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Domingos CB, Rios JDO, Orlandini LC, Pereira LR. Inheritance of Hb S and G6PD deficiency in a familiar group. Arch Med Sci 2024; 20:704-707. [PMID: 38757016 PMCID: PMC11094812 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/185325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
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Shenkutie TT, Nega D, Hailu A, Kepple D, Witherspoon L, Lo E, Negash MT, Adamu A, Gebremichael SG, Gidey B, Tasew G, Feleke SM, Kebede T. Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and distribution of its genetic variants among malaria-suspected patients visiting Metehara health centre, Eastern Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:260. [PMID: 36076204 PMCID: PMC9461287 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is cytosolic enzyme, which has a vital role for the integrity and functioning of red blood cells. Lower activity of this enzyme leads to the occurrence of acute haemolytic anaemia after exposure to oxidative stressors like primaquine. Primaquine is an important drug for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and blocking transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, and thereby enhancing malaria elimination. However, there is a need to identify G6PD deficient individuals and administer the drug with caution due to its haemolytic side effects. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among malaria-suspected individuals. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to September 2021 in Metehara Health Centre, Eastern Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical information of the study participants. Capillary and venous blood samples were collected based on standard procedures for onsite screening, dried blood spot preparation, and malaria microscopy. The G6PD enzyme activity was measured by careSTART™ G6PD biosensor analyzer. Data was entered and analysed by SPSS. Results A total of 498 study participants were included in the study, of which 62% (309) were males. The overall prevalence of G6PD deficiency based on the biosensor screening was 3.6% (18/498), of which 2.9% and 4.8% were males and females, respectively. Eleven of the G6PD deficient samples had mutations confirmed by G6PD gene sequencing analysis. Mutations were detected in G267 + 119C/T, A376T, and ChrX:154535443. A significant association was found in sex and history of previous malaria infection with G6PD deficiency. Conclusions The study showed that the G6PD deficient phenotype exists in Metehara even if the prevalence is not very high. G267 + 119C/T mutation is the predominant G6PD variant in this area. Therefore, malaria patient treatment using primaquine should be monitored closely for any adverse effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04269-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassew Tefera Shenkutie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Desalegn Nega
- Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Kepple
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Logan Witherspoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA.,School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Meshesha Tsigie Negash
- Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aderaw Adamu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | | | - Bokretsion Gidey
- Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sindew M Feleke
- Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Kebede
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Randomized clinical trial to assess the protective efficacy of a Plasmodium vivax CS synthetic vaccine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1603. [PMID: 35338131 PMCID: PMC8956637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized, double-blind, controlled vaccine clinical trial was conducted to assess, as the primary outcome, the safety and protective efficacy of the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (CS) protein in healthy malaria-naïve (phase IIa) and semi-immune (phase IIb) volunteers. Participants (n = 35) were randomly selected from a larger group (n = 121) and further divided into naïve (n = 17) and semi-immune (n = 18) groups and were immunized at months 0, 2, and 6 with PvCS formulated in Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant or placebo (adjuvant alone). Specific antibodies and IFN-γ responses to PvCS were determined as secondary outcome; all experimental volunteers developed specific IgG and IFN-γ. Three months after the last immunization, all participants were subjected to controlled human malaria infection. All naive controls became infected and drastic parasitemia reduction, including sterile protection, developed in several experimental volunteers in phase IIa (6/11) (54%, 95% CI 0.25-0.84) and phase IIb (7/11) (64%, 95% CI 0.35-0.92). However, no difference in parasitemia was observed between the phase IIb experimental and control subgroups. In conclusion, this study demonstrates significant protection in both naïve and semi-immune volunteers, encouraging further PvCS vaccine clinical development. Trial registration number NCT02083068. This trial was funded by Colciencias (grant 529-2009), NHLBI (grant RHL086488 A), and MVDC/CIV Foundation (grant 2014-1206).
