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Al-Saleh I, Elkhatib R, Alghamdi R, Alrushud N, Alnuwaysir H, Alnemer M, Aldhalaan H, Shoukri M. Assessment of maternal phthalate exposure in urine across three trimesters and at delivery (umbilical cord blood and placenta) and its influence on birth anthropometric measures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174910. [PMID: 39053554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Phthalates, commonly used in plastic manufacturing, have been linked to adverse reproductive effects. Our research from the Saudi Early Autism and Environment Study (2019-2022), involving 672 participants, focused on the impacts of maternal phthalate exposure on birth anthropometric measures. We measured urinary phthalate metabolites in 390 maternal samples collected during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy and in cord serum and placental samples obtained at delivery. We employed various statistical methods to analyze our data. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the consistency of phthalate measurements, generalized estimating equations were used to explore temporal variations across the trimesters, and linear regression models, adjusted for significant confounders and Bonferroni correction, were used for each birth outcome. Exposure to six phthalates was consistently high across trimesters, with 82 %-100 % of samples containing significant levels of all metabolites, except for mono-benzyl phthalate. We found a 3.15 %-3.73 % reduction in birth weight (BWT), 1.39 %-1.69 % reduction in head circumference (HC), and 3.63 %-5.45 % reduction in placental weight (PWT) associated with a one-unit increase in certain urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites during the first trimester. In the second trimester, exposure to MEP, ∑7PAE, and ∑LMW correlated with a 3.15 %-4.5 % increase in the APGAR 5-min score and increases in PWT by 8.98 % for ∑7PAE and 9.09 % for ∑LMW. Our study also highlighted the maternal-to-fetal transfer of DEHP metabolites, indicating diverse impacts on birth outcomes and potential effects on developmental processes. Our study further confirmed the transfer of DEHP metabolites from mothers to fetuses, evidenced by variable rates in the placenta and cord serum, with an inverse relationship suggesting a passive transfer mechanism. Additionally, we observed distinct phthalate profiles across these matrices, adversely impacting birth outcomes. In serum, we noticed increases associated with DEHP metabolites, with birth gestational age rising by 1.01 % to 1.11 %, HC by 2.84 % to 3.67 %, and APGAR 5-min scores by 3.77 % to 3.87 %. Conversely, placental analysis revealed a different impact: BWT decreased by 3.54 % to 4.69 %, HC reductions ranged from 2.57 % to 4.69 %, and chest circumference decreased by 7.13 %. However, the cephalization index increased by 3.67 %-5.87 %. These results highlight the complex effects of phthalates on fetal development, indicating their potential influence on crucial developmental processes like sexual maturation and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rola Elkhatib
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alghamdi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nujud Alrushud
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Alnuwaysir
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alnemer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Shoukri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Chen Y, Huang B, Liang H, Ji H, Wang Z, Song X, Zhu H, Song S, Yuan W, Wu Q, Miao M. Gestational organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure in association with placental DNA methylation levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) signaling pathway-related genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174569. [PMID: 38977092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure could affect offspring health. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well documented. OBJECTIVES Based on a birth cohort study, we aimed to investigate the associations among gestational OPEs exposure, placental DNA methylation levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway-related genes, and fetal growth. METHODS We measured the concentrations of eight OPE metabolites in maternal urine samples and neonatal anthropometric measurements in 733 mother-child pairs. In 327 placental samples, we assessed the DNA methylation levels of 14 genes which were involved in the PPARs signaling pathway and expressed in placenta. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations of OPEs exposure with placental DNA methylation, and of OPEs and placental DNA methylation with neonatal anthropometric measurements. Causal mediation analyses were conducted to examine the potential mediating role of placental DNA methylation in the pathway between OPEs exposure and fetal growth. RESULTS We observed a general pattern of OPEs exposure being associated with hypermethylation of candidate genes, with statistically significant associations identified for several OPEs with RXRA, ACAA1, ACADL, ACADM, PLTP, and NR1H3 methylation. Further, gestational exposure to BCIPP, DPP, BBOEP, ∑NCl-OPEs, and ∑OPEs tended to be associated with lower anthropometric measurements, with more significant associations observed on arm circumference, and abdominal and back skinfold thickness. Notably, RXRA, ACAA1, ACOX1, CPT2, ACADM, and NR1H3 methylation tended to be associated with lower neonatal anthropometric measurements, especially for abdominal and back skinfold thickness. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that 19.42 % of the total effect of DPP on the back skinfold thickness was mediated by changes in RXRA methylation, and there was a significant indirect effect of RXRA methylation. CONCLUSIONS Gestational OPEs exposure could disrupt the placental DNA methylation levels of PPAR signaling pathway-related genes, which might contribute to the effect of OPEs on fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baoqin Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglei Ji
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiuxia Song
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shujuan Song
