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Adugna T, Zelalem L, Alelign G. Blood smears examination and prevalence of malaria in Addis Zemen Town, Northwest Ethiopia (2013-2021): a retrospective study. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38745210 PMCID: PMC11095033 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-024-00219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Ethiopia, malaria is one of the major public health and socioeconomic problems, though tremendous efforts have been made. Currently, the country has a plan to eliminate malaria by 2030. To achieve this plan, epidemiological studies associated with malaria prevalence with gender, age groups, species types, and seasons are essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria from 2013 to 2021 in Addis Zemen town, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted at assess the trend of malaria prevalence over the last nine years using recorded blood smear reports in the laboratory logbook from governmental health institutions. Trends in malaria cases and the proportion of genders, age groups, species, and seasons over time were compared. The data were analyzed using the SPSS-23 software package. RESULTS The overall malaria prevalence between 2013 and 2021 was 10.4%. From all confirmed cases, the minimum and maximum prevalence of malaria cases were recorded in 2018 (2%) and 2016 (33.2%) years, respectively. The infectious rate of males (59.3%) was significantly higher than that of females (40.7%) (p < 0.0001). In all survey periods, all age groups were infected by malaria parasites; the majority of the cases were between 15 and 45 years (57%) older than others. Statistically, a greater proportion of P. falciparum (80.1%) was recorded than P. vivax (18.5%) (p < 0.0001). Malaria cases were occurring throughout each month. The relative highest peaks of total malaria cases were observed during the months of September, October, and November. Seasonally, the highest infection rate was observed during spring (40.20%) compared to other seasons. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the study revealed that malaria transmission remained high, which affected males more than females and potentially reproductive ages. Two of the most important Plasmodium species were identified and found during all reviewed months and years, though P. falciparum was the most prevalent. Hence, the problem can be alleviated by using season-based long-lasting insecticide treated nets, regularly overseeing ongoing irrigation activity, overseeing the reduction of the water level of the Sheni River, health education, and providing immediate patient treatment.
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Tafesse T, Desalegn R, Dereje A, Tolera C, Desalegn D, Amenu D. Trends of malaria cases (plasmodium species) in Gute Health Center, Wayu Tuka District, East Wollega Zone, (2013-2022): A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2156. [PMID: 38784252 PMCID: PMC11112401 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the biggest public health challenges in Ethiopia that has hampered the country's economic growth and development, and the government is on track to reduce malaria prevalence by 80% by 2025. Objective As a result, the purpose of this study was to examine the trends in malaria prevalence in Wayu Tuqa District, Gute Health Center, over the last 10 years (2013-2022). Material and Methods A retrospective analysis was undertaken to identify the patterns of malaria cases in Wayu Tuqa District, Gute Health Center, from 2013 to 2022 by evaluating the malaria registration laboratory logbook. All socio-demographic data, as well as the year, month, and malaria prevalence, were obtained using a predesigned data collection form from previous years. Results In this study, 3402 (22.50%) of the total 15,040 probable patients had malaria. P. falciparum was the most common species, accounting for 82.84% (2818) of the total, followed by P. vivax (16.00%) (547). Males and people over the age of 15 were the most affected demographics. Conclusion In this study, the highest number of malaria cases were observed in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Furthermore, the autumn season had the highest incidence of malaria cases, 40% (1339), while the spring season had the lowest prevalence, 16% (546). The general trend of plasmodium species at Gute Health Center over the previous 10 years (2013-2022) has not shown inconsistent trends. As a result, proper malaria prevention and control planning, implementation, and monitoring should be strengthened at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Tafesse
- Microbiology and Microbial‐biotechnologyArmauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | | | | | | | | | - Desalegn Amenu
- College of Natural and Computational Science, Department of BiologyWollega UniversityNekemteEthiopia
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Dabaro D, Birhanu Z, Adissu W, Yilma D, Yewhalaw D. Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic malaria infection in Boricha District, Sidama Region, Ethiopia: implications for elimination strategies. Malar J 2023; 22:284. [PMID: 37752572 PMCID: PMC10521520 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health threat in Ethiopia despite the tremendous progress made towards the 2030 elimination targets. The silent transmission of asymptomatic infection is one of the factors that enhance the persistence of the disease as a public health issue and impedes efforts to eliminate malaria. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria infection in Boricha district, Sidama region of Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in eight selected kebeles (smallest administrative unit) in Boricha district. Representative households were chosen using a multi-stage sampling technique. A total of 573 participants were included in the study. Malaria diagnosis was performed using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic information. Epi data 3.1 was employed for data entry, and SPSS version 25 was used for analysis. RESULTS Of the 573 asymptomatic participants tested, 6.1% were found to be positive by RDT and 4.0% by microscopy. Participants aged under 5 years (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI 0.46-5.39) and 5-14 years old (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.08-5.40), Insecticide-treated net utilization (AOR = 8.41; 95% CI 1.09-65.08), travel history (AOR = 6.85, 95% CI 2.32-20.26) and living in a house with windows (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.02-4.36) were significantly associated with the asymptomatic malaria infection. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed that prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was higher in the study area. As a result, rigorous implementation of existing interventions, such as vector control and anti-malaria drugs, is strongly recommended. In addition, devising new ones that are suited to the contextual situations is highly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Dabaro
- Yirgalem Hospital Medical College, Yirgalem, Ethiopia.
