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Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Perez-Perez N, Zepeda-Zepeda MA, Velazquez-Alva MC, Castaño-Seiquer A, Barbero-Navarro I, Sanchez-Perez L. Relationships between dental fluorosis and fluoride concentrations in bottled water and groundwater in low-income children in Mexico. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1187463. [PMID: 37377524 PMCID: PMC10291056 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1187463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI). Methods A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed. Results The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%. Discussion A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Perez-Perez
- School of Dentistry, Regional University of the Southeast, Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonor Sanchez-Perez
- Health Care Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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Xin J, Zhu B, Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun N, Cao X, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Fang J, Jing B, Pan K, Zeng Y, Zeng D, Li F, Xia Y, Xu P, Ni X. Prolonged fluoride exposure induces spatial-memory deficit and hippocampal dysfunction by inhibiting small heat shock protein 22 in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 456:131595. [PMID: 37224709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Millions of residents in areas with high-fluoride drinking water supply ingest excessive levels of fluoride for long periods. This study investigated the mechanisms and impacts of lifelong exposure to naturally occurring moderate-high-fluoride drinking water on spatial-memory function by studying mice in controlled experiments. Spatial-memory deficits and disorders of hippocampal neuronal electrical activity were observed in mice exposed to 25-ppm or 50-ppm-fluoride drinking water for 56 weeks, but not in adult or old mice exposed to 50 ppm fluoride for 12 weeks. Ultrastructural analysis showed severely damaged hippocampal mitochondria, evidenced by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content. Mitochondrial biogenesis was impaired in fluoride-exposed mice, manifesting as a significantly reduced mtDNA content, mtDNA-encoded subunits mtND6 and mtCO1, and respiratory complex activities. Fluoride reduced expression of Hsp22, a beneficial mediator of mitochondrial homeostasis, and decreased levels of signaling for the PGC-1α/TFAM pathway-which regulates mitochondrial biogenesis-and the NF-κβ/STAT3 pathway-which regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity. Hippocampus-specific Hsp22-overexpression improved fluoride-induced spatial-memory deficits by activating the PGC-1α/TFAM and STAT3 signaling pathways, while Hsp22-silencing aggravated the deficits by inhibiting both pathways. Downregulation of Hsp22 plays a vital role in fluoride-induced spatial-memory deficits by impacting mtDNA-encoding subsets and mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Xin
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liqin Zheng
- Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanxi Zhou
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fali Li
- Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Karaman M, Toraman E, Sulukan E, Baran A, Bolat İ, Yıldırım S, Kankaynar M, Ghosigharehagaji A, Budak H, Ceyhun SB. Fluoride exposure causes behavioral, molecular and physiological changes in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and their offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104044. [PMID: 36566951 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure through drinking water, foods, cosmetics, and drugs causes genotoxic effects, oxidative damage, and impaired cognitive abilities. In our study, the effects of fluoride on anxiety caused by the circadian clock and circadian clock changes in a zebrafish model were investigated at the molecular level on parents and the next generations. For this purpose, adult zebrafish were exposed to 1.5 ppm, 5 ppm, and 100 ppm fluoride for 6 weeks. At the end of exposure, anxiety-like behaviors and sleep/wake behaviors of the parent fish were evaluated with the circadian rhythm test and the novel tank test. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities and melatonin levels in brain tissues were measured. In addition, morphological, physiological, molecular and behavioral analyzes of offspring taken from zebrafish exposed to fluoride were performed. In addition, histopathological analyzes were made in the brain tissues of both adult zebrafish and offspring, and the damage caused by fluoride was determined. The levels of BMAL1, CLOCK, PER2, GNAT2, BDNF and CRH proteins were measured by immunohistochemical analysis and significant changes in their levels were determined in the F- treated groups. The data obtained as a result of behavioral and molecular analyzes showed that parental fluoride exposure disrupts the circadian rhythm, causes anxiety-like behaviors, and decreases the levels of brain antioxidant enzymes and melatonin in parents. In addition, delay in hatching, increase in death and body malformations, and decrease in blood flow velocity, and locomotor activity was observed in parallel with dose increase in offspring. On the other hand, an increase in offspring apoptosis rate, ROS level, and lipid accumulation was detected. As a result, negative effects of fluoride exposure on both parents and next generations have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Karaman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Toraman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Sulukan
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquaculture Department, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Aquaculture Engineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Alper Baran
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis, Technical Vocational School, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İsmail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Kankaynar
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Atena Ghosigharehagaji
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquaculture Department, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Aquaculture Engineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Ballantyne JA, Coyle G, Sarwar S, Kühn T. Fluoride Status and Cardiometabolic Health: Findings from a Representative Survey among Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071459. [PMID: 35406071 PMCID: PMC9003371 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is preliminary evidence to suggest a positive association between fluoride exposure and higher blood pressure among children, but population-based biomarker studies are lacking. Thus, data from the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 cycles of the US-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analysed to evaluate the association between plasma fluoride concentrations and blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 8 to 19 years. Secondary analyses were carried out on fluoride status in relation to further markers of cardio-metabolic health, i.e., anthropometric indices, biomarkers of lipid and sugar metabolism, and C-reactive protein levels. There was a positive correlation between water fluoride content and plasma fluoride concentrations (Spearman’s r = 0.41, p < 0.01). However, multivariable linear regression models did not show significant differences in adjusted mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure across increasing quartiles of fluoride concentrations. Further markers of cardio-metabolic health were not associated with fluoride status, with the exception of a weak inverse association between plasma fluoride and HbA1c levels. Higher plasma fluoride may not be a risk factor for increased blood pressure or impaired cardio-metabolic health among children in the USA, a non-fluoride endemic country, with wide-spread water fluoridation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Ballantyne
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (J.A.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Gemma Coyle
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (J.A.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Sneha Sarwar
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (J.A.B.); (G.C.)
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-28-9097-1387
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