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Koromina M, Pandi MT, van der Spek PJ, Patrinos GP, Lauschke VM. The ethnogeographic variability of genetic factors underlying G6PD deficiency. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105904. [PMID: 34551338 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency caused by genetic variants in the G6PD gene, constitutes the most common enzymopathy worldwide, affecting approximately 5% of the global population. While carriers are mostly asymptomatic, they are at substantial risk of acute hemolytic anemia upon certain infections or exposure to various medications. As such, information about G6PD activity status in a given patient can constitute an important parameter to guide clinical decision-making. Here, we leveraged whole genome sequencing data from 142,069 unrelated individuals across seven human populations to provide a global comprehensive map of G6PD variability. By integrating established functional classifications with stringent computational predictions using 13 partly orthogonal algorithms for uncharacterized and novel variants, we reveal the large extent of ethnogeographic variability in G6PD deficiency and highlight its population-specific genetic composition. Overall, estimated disease prevalence in males ranged between 12.2% in Africans, 2.7-3.5% across Asia and 2.1% in Middle Easterners to < 0.3% in Europeans, Finnish and Amish. In Africans, the major deficient alleles were A-202A/376 G (minor allele frequency 11.6%) and A-968 C/376 G (0.5%). In contrast, G6PD deficiency in Middle Easterners was primarily due to the Mediterranean allele (1.3%) and the population-specific Cairo variant (0.4%). In South Asia, the most prevalent deficient alleles were Mediterranean (1.7%), Kerala (1.1%), Gond (0.9%) and Orissa (0.2%), whereas in East Asian populations the Canton (1.1%), Kaiping (0.7%) and Viangchan (0.3%) variants were predominant. Combined, our analyses provide a large dataset of G6PD variability across major ethnogeographic groups and can instruct population-specific genotyping strategies to optimize genetically guided therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Koromina
- University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Patras, Greece; The Golden Helix Foundation, London, UK
| | - Maria Theodora Pandi
- University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Patras, Greece; Erasmus University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, Bioinformatics Unit, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, Bioinformatics Unit, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - George P Patrinos
- University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Patras, Greece; United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, Al-Ain, UAE; United Arab Emirates University, Zayed Center of Health Sciences, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Fernandez-Miñope C, Delgado-Ratto C, Contreras-Mancilla J, Ferrucci HR, Llanos-Cuentas A, Gamboa D, Van Geertruyden JP. Towards one standard treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria: Perspectives from and for the Peruvian Amazon. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:293-297. [PMID: 33596478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to wreak havoc in the Peruvian Amazon. Lengthy research efforts have brought important lessons on its particular epidemiology: the heterogeneous levels of transmission, the large reservoir of both asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections, the co-transmission of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in the same areas, and the limitations of current diagnostics. Based on these features, the national elimination program could greatly benefit from simplified standard treatment, with the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy and even shorter schemes of primaquine maintaing the total dosing. It is acknowledged that there is some uncertainty regarding the true prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) and genetic polymorphisms related to cytochrome P-450 isozyme 2D6 functioning. Once we have a better understanding, tafenoquine, whether or not in combination with a rapid G6PD enzyme test, may become a future pathway to eliminate the otherwise hidden reservoir of the P. vivax hypnozoite through one standard Plasmodium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernandez-Miñope
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Christopher Delgado-Ratto
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Juan Contreras-Mancilla