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Adissu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Yilma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Tafesse T, Tolera C, Amenu D. A Retrospective Analysis of Malaria Trends in Leka Dulecha Health Center over the Last Ten Years (2013-2022), Western Oromia, East Wollega Zone. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:6635249. [PMID: 37583960 PMCID: PMC10425245 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6635249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Malaria is a serious public health concern in the world, and it causes a major socioeconomic problem in Ethiopia. Malaria data trend analysis of health facilities is useful to understand the prevalence and incidence of malaria cases and implementing evidence-based malaria control strategies. Hence, the main objective of this study was to investigate the malaria trends over the last ten years (2013-2022) at Leka Dulecha Health Center, East Wollega Zone, Western Oromia. Methodology. A retrospective study was conducted at Leka Dulecha Health Center to determine the trends of malaria prevalence by considering the malaria registration laboratory logbook for the last ten years from 2013 to 2022. Hence, to do this, sociodemographic data, years, months, and malaria prevalence were collected using a predesigned data collection sheet recorded from perspective between years. Results In the last ten years, a total of 30,576.00 suspected malaria cases were examined at Leka Dulecha Health Center, and out of these, 7,413.00 (24.24%) confirmed malaria cases were reported. In this health center, malaria cases were reported among both sexes and all age categories, but male (3,951.00, 54%) and age groups ≥ 15 years (3,994, 54%) were the most affected. The highest peak of malaria cases was reported during the autumn season (September, October, and November) followed by the spring season (March, April, and May) in the years of 2013 and 2007. In this study, the prevalence of malaria species was identified as Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed cases, with 5,014 (68%), 1,123 (15%), and 1,848 (25%), while Plasmodium falciparum was reported as the highest recorded cases. Conclusion Males and above 15 years old were more affected than the others. The highest peak malaria prevalence appeared from September to December of 2017 and 2013 years. Therefore, proper planning, implementation, and monitor of malaria prevention and control activities should be strengthened at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Tafesse
- Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chimdessa Tolera
- East Wollega Zonal Health Center, Leka Dulecha Health Center, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Amenu
- Jimma University, College of Natural Science, Biology Department, Microbiology (Food Microbiology), Ethiopia
- Wollega University, Ethiopia
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Moussa RA, Papa Mze N, Arreh HY, Hamoud AA, Alaleh KM, Omar ARY, Abdi WO, Guelleh SK, Abdi AIA, Aboubaker MH, Basco LK, Khaireh BA, Bogreau H. Molecular investigation of malaria-infected patients in Djibouti city (2018-2021). Malar J 2023; 22:147. [PMID: 37131225 PMCID: PMC10154177 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Republic of Djibouti is a malaria endemic country that was in pre-elimination phase in 2006-2012. From 2013, however, malaria has re-emerged in the country, and its prevalence has been increasing every year. Given the co-circulation of several infectious agents in the country, the assessment of malaria infection based on microscopy or histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) has shown its limitations. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients in Djibouti city using more robust molecular tools. METHODS All suspected malaria cases reported to be microscopy-positive were randomly sampled (n = 1113) and included in four health structures in Djibouti city over a 4-year period (2018-2021), mainly during the malaria transmission season (January-May). Socio-demographic information was collected, and RDT was performed in most of the included patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analysed using Fisher's exact test and kappa statistics. RESULTS In total, 1113 patients with suspected malaria and available blood samples were included. PCR confirmed that 788/1113 (70.8%) were positive for malaria. Among PCR-positive samples, 656 (83.2%) were due to Plasmodium falciparum, 88 (11.2%) Plasmodium vivax, and 44 (5.6%) P. falciparum/P. vivax mixed infections. In 2020, P. falciparum infections were confirmed by PCR in 50% (144/288) of negative RDTs. After the change of RDT in 2021, this percentage decreased to 17%. False negative RDT results were found more frequently (P < 0.05) in four districts of Djibouti city (Balbala, Quartier 7, Quartier 6, and Arhiba). Malaria occurred less frequently in regular bed net users than in non-users (odds ratio [OR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42-0.92). CONCLUSIONS The present study confirmed the high prevalence of falciparum malaria and, to a lesser extent, vivax malaria. Nevertheless, 29% of suspected malaria cases were misdiagnosed by microscopy and/or RDT. There is a need to strengthen the capacity for diagnosis by microscopy and to evaluate the possible role of P. falciparum hrp2 gene deletion, which leads to false negative cases of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Abdi Moussa
- Université d'Aix Marseille, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic, Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Nasserdine Papa Mze
- Université d'Aix Marseille, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Houssein Yonis Arreh
- Laboratoire National de Référence, Hôpital Général Peltier, Ministère de La Santé, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Aicha Abdillahi Hamoud
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic, Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Kahiya Mohamed Alaleh
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic, Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Abdoul-Razak Yonis Omar
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic, Centre de Santé Communautaire d'Einguela, Ministère de La Santé, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Warsama Osman Abdi
- Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Samatar Kayad Guelleh
- Programme National de Lutte Contre Le Paludisme, Direction des Programmes de Santé Prioritaires, Ministère de La Santé, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Abdoul-Ilah Ahmed Abdi
- Service de Santé des Armées, Présidence de la République, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Mohamed Houmed Aboubaker
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic, Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Université d'Aix Marseille, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bouh Abdi Khaireh
- UNDP Djibouti, Global Fund to Fight AIDS-TB-Malaria, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Université d'Aix Marseille, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.
