by SERMs, predominantly through inhibition of extra-nuclear ERα expression. Though, induction of hyper-estrogenic status in the ectocervix, might underrate the utility of SERMs in ERα+ve CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A)No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Kanchan Murhekar
- Department of Oncopathology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A)No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Shirley Sundersingh
- Department of Oncopathology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A)No. 38, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 036, India
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Ramírez-de-Arellano A, Villegas-Pineda JC, Hernández-Silva CD, Pereira-Suárez AL. The Relevant Participation of Prolactin in the Genesis and Progression of Gynecological Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:747810. [PMID: 34745013 PMCID: PMC8566755 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.747810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland and multiple non-pituitary sites, vital in several physiological processes such as lactation, pregnancy, cell growth, and differentiation. However, PRL is nowadays known to have a strong implication in oncogenic processes, making it essential to delve into the mechanisms governing these actions. PRL and its receptor (PRLR) activate a series of effects such as survival, cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to treatment, being highly relevant in developing certain types of cancer. Because women produce high levels of PRL, its influence in gynecological cancers is herein reviewed. It is interesting that, other than the 23 kDa PRL, whose mechanism of action is endocrine, other variants of PRL have been observed to be produced by tumoral tissue, acting in a paracrine/autocrine manner. Because many components, including PRL, surround the microenvironment, it is interesting to understand the hormone's modulation in cancer cells. This work aims to review the most important findings regarding the PRL/PRLR axis in cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers and its molecular mechanisms to support carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Christian David Hernández-Silva
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez,
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Hernández-Silva CD, Villegas-Pineda JC, Pereira-Suárez AL. Expression and Role of the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPR30/GPER) in the Development and Immune Response in Female Reproductive Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32973677 PMCID: PMC7468389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health issue and represents the second leading cause of death in women worldwide, as female reproductive-related neoplasms are the main cause of incidence and mortality. Female reproductive cancers have a close relationship to estrogens, the principal female sex steroid hormones. Estrogens exert their actions by the nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). ERα, and ERβ act as transcription factors mediating genomic effects. Besides, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, formerly known as GPR30) was recently described as a seven-transmembrane receptor that mediates non-genomic estrogenic signaling, including calcium mobilization, cAMP synthesis, cleavage of matrix metalloproteinases, transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the subsequent activation of PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways, which are the reasons why it is related to cellular processes, such as cell-cycle progression, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Since its discovery, selective agonists and antagonists have been found and developed. GPER has been implicated in a variety of hormone-responsiveness tumors, such as breast, endometrial, ovarian, cervical, prostate, and testicular cancer as well as lung, hepatic, thyroid, colorectal, and adrenocortical cancers. Nevertheless, GPER actions in cancer are still debatable due to the conflicting information that has been reported to date, since many reports indicate that activation of this receptor can modulate carcinogenesis. In contrast, many others show that its activation inhibits tumor activity. Besides, estrogens play an essential role in the regulation of the immune system, but little information exists about the role of GPER activation on its modulation within cancer context. This review focuses on the role that the stimulation of GPER plays in female reproductive neoplasms, specifically breast, endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancers, in its tumor activity and immune response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian David Hernández-Silva
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
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