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Vengidasan L, Yunus MA, Yusoff NM, Yahaya BH, Ismail IS. Production and differential activity of recombinant human wild-type G6PD and G6PD Viangchan. ASIAN BIOMED 2020; 14:159-167. [PMID: 37551388 PMCID: PMC10373393 DOI: 10.1515/abm-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is essential to produce reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which is required to protect cells against oxidative stress. G6PD deficiency is a genetic variation that may lead to hemolysis with potential consequences, such as kidney failure, and patients often experience low quality of life. Objectives To establish a simple, efficient, and optimized method to produce a G6PDViangchan variant and characterize the phenotypes of recombinant human wild-type G6PD and G6PDViangchan. Methods G6PD was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a human cDNA plasmid, and the gene for G6PDViangchan was amplified by initiating a mutation at location 871 (G>A) through site-directed mutagenesis. Protein expression and western blotting were conducted after successful cloning. The enzymatic activity of both proteins was assessed spectrophotometrically after purification. Results Both amplicons were successfully cloned into a pET26b(+) expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells for overexpression as C-terminally histidine-tagged recombinant proteins. Western blotting confirmed that both proteins were successfully produced at similar levels. The enzymes were purified by immobilized metal (Co) affinity chromatography. Postpurification assay of enzyme activity revealed about 2-fold differences in the levels of specific activity between the wild-type G6PD (155.88 U/mg) and G6PDViangchan (81.85 U/mg), which is consistent with earlier reports. Analysis in silico showed that the coding change in G6PDViangchan has a substantial effect on protein folding structure. Conclusions We successfully cloned, expressed, and purified both wild-type G6PD and G6PDViangchan proteins. Such a protocol may be useful for creating a model system to study G6PD deficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelamekala Vengidasan
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, Bertam13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Amir Yunus
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, Bertam13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, Bertam13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ida Shazrina Ismail
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, Bertam13200, Penang, Malaysia
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Montiel J, Zuluaga LM, Aguirre DC, Segura C, Tobon-Castaño A, Vásquez AM. Microscopic and submicroscopic Plasmodium infections in indigenous and non-indigenous communities in Colombia. Malar J 2020; 19:157. [PMID: 32299449 PMCID: PMC7164158 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indigenous population is considered a highly susceptible group to malaria because individuals usually live in areas with high exposure to Anopheles and poverty, and have limited access to health services. There is a great diversity of indigenous communities in Colombia living in malaria-endemic areas; however, the burden of infection in these populations has not been studied extensively. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium infections in indigenous and non-indigenous communities in two malaria-endemic areas in Colombia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven villages of Turbo and El Bagre municipalities; three of these villages were indigenous communities. Inhabitants of all ages willing to participate were included. Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded as well as household information. The parasitological diagnosis was performed by microscopy and nested PCR. The prevalence of microscopy and submicroscopic infection was estimated. An adjusted GEE model was used to explore risk factors associated with the infection. RESULTS Among 713 participants, 60.7% were from indigenous communities. Plasmodium spp. was detected in 30 subjects (4.2%, CI 95% 2.9-5.9); from those, 29 were in the indigenous population, 47% of infections were afebrile, and most of them submicroscopic (10/14). Microscopic and submicroscopic prevalence was 2.5% (CI 95% 1.6-3.9) and 1.7% (CI 95% 0.9-2.9), respectively. In El Bagre, all infections occurred in indigenous participants (3.9%, CI 95% 2.2-7.1), and 81% were submicroscopic. By contrast, in Turbo, the highest prevalence occurred in indigenous people (11.5%; CI 95%: 7.3-17.5), but 88.8% were microscopic. Living in an indigenous population increased the prevalence of infection compared with a non-indigenous population (PR 19.4; CI 95% 2.3-166.7). CONCLUSION There is a high proportion of Plasmodium infection in indigenous communities. A substantial proportion of asymptomatic and submicroscopic carriers were detected. The identification of these infections, not only in indigenous but also in the non-indigenous population, as well as their associated factors, could help to implement specific malaria strategies for each context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehidys Montiel
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina M Zuluaga
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel C Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cesar Segura
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alberto Tobon-Castaño
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M Vásquez
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia.