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Ibrahim M, Beyene H, Tolcha A, Eskendir H, Assefa AA. Altering of the sprayed wall after indoor residual spraying and associated factors among households in Boricha district, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia, 2019: community-based cross-sectional study. Malar J 2023; 22:144. [PMID: 37127689 PMCID: PMC10152723 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been the main tool used to control malaria. Reducing the life span and the density of the vector mosquitoes are direct effects of IRS towards restricting malaria transmission. Residents must not wash or re-plaster walls after the spray application for at least 6 months to fight against malaria with IRS. This study sought to assess the alteration of the sprayed wall after the IRS operation and associated factors among households in the Boricha district. METHODS Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 608 households selected using multi-stage sampling. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed by SPSS version 25. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Finally, the strength of the association was measured based on AOR with 95% CI and statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. RESULT From the total of 608 sprayed houses included in the study, 37.3% (95% CI: 33.41% - 41.15%) were found to have altered sprayed walls. The highest class of wealth index category (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.16), low level of comprehensive knowledge about IRS (AOR = 6.08; 95% CI: 3.37, 10.94), did not get information within 2 weeks before spray (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.43, 3.05), absence of supervision after the spray operation (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.73) and walking distance to nearest health facility (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.35) remained significant factors of altering of the sprayed wall after IRS. CONCLUSION The prevalence of alteration was relatively high. The highest socio-economic status, poor knowledge about indoor residual spraying, lack of information about IRS within two weeks before spray, absence of supervision after IRS, and walking distance of more than 30 min to reach the nearest health post were the factors affecting the alteration status of the sprayed wall. Future efforts to focus on successive awareness creation activities should be done before and after IRS operation to the community by concerned bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Ibrahim
- Department of Public Health, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Hunachew Beyene
- Department of Environment Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, PO. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Tolcha
- Department of Environment Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, PO. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Eskendir
- Department of Public Health, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiyu Ayalew Assefa
- Department of Public Health, Hawassa College of Health Science, P.O. Box: 84, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
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Daba C, Atamo A, Debela SA, Kebede E, Woretaw L, Gebretsadik D, Teshome D, Tefera Y, Gebrehiwot M. A Retrospective Study on the Burden of Malaria in Northeastern Ethiopia from 2015 to 2020: Implications for Pandemic Preparedness. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:821-828. [PMID: 36818806 PMCID: PMC9930572 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s399834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regardless of various prevention and control strategies, malaria continues to be a significant public health problem in Ethiopia. As there are few studies on malaria trend analysis in Northeastern Ethiopia, it hinders the evaluation of ongoing and prioritization of new malaria intervention strategies, particularly during the period of pandemics. Therefore, the present study investigated the trend of malaria prevalence in Northeastern Ethiopia from 2015 to 2020. Methods An institution-based retrospective study was employed to assess the trend of malaria prevalence over a 6-year period (2015-2020) in three districts (Jile tumuga, Aruma fursi, and Dawachefa) of Northeastern Ethiopia. Data were extracted from clinical records of malaria cases by trained medical laboratory technologists. The associations between the prevalence of malaria and independent variables (age group, malaria transmission season, and districts) were assessed using chi-square test. P-values with a cut-off point of 0.05 were used to determine statistically significant associations. Results In our study area, a total of 212,952 malaria suspected patients were diagnosed over the 6 years. Of these, 33,005 (15.5%) were confirmed malaria cases. The identified Plasmodium species were Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, accounting for 66.4% and 33.6%, respectively. These with the age of >15 years old were the most affected (41.9%). The highest numbers of malaria cases (34.6%) were recorded during spring season (September to November). The prevalence of Plasmodium species showed a significant association with age (X2=9.7; p=0.002), districts (X2=13.5; p<0.001), and malaria transmission season (X2=16.5; p<0.001). Conclusion In our study area, P. falciparum is the dominant species. We noted that malaria remains a public health concern and fluctuates throughout the years. Therefore, national, regional, zonal, and district health bureaus should strengthen the ongoing and devise appropriate prevention and control strategies even during the period of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chala Daba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Chala Daba, Email
| | - Amanuel Atamo
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Abebe Debela
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
| | - Edosa Kebede
- Departement of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Lebasie Woretaw
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gebretsadik
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Teshome
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Yonatal Tefera
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mesfin Gebrehiwot
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Nitika, Saroha P, Srivastava B, Sharma A. Seasonal Distribution and Trend Analysis of Urban Malaria Prevalence in a Malaria Clinic, South Delhi, India, between 2012 and 2019. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:999-1004. [PMID: 36216322 PMCID: PMC9709020 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to study the recent malaria incidence trends in urban areas resulting from rapid urbanization that can lead to changes in environmental conditions for malaria. This retrospective study assessed trends in malaria patients, their distribution according to parasite species, patient demographics, and weather data for the past 8 years at a malaria clinic in the National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India. We overlaid the effects of environmental factors such as rainfall, relative humidity, and temperature on malaria incidence. The malaria data were digitized for a period spanning 2012 to 2019, during which 36,892 patients with fever attended the clinic. Of these, 865 (2.3%) were diagnosed with malaria microscopically. Plasmodium vivax was predominant (96.2%), and very few patients were of Plasmodium falciparum (3.5%) or mixed infections (0.3%). The patients with malaria were within a 10-km radius of the clinic. Males (70.9%) were more commonly affected than females (29.1%). Of the total malaria patients, a majority (∼78%) belonged to the > 15-year age group. A total of 593 malaria patients (68.6%) received primaquine. These patients were most commonly diagnosed in April through October. Furthermore, there was a lag of 1 month between the rainfall peak and the malaria case peak. The peak in malaria cases corresponded to a mean temperature of 25 to 30°C and a relative humidity of 60% to 80%. This analysis will be useful for policymakers in evaluating current interventions and in accelerating malaria control further in urban areas of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Saroha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Amit Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Trends of Malaria Prevalence in Selected Districts of Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:3556140. [PMID: 36274749 PMCID: PMC9586818 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3556140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains one of the world's major public health issues, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, cases have declined over the last decade, and attempts to eradicate the illness are underway. The purpose of this study was to determine trends in malaria prevalence in selected areas of the Kaffa zone during the last five years (Decha and Gimbo districts). Methods All malaria cases registered from 2017 to 2021 were reviewed to assess the trends of malaria prevalence. A checklist was used to collect the secondary data from registers and entered it into an Excel spreadsheet, which was then exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis. The malaria incidence rate was calculated with the total number of person-years as the denominator and the number of new cases as the numerator. Seasons, years, gender, age, and malaria parasite species were all used to show trends in malaria transmission in the areas. Tables and figures were used to present the data. Results Out of 20,045 individuals screened for malaria, 13.6% (2,732/20,045) of them were recorded to have Plasmodium species tested using microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections (Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium vivax) accounted for 1200 (5.9%), 1114 (5.56%), and 418 (2.09%) of the confirmed malaria cases, respectively. Overall, malaria incidence decreased with an interannual variation, from 4.08 cases per 1000 person-years in 2017 to 3.62 cases per 1000 person-years in 2018, then increased to 4.94 cases per 1000 person-years in 2021. Conclusion The malaria trend over the last five years has revealed a nonconsistent pattern of cases in different years. The number of malaria cases has shown an increase over the period of 2017 to 2021. Interannual and intra-annual variations have been observed in the transmission of the disease.
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Amir-ud-Din R, Fawad S, Naz L, Zafar S, Kumar R, Pongpanich S. Nutritional inequalities among under-five children: a geospatial analysis of hotspots and cold spots in 73 low- and middle-income countries. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:135. [PMID: 36104780 PMCID: PMC9476341 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child undernutrition is a severe health problem in the developing world, which affects children's development in the long term. This study analyses the extent and patterns of under-five child undernutrition using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 73 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS First, we mapped the prevalence of undernutrition in the developing world. Second, using the LISA (a local indicator of spatial association) technique, we analyzed the geographical patterns in undernutrition to highlight the localized hotspots (regions with high undernutrition prevalence surrounded by similar other regions), cold spots (regions with low undernutrition prevalence surrounded by similar other regions), and outliers (regions with high undernutrition surrounded by low undernutrition and vice versa). Third, we used Moran's I to find global patterns in child undernutrition. RESULTS We find that South Asia has the highest under-five child undernutrition rates. The intra-country nutritional inequalities are highest in Burundi (stunting), Kenya (wasting), and Madagascar (underweight). The local indicator of spatial association (LISA) analysis suggests that South Asia, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and Sub-Saharan Africa are undernutrition hotspots and Europe and Central Asia and Latin America, and the Caribbean are undernutrition cold spots (regions with low undernutrition surrounded by similar other regions). Getis Ord-Gi* estimates generally support LISA analysis. Moran's I and Geary's C gave similar results about the global patterns of undernutrition. Geographically weighted regressions suggest that several socioeconomic indicators significantly explain child undernutrition. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant within and across country variation in stunting, wasting and underweight rates among the under-five children's population. The geospatial analysis also suggested that stunting, wasting, and underweight patterns exhibit clear regional patterns, underscoring the need for coordinated interventions at the regional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Amir-ud-Din
- Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sakina Fawad
- Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Naz
- Department of Economics, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sameen Zafar
- Suleman Dawood School of Business, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Health Services Academy, Ministry of NHSR & C, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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11
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Maniga JN, Samuel M, Rael M, Odda J, Martin O, Ntulume I, Bwogo P, Mfitundinda W, Akinola SA. Trend of Malaria Burden Among Residents of Kisii County, Kenya After More Than a Decade Usage of Artemisinin Combined Therapies, 11-Year Laboratory Based Retrospective Study. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5221-5232. [PMID: 36097528 PMCID: PMC9464030 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s370218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major vector borne disease globally, with the majority of the casualties reported in Africa. Despite this fact, there is drastic reduction in malaria infection using Artemisinin combined therapies (ACTs). Malaria is characterized by significant inconsistency in different geographical locations due to different confounding factors. There is need to identify zone-specific malaria trends and interventions to completely eliminate the disease. Thus the study was aimed at assessing the 11-year trend of microscopically confirmed malaria cases in Kisii County, Kenya, so as to devise area-specific evidence-based interventions, informed decisions, and to track the effectiveness of malaria control programs. Methods This was a retrospective study carried out to determine 11-year malaria trend rates centered on the admission and laboratory records from health facilities located at four Sub-Counties in Kisii County, Kenya. Parasitological positivity rates of malaria were determined by comparing with the register records in health facilities which recorded confirmed malaria cases with the total number of monthly admissions over the entire year. Data was analyzed by using descriptive tools and chi-square test. Results There were 36,946 suspect cases, with 8449 (22.8%) confirmed malaria cases reported in this study. The overall malaria slide positivity rate over the last 11 years in the study area was 22.6%. The months of April and August showed the largest number of malaria cases (63%). The age group of ≥18 years contained the most positive confirmed cases, having a prevalence rate of 2953 (35.45%). Out of the confirmed malaria cases, 2379 (28.1%) were males and 6070 (71.9%) were females The highest malaria prevalence rate was recorded in 2014, with Marani Sub-County recording the highest positivity rate of 37.94%. Conclusion From the observed trends, malaria prevalence and transmission still remains stable in the study area. Thus more interventions need to be scaled up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephat Nyabayo Maniga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda.,College of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Masai Rael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
| | - John Odda
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Odoki Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda.,College of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Ntulume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda.,School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pacifica Bwogo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
| | - Wilberforce Mfitundinda
- College of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Saheed Adekunle Akinola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
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12
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Ramírez-Flores CJ, Tibabuzo Perdomo AM, Gallego-López GM, Knoll LJ. Transcending Dimensions in Apicomplexan Research: from Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cultures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0002522. [PMID: 35412359 PMCID: PMC9199416 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00025-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum are among the most successful pathogens known in nature. They can infect a wide range of hosts, often remain undetected by the immune system, and cause acute and chronic illness. In this phylum, we can find parasites of human and veterinary health relevance, such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. There are still many unknowns about the biology of these pathogens due to the ethical and practical issues of performing research in their natural hosts. Animal models are often difficult or nonexistent, and as a result, there are apicomplexan life cycle stages that have not been studied. One recent alternative has been the use of three-dimensional (3D) systems such as organoids, 3D scaffolds with different matrices, microfluidic devices, organs-on-a-chip, and other tissue culture models. These 3D systems have facilitated and expanded the research of apicomplexans, allowing us to explore life stages that were previously out of reach and experimental procedures that were practically impossible to perform in animal models. Human- and animal-derived 3D systems can be obtained from different organs, allowing us to model host-pathogen interactions for diagnostic methods and vaccine development, drug testing, exploratory biology, and other applications. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the use of 3D systems applied to apicomplexans. We show the wide array of strategies that have been successfully used so far and apply them to explore other organisms that have been less studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrés M. Tibabuzo Perdomo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gina M. Gallego-López