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Akram M, Ali Shah SM, Munir N, Daniyal M, Tahir IM, Mahmood Z, Irshad M, Akhlaq M, Sultana S, Zainab R. Hexose monophosphate shunt, the role of its metabolites and associated disorders: A review. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14473-14482. [PMID: 30697723 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt acts as an essential component of cellular metabolism in maintaining carbon homeostasis. The HMP shunt comprises two phases viz. oxidative and nonoxidative, which provide different intermediates for the synthesis of biomolecules like nucleotides, DNA, RNA, amino acids, and so forth; reducing molecules for anabolism and detoxifying the reactive oxygen species during oxidative stress. The HMP shunt is significantly important in the liver, adipose tissue, erythrocytes, adrenal glands, lactating mammary glands and testes. We have researched the articles related to the HMP pathway, its metabolites and disorders related to its metabolic abnormalities. The literature for this paper was taken typically from a personal database, the Cochrane database of systemic reviews, PubMed publications, biochemistry textbooks, and electronic journals uptil date on the hexose monophosphate shunt. The HMP shunt is a tightly controlled metabolic pathway, which is also interconnected with other metabolic pathways in the body like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucuronic acid depending upon the metabolic needs of the body and depending upon the biochemical demand. The HMP shunt plays a significant role in NADPH2 formation and in pentose sugars that are biosynthetic precursors of nucleic acids and amino acids. Cells can be protected from highly reactive oxygen species by NADPH 2 . Deficiency in the hexose monophosphate pathway is linked to numerous disorders. Furthermore, it was also reported that this metabolic pathway could act as a therapeutic target to treat different types of cancers, so treatments at the molecular level could be planned by limiting the synthesis of biomolecules required for proliferating cells provided by the HMP shunt, hence, more experiments still could be carried out to find additional discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Munir
- College of Allied Health Professional, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Imtiaz Mahmood Tahir
- College of Allied Health Professional, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahed Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir (UoKAJK), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhlaq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, DIK, KP, Pakistan
| | - Sabira Sultana
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rida Zainab
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Frew JW. The Hygiene Hypothesis, Old Friends, and New Genes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:388. [PMID: 30894862 PMCID: PMC6414441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John W Frew
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Beiter KJ, Wentlent ZJ, Hamouda AR, Thomas BN. Nonconventional opponents: a review of malaria and leishmaniasis among United States Armed Forces. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6313. [PMID: 30701136 PMCID: PMC6348955 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As the United States military engage with different countries and cultures throughout the world, personnel become exposed to new biospheres as well. There are many infectious pathogens that are not endemic to the US, but two of particular importance are Plasmodium and Leishmania, which respectively cause malaria and leishmaniasis. These parasites are both known to cause significant disease burden in their endemic locales, and thus pose a threat to military travelers. This review introduces readers to basic life cycle and disease mechanisms for each. Local and military epidemiology are described, as are the specific actions taken by the US military for prevention and treatment purposes. Complications of such measures with regard to human health are also discussed, including possible chemical toxicities. Additionally, poor recognition of these diseases upon an individual's return leading to complications and treatment delays in the United States are examined. Information about canine leishmaniasis, poorly studied relative to its human manifestation, but of importance due to the utilization of dogs in military endeavors is presented. Future implications for the American healthcare system regarding malaria and leishmaniasis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin J Beiter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Zachariah J Wentlent