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Krsulovic FAM, Moulton TP, Lima M, Jaksic F. Epidemic malaria dynamics in Ethiopia: the role of self-limiting, poverty, HIV, climate change and human population growth. Malar J 2022; 21:135. [PMID: 35477448 PMCID: PMC9044619 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the last two decades, researchers have suggested that the changes of malaria cases in African highlands were driven by climate change. Recently, a study claimed that the malaria cases (Plasmodium falciparum) in Oromia (Ethiopia) were related to minimum temperature. Critics highlighted that other variables could be involved in the dynamics of the malaria. The literature mentions that beyond climate change, trends in malaria cases could be involved with HIV, human population size, poverty, investments in health control programmes, among others. Methods Population ecologists have developed a simple framework, which helps to explore the contributions of endogenous (density-dependent) and exogenous processes on population dynamics. Both processes may operate to determine the dynamic behaviour of a particular population through time. Briefly, density-dependent (endogenous process) occurs when the per capita population growth rate (R) is determined by the previous population size. An exogenous process occurs when some variable affects another but is not affected by the changes it causes. This study explores the dynamics of malaria cases (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) in Oromia region in Ethiopia and explores the interaction between minimum temperature, HIV, poverty, human population size and social instability. Results The results support that malaria dynamics showed signs of a negative endogenous process between R and malaria infectious class, and a weak evidence to support the climate change hypothesis. Conclusion Poverty, HIV, population size could interact to force malaria models parameters explaining the dynamics malaria observed at Ethiopia from 1985 to 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Maurin Krsulovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Timothy Peter Moulton
- Departamento de Ecologia, Faculdade de Ciéncias Biológicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Jaksic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
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14
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Tefera S, Bekele T, Getahun K, Negash A, Ketema T. The changing malaria trend and control efforts in Oromia Special zone, Amhara Regional State, North-East Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:128. [PMID: 35459176 PMCID: PMC9034650 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Countries in malaria endemic regions are determinedly making an effort to achieve the global malaria elimination goals. In Ethiopia, too, all concerned bodies have given attention to this mission as one of their priority areas so that malaria would be eradicated from the country. Despite the success stories from some areas in the country, however, malaria is still a major public health concern in most parts of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study is aimed at analysing the changing malaria trend and assessing the impact of malaria control efforts in one of the malaria endemic regions of Ethiopia. Methods Five years data on clinical malaria cases diagnosed and treated at all health facilities (including 28 Health Centres, 105 Health Posts and 2 Hospitals) in Oromia Special zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, were reviewed for the period from June 2014 to June 2019. Data on different interventional activities undertaken in the zone during the specified period were obtained from the Regional Health Bureau. Results The cumulative malaria positivity rate documented in the zone was 12.5% (n = 65,463/524,722). Plasmodium falciparum infection was the dominant malaria aetiology and accounted for 78.9% (n = 51,679). The age group with the highest malaria burden was found to be those aged above 15 years (54.14%, n = 35,443/65,463). The malaria trend showed a sharp decreasing pattern from 19.33% (in 2015) to 5.65% (in 2018), although insignificant increment was recorded in 2019 (8.53%). Distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) were undertaken in the zone once a year only for two years, specifically in 2014 and 2017. In 2014, a single LLIN was distributed per head of households, which was not sufficient for a family size of more than one family member. Number of houses sprayed with indoor residual spray in 2014 and 2017 were 33,314 and 32,184 houses, respectively, leading to the assumption that, 151,444 (25.9%) and 141,641 (24.2%) population were protected in year 2014 and 2017, respectively. The analysis has shown that P. falciparum positivity rate was significantly decreased following the interventional activities by 3.3% (p = 0.009), but interventional efforts did not appear to have significant effect on vivax malaria, as positivity rate of this parasite increased by 1.49% (p = 0.0218). Conclusion Malaria burden has shown a decreasing pattern in the study area, although the pattern was not consistent throughout all the years and across the districts in the study area. Therefore, unremitting surveillance along implementation of interventional efforts should be considered taking into account the unique features of Plasmodium species, population dynamics in the zone, seasonality, and malaria history at different districts of the zone should be in place to achieve the envisaged national malaria elimination goal by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selomon Tefera
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Bekele
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kefelegn Getahun
- College of Social Sciences and Humanity, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abiyot Negash
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Statistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tsige Ketema
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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15
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Shiferawu TT, Desta AT. Five-year trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Shewarobit, Amhara Regional State, North-central Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:237. [PMID: 35178148 PMCID: PMC8817195 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.237.30614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION analysis of the prevalence of malaria infection in health facilities is crucial for transmission dynamics and implementing evidence-based control strategies. The study was to determine a five-year pattern of malaria infection in Shewarobit, Northcentral Ethiopia. METHODS institutional based retrospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malaria infection from a five-year examination of malaria cases at Shewarobit Health Center, Ethiopia. The directory of all malaria cases reported between 2013-2017 was carefully examined and recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and the results were presented in tables and figures. RESULTS the results confirmed a total of 33,932 malaria suspects were diagnosed using microscopy over the last 5 years, of which 4705 (13.9%) were positive for malaria infection. Out of 4705 positive individuals, 3074 (65.3%) were males and 1631 (34.7%) were females. Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and mixed infection (both species) accounted for 44.8%, 44.1%, and 7.1% of the confirmed cases, respectively. CONCLUSION the study demonstrated that malaria infection is a public health concern in the study area, and Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species. Thus, the district health bureau and other concerned stakeholders should strengthen evidence-based intervention of malaria control strategies to eliminate malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadegew Teshome Shiferawu
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Azene Tesfaye Desta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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16
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Workineh L, Mekuria S, Kiros T, Hailemichael W, Eyayu T. A Retrospective Study of Malaria Trend in Libokemkem District Over the Last Five Years: North West Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3683-3691. [PMID: 34526788 PMCID: PMC8437413 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s329708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by public health important Plasmodium species. Despite the fact that Ethiopia has implemented several malaria prevention and control techniques aimed at reducing its morbidity and death, it continues as major cause of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Transmission dynamics are really critical for guiding the selection of the appropriate intervention in a given area. As a result, the goal of this study was to analyze the trend of malaria prevalence over the last five years in the Addis Zemen health center. Methods An institutional-based retrospective analysis on malaria data from 2015/16 to 2019/20 was undertaken in Addis Zemen health center of Libokemkem district. The data collectors thoroughly and systematically collected the results of 15,452 blood films performed over a five-year period from the malaria registration book in the health center. Any data missing species and stage of the parasite, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, date, month, and year of blood film performed, were omitted from the study. Finally, data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25, with P-values of less than or equal to 0.05 deemed statistically significant variables. Results The overall malaria slide positivity rate over the last five years in the study area was 10.9%. From 2015/16 to 2018/19, the positive rate fell, then it spiked in 2019/20. Plasmodium falciparum was the most common parasite found, accounting for 72.6% of the total. The months of October, November, May, June, August, and September showed the largest number of malaria cases. Males, rural residents, and adult population groups were more affected by malaria, according to multivariate logistic regression (P ≤0.05). Conclusion There was high malaria morbidity case in 2019/20 as compared to the remaining years. Therefore, malaria control, prevention, and intervention programs in the district should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemma Workineh
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia
| | - Setegn Mekuria
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Addis Zemen Health Center, Addis Zemen Town, Ethiopia
| | - Teklehaimanot Kiros
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia
| | - Wasihun Hailemichael
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia
| | - Tahir Eyayu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia
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Ketema T, Bacha K, Getahun K, del Portillo HA, Bassat Q. Plasmodium vivax epidemiology in Ethiopia 2000-2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009781. [PMID: 34525091 PMCID: PMC8476039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia is one of the scarce African countries where Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum co-exist. There has been no attempt to derive a robust prevalence estimate of P. vivax in the country although a clear understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite is essential for informed decisions. This systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, is aimed to synthesize the available evidences on the distribution of P. vivax infection by different locations/regions, study years, eco-epidemiological zones, and study settings in Ethiopia. METHODS This study was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reposting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies conducted and published over the last two decades (2000 to 2020) that reported an estimate of P. vivax prevalence in Ethiopia were included. The Cochrane Q (χ2) and the I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity, and the funnel plot and Egger's test were used to examine publication bias. A p-value of the χ2 test <0.05 and an I2 value >75% were considered presence of considerable heterogeneity. Random effect models were used to obtain pooled estimate of P. vivax infection prevalence. This study is registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews): ID CRD42020201761. RESULTS We screened 4,932 records and included 79 studies that enrolled 1,676,659 confirmed malaria cases, from which 548,214 (32.69%) were P. vivax infections and 1,116,581 (66.59%) were due to P. falciparum. The rest were due to mixed infections. The pooled estimate of P. vivax prevalence rate was 8.93% (95% CI: 7.98-9.88%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p<0.0001). Regional differences showed significant effects (p<0.0001, and I2 = 99.4%) on the pooled prevalence of P. vivax, while study years (before and after the scaling up of interventional activities) did not show significant differences (p = 0.9, I2 = 0%). Eco-epidemiological zones considered in the analysis did show a significant statistical effect (p<0.001, I2 = 78.5%) on the overall pooled estimate prevalence. Also, the study setting showed significant differences (p = 0.001, and I2 = 90.3%) on the overall prevalence, where significant reduction of P. vivax prevalence (4.67%, 95%CI: 1.41-7.93%, p<0.0001) was observed in studies conducted at the community level. The studies included in the review demonstrated lack of publication bias qualitatively (symmetrical funnel plot) and quantitatively [Egger's test (coefficient) = -2.97, 95% CI: -15.06-9.13, p = 0.62]. CONCLUSION The estimated prevalence of P. vivax malaria in Ethiopia was 8.93% with P. vivax prevailing in the central west region of Ethiopia, but steadily extending to the western part of the country. Its distribution across the nation varies according to geographical location, study setting and study years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsige Ketema
- Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma, Ethiopia
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ketema Bacha
- Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kefelegn Getahun