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Adrian R Hamouda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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de Oliveira HSS, da Silva ANLM, Andrade GB, Gaia KC, Costa GDLC, dos Santos ÂKCR, Guerreiro JF. Molecular genotyping of G6PD mutations and Duffy blood group in Afro-descendant communities from Brazilian Amazon. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:758-765. [PMID: 30508000 PMCID: PMC6415611 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) and Duffy-negative blood group are two red blood cells variants that confer protection against malaria. In this study, the distribution of the most common G6PD variants (G6PD*A-, GGPD*A and G6PD Mediterranean) and the major alleles of the Duffy blood group (FY*A, FY*B and FY*BES) were investigated in an Afro-descendant population from state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. G6PD variants and Duffy blood group alleles were determined by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Overall, molecular genotyping revealed the presence of G6PD variants in 126 (24%) of the individuals studied (5% male and 19% female), and frequencies of the G6PD*A- and G6PD*A alleles were 0.061 and 0.104, respectively. Duffy blood group genotyping showed that 24.3% of people were Duffy-negative and 41.3% were heterozygous for FY*BES. The frequency of allele FY*BES was 41.0%. The results emphasize the need to monitor G6PD deficiency for the use of primaquine in the routine care of the Afro-descendant communities of the Trombetas, Erepecuru and Cumná rivers, evaluating the risks of hemolytic crisis in case of recurrence of malaria in the region. In addition, the possible greater protection against malaria conferred by these erythrocyte polymorphisms deserves to be better investigated and explored among these Afro-descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiala S. Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Aylla N. Lima Martins da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Barreto Andrade
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Karoline Coelho Gaia
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso Costa
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Low and heterogeneous prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in different settings in Ethiopia using phenotyping and genotyping approaches. Malar J 2018; 17:281. [PMID: 30071859 PMCID: PMC6071387 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 8-Aminoquinolines such as primaquine clear mature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that are responsible for transmission from human to mosquitoes and bring radical cure in Plasmodium vivax by clearing dormant liver stages. Deployment of primaquine is thus of relevance for malaria elimination efforts but challenged by the widespread prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) in endemic countries since primaquine in G6PDd individuals may lead to acute haemolysis. In this study, the prevalence of G6PDd was investigated in different settings in Ethiopia using phenotyping and genotyping approaches. METHODS Community and school based cross-sectional surveys were conducted from October to December 2016 in four administrative regions (Gambela, Benishangul Gumuz, Oromia, and Amhara) in Ethiopia. Finger prick blood samples were collected for G6PD enzyme activity using the CareStart™ G6PD screening test and genotyping of 36 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the G6PD gene and its flanking regions. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of phenotypic G6PDd was 1.4% (22/1609). For the first time in the Ethiopian population, the African variant (A-) was detected in 3.5% (7/199) of the limited set of genotyped samples, which were all phenotypically normal. Interestingly, all of these individuals had a variation at the rs2515904 locus. Strong geographical variation was observed for both phenotypic and genotypic G6PDd; three-quarters of the phenotypically G6PDd individuals were detected in Gambela. CONCLUSION A very low prevalence of G6PDd was detected in the present study populations. The presence of the A- variant alongside other G6PD mutants and the patchy distribution of G6PDd indicate that larger studies specifically designed to unravel the distribution of G6PDd at small geographical scale may be needed to tailor malaria elimination efforts in Ethiopia to the local context.
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13
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Recht J, Ashley EA, White NJ. Use of primaquine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency testing: Divergent policies and practices in malaria endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006230. [PMID: 29672516 PMCID: PMC5908060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primaquine is the only available antimalarial drug that kills dormant liver stages of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malarias and therefore prevents their relapse (‘radical cure’). It is also the only generally available antimalarial that rapidly sterilises mature P. falciparum gametocytes. Radical cure requires extended courses of primaquine (usually 14 days; total dose 3.5–7 mg/kg), whereas transmissibility reduction in falciparum malaria requires a single dose (formerly 0.75 mg/kg, now a single low dose [SLD] of 0.25 mg/kg is recommended). The main adverse effect of primaquine is dose-dependent haemolysis in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, the most common human enzymopathy. X-linked mutations conferring varying degrees of G6PD deficiency are prevalent throughout malaria-endemic regions. Phenotypic screening tests usually detect <30% of normal G6PD activity, identifying nearly all male hemizygotes and female homozygotes and some heterozygotes. Unfortunately, G6PD deficiency screening is usually unavailable at point of care, and, as a consequence, radical cure is greatly underused. Both haemolytic risk (determined by the prevalence and severity of G6PD deficiency polymorphisms) and relapse rates vary, so there has been considerable uncertainty in both policies and practices related to G6PD deficiency testing and use of primaquine for radical cure. Review of available information on the prevalence and severity of G6PD variants together with countries’ policies for the use of primaquine and G6PD deficiency testing confirms a wide range of practices. There remains lack of consensus on the requirement for G6PD deficiency testing before prescribing primaquine radical cure regimens. Despite substantially lower haemolytic risks, implementation of SLD primaquine as a P. falciparum gametocytocide also varies. In Africa, a few countries have recently adopted SLD primaquine, yet many with areas of low seasonal transmission do not use primaquine as an antimalarial at all. Most countries that recommended the higher 0.75 mg/kg single primaquine dose for falciparum malaria (e.g., most countries in the Americas) have not changed their recommendation. Some vivax malaria–endemic countries where G6PD deficiency testing is generally unavailable have adopted the once-weekly radical cure regimen (0.75 mg/kg/week for 8 weeks), known to be safer in less severe G6PD deficiency variants. There is substantial room for improvement in radical cure policies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Recht
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fu C, Luo S, Li Q, Xie B, Yang Q, Geng G, Lin C, Su J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Qin Z, Luo J, Chen S, Fan X. Newborn screening of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Guangxi, China: determination of optimal cutoff value to identify heterozygous female neonates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:833. [PMID: 29339739 PMCID: PMC5770456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the disease incidence and mutation spectrum of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Guangxi, China, and to determine an optimal cutoff value to identify heterozygous female neonates. A total of 130, 635 neonates were screened from the year of 2013 to 2017. Neonates suspected for G6PD deficiency were further analyzed by quantitatively enzymatic assay and G6PD mutation analysis. The overall incidence of G6PD deficiency was 7.28%. A total of 14 G6PD mutations were identified, and different mutations lead to varying levels of G6PD enzymatic activities. The best cut-off value of G6PD activity in male subjects is 2.2 U/g Hb, same as conventional setting. In female population, however, the cut-off value is found to be 2.8 U/g Hb (sensitivity: 97.5%, specificity: 87.7%, AUC: 0.964) to best discriminate between normal and heterozygotes, and 1.6 U/g Hb (sensitivity: 82.2%, specificity: 85.9%, AUC: 0.871) between heterozygotes and deficient subjects. In conclusion, we have conducted a comprehensive newborn screening of G6PD deficiency in a large cohort of population from Guangxi, China, and first established a reliable cut-off value of G6PD activity to distinguish heterozygous females from either normal or deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Fu
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Qifei Li
- Guangxi Huayin Medical Laboratory Center, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Bobo Xie
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Guoxing Geng
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Caijuan Lin
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Jiasun Su
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Zailong Qin
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China. .,Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China.
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530003, China. .,Research Center for Guangxi Birth Defects Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530003, China.
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15
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Recht J, Siqueira AM, Monteiro WM, Herrera SM, Herrera S, Lacerda MVG. Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: current challenges in malaria control and elimination. Malar J 2017; 16:273. [PMID: 28676055 PMCID: PMC5496604 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of significant progress towards malaria control and elimination achieved in South America in the 2000s, this mosquito-transmitted tropical disease remains an important public health concern in the region. Most malaria cases in South America come from Amazon rain forest areas in northern countries, where more than half of malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence has decreased in recent years. This review discusses current malaria data, policies and challenges in four South American Amazon countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Challenges to continuing efforts to further decrease malaria incidence in this region include: a significant increase in malaria cases in recent years in Venezuela, evidence of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections, peri-urban malaria, gold mining-related malaria, malaria in pregnancy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and primaquine use, and possible under-detection of Plasmodium malariae. Some of these challenges underscore the need to implement appropriate tools and procedures in specific regions, such as a field-compatible molecular malaria test, a P. malariae-specific test, malaria diagnosis and appropriate treatment as part of regular antenatal care visits, G6PD test before primaquine administration for P. vivax cases (with weekly primaquine regimen for G6PD deficient individuals), single low dose of primaquine for P. falciparum malaria in Colombia, and national and regional efforts to contain malaria spread in Venezuela urgently needed especially in mining areas. Joint efforts and commitment towards malaria control and elimination should be strategized based on examples of successful regional malaria fighting initiatives, such as PAMAFRO and RAVREDA/AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André M Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Herrera