- Jimma University, College of Social Sciences and Humanity, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- IGTP, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
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Belay B, Gelana T, Gebresilassie A. Malaria prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice among febrile patients attending Chagni health center, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 34218813 PMCID: PMC8256592 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-021-00146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has achieved considerable progresses in the prevention and control of malaria in the past decades; hitherto it is a formidable health concern and socio-economic impediment. This study aimed at assessing the magnitude, knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria among febrile patients attending Chagni health center, northwest Ethiopia. Methods Health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of malaria and KAP towards malaria among febrile patients at Chagni health center in Chagni Town during September 2017 to February 2018. In order to determine the magnitude of malaria, finger prick blood samples were collected and thick and thin smears were prepared and microscopically examined for the presence of malaria parasites. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was also applied to assess KAP of suspected malaria patients, attending the health center. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results Prevalence of malaria among febrile patients, who visited the sampled health facility, was 7.3%. Of these, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections accounted for 55, 44.3 and 0.7% of the cases, respectively. This study also revealed that 97% of the respondents had ever heard about malaria and recognized it as a serious health problem. Mosquito bite was identified as the main malaria transmission. Taking drug (86.3%), use of mosquito nets (73.3%), drain stagnated water (68%), and house spay with insecticides (66%) were mentioned as the main malaria prevention methods. Mosquito net coverage and utilizations in the prior night were 98 and 75%, respectively. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage was 99%, of which 77.5% of study participants’ houses have been sprayed in the last 6 months. Conclusions The current study revealed that prevalence of malaria among febrile illnesses in the study area was relatively low (7.3%) with a high proportion of P. falciparum. Besides, participants had adequate knowledge, encouraging attitudes, and good practices about prevention and control of malaria. However, some misconceptions on malaria disease, its transmission, and prevention have been noted that actually require due attention by the concerned stakeholders. The findings of this study could be used as important inputs for the implementation of effective malaria prevention and control methods, including community health education programs, and scaling up coverage of evidence-based interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40794-021-00146-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogale Belay
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tegenu Gelana
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Molla E, Behaksra SW, Tadesse FG, Dugassa S, Gadisa E, Mamo H. Past eight-year malaria data in Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia: trend, reporting-quality, spatiotemporal distribution, and association with socio-demographic and meteorological variables. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:91. [PMID: 33478414 PMCID: PMC7817977 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Informed decision making is underlined by all tiers in the health system. Poor data record system coupled with under- (over)-reporting of malaria cases affects the country’s malaria elimination activities. Thus, malaria data at health facilities and health offices are important particularly to monitor and evaluate the elimination progresses. This study was intended to assess overall reported malaria cases, reporting quality, spatiotemporal trends and factors associated in Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia. Methods Past 8 years retrospective data stored in 17 health centers and 5 district health offices in Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia were extracted. Malaria cases data at each health center with sociodemographic information, between January 2012 and December 2019, were included. Meteorological data were obtained from the national meteorology agency of Ethiopia. The data were analyzed using Stata 13. Results A total of 485,414 suspected cases were examined for malaria during the previous 8 years at health centers. Of these suspects, 57,228 (11.79%) were confirmed malaria cases with an overall decline during the 8-year period. We noted that 3758 suspected cases and 467 confirmed malaria cases were not captured at the health offices. Based on the health centers records, the proportions of Plasmodium falciparum (49.74%) and P. vivax (47.59%) infection were nearly equivalent (p = 0.795). The former was higher at low altitudes while the latter was higher at higher altitudes. The over 15 years of age group accounted for 11.47% of confirmed malaria cases (p < 0.001). There was high spatiotemporal variation: the highest case record was during Belg (12.52%) and in Dilla town (18,150, 13.17%, p < 0.001) which is located at low altitude. Monthly rainfall and minimum temperature exhibited strong associations with confirmed malaria cases. Conclusion A notable overall decline in malaria cases was observed during the eight-year period. Both P. falciparum and P. vivax were found at equivalent endemicity level; hence control measures should continue targeting both species. The noticed under reporting, the high malaria burden in urban settings, low altitudes and Belg season need spatiotemporal consideration by the elimination program. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05783-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshetu Molla
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia. .,Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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20
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Zerdo Z, Bastiaens H, Anthierens S, Massebo F, Masne M, Biresaw G, Shewangizaw M, Tunje A, Chisha Y, Yohannes T, Van Geertruyden JP. Long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership, utilization and associated factors among school-age children in Dara Mallo and Uba Debretsehay districts, Southern Ethiopia. Malar J 2020; 19:369. [PMID: 33059669 PMCID: PMC7559455 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among school-age children (SAC) in sub-Saharan Africa. SAC account for more than 60% of the reservoir of malaria transmission, but they are given less emphasis in prioritizing malaria prevention interventions. This study was aimed at assessing the ownership of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs), its utilization and factors associated with ownership of LLINs by households and LLINs utilization among SAC in malaria-prone areas of Dara Mallo and Uba Debretsehay districts in Southern Ethiopia, October to December 2019. Methods This study is part of a baseline assessment in a cluster-randomized controlled trial. The data was collected through interview and observation, following a structured questionnaire, of 2261 SAC households. Univariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regressions were used to assess the association between LLINs ownership and utilization and potential