- Centro de Investigación Científica Caucaseco, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Fiocruz/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado/Institute Elimina, Manaus, Brazil
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16
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Dombrowski JG, Souza RM, Curry J, Hinton L, Silva NRM, Grignard L, Gonçalves LA, Gomes AR, Epiphanio S, Drakeley C, Huggett J, Clark TG, Campino S, Marinho CRF. G6PD deficiency alleles in a malaria-endemic region in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2017; 16:253. [PMID: 28619120 PMCID: PMC5471696 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax parasites are the predominant cause of malaria infections in the Brazilian Amazon. Infected individuals are treated with primaquine, which can induce haemolytic anaemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient individuals and may lead to severe and fatal complications. This X-linked disorder is distributed globally and is caused by allelic variants with a geographical distribution that closely reflects populations exposed historically to endemic malaria. In Brazil, few studies have reported the frequency of G6PD deficiency (G6PDd) present in malaria-endemic areas. This is particularly important, as G6PDd screening is not currently performed before primaquine treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of G6PDd in the region of Alto do Juruá, in the Western Brazilian Amazon, an area characterized by a high prevalence of P. vivax infection. METHODS Five-hundred and sixteen male volunteers were screened for G6PDd using the fluorescence spot test (Beutler test) and CareStart™ G6PD Biosensor system. Demographic and clinical-epidemiological data were acquired through an individual interview. To assess the genetic basis of G6PDd, 24 SNPs were genotyped using the Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay. RESULTS Twenty-three (4.5%) individuals were G6PDd. No association was found between G6PDd and the number of malaria cases. An increased risk of reported haemolysis symptoms and blood transfusions was evident among the G6PDd individuals. Twenty-two individuals had the G6PDd A(-) variant and one the G6PD A(+) variant. The Mediterranean variant was not present. Apart from one polymorphism, almost all SNPs were monomorphic or with low frequencies (0-0.04%). No differences were detected among ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS The data indicates that ~1/23 males from the Alto do Juruá could be G6PD deficient and at risk of haemolytic anaemia if treated with primaquine. G6PD A(-) is the most frequent deficiency allele in this population. These results concur with reported G6PDd in other regions in Brazil. Routine G6PDd screening to personalize primaquine administration should be considered, particularly as complete treatment of patients with vivax malaria using chloroquine and primaquine, is crucial for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille G Dombrowski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Acre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Natercia R M Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lynn Grignard
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ligia A Gonçalves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jim Huggett
- Molecular and Cell Biology, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, UK.,School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Valencia SH, Ocampo ID, Arce-Plata MI, Recht J, Arévalo-Herrera M. Erratum to: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency prevalence and genetic variants in malaria endemic areas of Colombia. Malar J 2016; 15:348. [PMID: 31265539 PMCID: PMC4937535 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1343-1.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sócrates Herrera Valencia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center/Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Carrera 37 2B No. 5 E‑08, Edificio de profesionales Bambú, Cali, Colombia.,Centro Latino Americano de Investigación en Malaria (CLAIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Iván Darío Ocampo
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center/Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Carrera 37 2B No. 5 E‑08, Edificio de profesionales Bambú, Cali, Colombia.,Centro Latino Americano de Investigación en Malaria (CLAIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - María Isabel Arce-Plata
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center/Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Carrera 37 2B No. 5 E‑08, Edificio de profesionales Bambú, Cali, Colombia.,Centro Latino Americano de Investigación en Malaria (CLAIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Judith Recht
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center/Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Carrera 37 2B No. 5 E‑08, Edificio de profesionales Bambú, Cali, Colombia
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center/Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Carrera 37 2B No. 5 E‑08, Edificio de profesionales Bambú, Cali, Colombia.,Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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