predictor variables. Odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine the strength and statistical significance of association. Results The ownership of at least one LLIN by households of SAC was about 19.3% (95% CI 17.7–21.0%) but only 10.3% % (95% CI 7.7–13.7%) of these households had adequate access of bed nets to the household members. Ownership of bed net was marginally affected by living in semi-urban area (adjusted OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.0–6.9) and occupational status of the household head being a civil servant (adjusted OR = 2.7; 95% CI 0.9–7.9). About 7.8% (95% CI 6.7–10.0%) of all SAC participated in the study and 40.4% (95% CI 57.4–66.7%) of children in households owning at least one LLIN passed the previous night under LLIN. LLIN utilization by SAC conditional to presence of at least one net in the household was significantly correlated with education level of mother above grade 6 (adjusted OR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.3–9.3) and the household size to bed net ratio less than or equal to 2 (adjusted OR = 20.7; 95% CI 4.7–132.5). Conclusion Ownership of bed net was lower than universal coverage of at least one bed net for two individuals. It is important to monitor replacement needs and educate mothers with low education level with their SAC on the benefit of consistent utilization of bed nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Zerdo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. .,Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hilde Bastiaens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sibyl Anthierens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Matewos Masne
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gelila Biresaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Misgun Shewangizaw
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Tunje
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yilma Chisha
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Yohannes
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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21
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Alkadir S, Gelana T, Gebresilassie A. A five year trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Guba district, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia: a retrospective study. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2020; 6:18. [PMID: 32944266 PMCID: PMC7488133 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-00112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, malaria is a serious public health concern and has great impact on socio-economy. The trend analysis of malaria data from health facilities is useful for understanding its transmission dynamics and implementing evidence-based malaria control strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the trends of malaria infection in Guba district, western Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective study was undertaken at Mankush Health Centre, western Ethiopia. All malaria cases reported from 2014 to 2018 were carefully reviewed from the laboratory record books to determine the trends of malaria morbidity. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results In total, 16,964 malaria suspects were diagnosed using microscopy over the last 5 years, of which 8658 (51.04%) were confirmed positive cases. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infection (both species) accounted for 75.2, 24.5 and 0.28% of the cases, respectively. Males patients were more affected (n = 5028, 58.1%) than female ones (n = 3630, 41.9%). Of the total confirmed cases, 60.4% were age group of subjects (≥ 15 years) followed by 22.6% of 5–14 years and 15.9% of under 5 years. High malaria prevalence was observed in spring (September to November) season, while the least was observed in autumn (March to May) with the prevalence of 45.6 and 11.5%, respectively. Conclusions The study demonstrated that malaria is a public health concern, in which P. falciparum is the predominant species followed by P. vivax. Therefore, the district health bureau and other concerned stakeholders should strength evidence-based malaria control and prevention interventions to interrupt disease transmission and eventual reduction malaria of malaria cases in Guba district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemsia Alkadir
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tegenu Gelana
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Tsehay S, Hassen F, Hirigo AT, Abiy Z, Desta K. Blood transfusion-transmissible malaria and its cost analysis in Hawassa regional blood bank, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120936930. [PMID: 32647577 PMCID: PMC7328218 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120936930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood transfusion is an intervention used to save life particularly for those
patients who survive only with receiving blood. Establishing effective
diagnostic test menus concerning the screening of transfusion-transmissible
infections in the blood banks play a vital role to safeguard recipients from
transfusion-transmissible infections. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess blood transfusion-transmissible malaria
and its screening cost analysis in Hawassa regional blood bank, Hawassa,
Sothern Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May
2018 among 414 voluntary blood donors. Each participant’s blood sample was
screened for most transfusion-transmissible infections using
antigen/antibody tests, while rapid diagnostic test and microscopy were used
for malaria screening and confirmation. In addition, the cost screening of
transfusion-transmissible infections was calculated using activity-based
costing method. Results: The overall seropositivity of transfusion-transmissible infections was 7.0%
and the positivity rate of hepatitis B virus, syphilis, and
Plasmodium falciparum was 5.6%, 1.0%, and 0.5%,
respectively. The cost per test of each transfusion-transmissible infection
was US$5.04 for human immunodeficiency virus, US$4.61 for hepatitis B virus,
US$5.11 for hepatitis C virus, and US$4.75 for syphilis, while the cost per
test of malaria rapid diagnostic test was US$4.74 and this is comparatively
lower than the cost per test of other transfusion-transmissible infections
except for hepatitis B virus. In addition, total cost of laboratory incurred
for transfusion-transmissible infections screening is estimated to be
US$213,634.5 per year, while it becomes US$265,537.5 if the malaria
screening cost is added. This means 19.54% of the total cost of laboratory
incurred per year or US$51,903. Conclusion: The positivity rate of malaria parasites among voluntary blood donors was
0.5%, and it might be increased if the study was conducted in high
transmission seasons. A cost of malaria screening is comparatively lower
than costs of other transfusion-transmissible infections except for
hepatitis B virus. Therefore, the screening of malaria parasites should be
considered as one of the test menus of transfusion-transmissible infections
in blood banks, especially in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seblewongel Tsehay
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Fatuma Hassen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Agete Tadewos Hirigo
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Zinegnaw Abiy
- College of Business and Economics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassu Desta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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