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qihan Wu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Maohua Miao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Shahin S, Medley EA, Naidu M, Trasande L, Ghassabian A. Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118955. [PMID: 38640988 PMCID: PMC11152993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of chemicals now widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers after the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, OPEs carry their own risk of developmental toxicity, which poses concern for recent birth cohorts as they have become ubiquitous in the environment. In this review, we summarize the literature evaluating the association between OPE exposure and maternal, perinatal, and child health outcomes. We included original articles investigating associations of OPE exposure with any health outcome on pregnant women, newborns, children, and adolescents. We found 48 articles on this topic. Of these, five addressed maternal health and pregnancy outcomes, 24 evaluated prenatal OPE exposure and child health, 18 evaluated childhood OPE exposure and child/adolescent health, and one article evaluated both prenatal and childhood OPE exposure. These studies suggest that OPE exposure is possibly associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including pregnancy loss, altered gestational duration and smaller birthweight, maternal and neonatal thyroid dysfunction, child metabolic dysregulation and abnormal growth, impaired neurodevelopment, and changes in immune response. Many of the reported outcomes associated with OPE exposure varied by child sex. Findings also varied substantially by OPE metabolite and exposure time. The OPEs most frequently measured, detected, and found to be associated with health outcomes were triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, metabolized to DPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP, metabolized to BDCIPP). The extensive range of health outcomes associated with OPEs raises concern about their growing use in consumer products; however, these findings should be interpreted considering the limitations of these epidemiological studies, such as possible exposure misclassification, lack of generalizability, insufficient adjustment for covariates, and failure to consider chemical exposures as a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Shahin
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor A Medley
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mrudula Naidu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; New York University College of Global Public Health, New York City, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Carlin DJ, Rider CV. Combined Exposures and Mixtures Research: An Enduring NIEHS Priority. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:75001. [PMID: 38968090 PMCID: PMC11225971 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) continues to prioritize research to better understand the health effects resulting from exposure to mixtures of chemical and nonchemical stressors. Mixtures research activities over the last decade were informed by expert input during the development and deliberations of the 2011 NIEHS Workshop "Advancing Research on Mixtures: New Perspectives and Approaches for Predicting Adverse Human Health Effects." NIEHS mixtures research efforts since then have focused on key themes including a) prioritizing mixtures for study, b) translating mixtures data from in vitro and in vivo studies, c) developing cross-disciplinary collaborations, d) informing component-based and whole-mixture assessment approaches, e) developing sufficient similarity methods to compare across complex mixtures, f) using systems-based approaches to evaluate mixtures, and g) focusing on management and integration of mixtures-related data. OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe NIEHS driven research on mixtures and combined exposures over the last decade and present areas for future attention. RESULTS Intramural and extramural mixtures research projects have incorporated a diverse array of chemicals (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, botanicals, personal care products, wildfire emissions) and nonchemical stressors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, social adversity) and have focused on many diseases (e.g., breast cancer, atherosclerosis, immune disruption). We have made significant progress in certain areas, such as developing statistical methods for evaluating multiple chemical associations in epidemiology and building translational mixtures projects that include both in vitro and in vivo models. DISCUSSION Moving forward, additional work is needed to improve mixtures data integration, elucidate interactions between chemical and nonchemical stressors, and resolve the geospatial and temporal nature of mixture exposures. Continued mixtures research will be critical to informing cumulative impact assessments and addressing complex challenges, such as environmental justice and climate change. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Carlin
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Bommarito PA, Stevens DR, Welch BM, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Meeker JD, Cantonwine DE, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Relation to Fetal Growth in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:77001. [PMID: 38968089 PMCID: PMC11225970 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used ubiquitously as flame retardants and plasticizers in consumer products, are suspected of having developmental toxicity. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to estimate associations between prenatal exposure to OPEs and fetal growth, including both ultrasound (head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight) and delivery [birth weight z-score, small-for-gestational age (SGA), and large-for-gestational age (LGA)] measures of growth. METHODS In the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (2008-2018), an enriched case-cohort of 900 babies born at the small and large ends of the growth spectrum, we quantified OPE biomarkers in three urine samples per pregnant participant and abstracted ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth from medical records. We estimated associations between pregnancy-averaged log-transformed OPE biomarkers and repeated ultrasound measures of fetal growth using linear mixed-effects models, and delivery measures of fetal growth using linear (birth weight) and logistic (SGA and LGA) regression models. RESULTS Most OPE biomarkers were positively associated with at least one ultrasound measure of fetal growth, but associations with delivery measures were largely null. For example, an interquartile range (IQR; 1.31 ng / mL ) increase in bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate concentration was associated with larger z-scores in head circumference [mean difference (difference): 0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.17], abdominal circumference (difference: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18), femur length (difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), and estimated fetal weight (difference: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22) but not birth weight (difference: 0.04; 95% CI: - 0.08 , 0.17). At delivery, an IQR (1.00 ng / mL ) increase in diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) concentration was associated with an SGA birth (odds ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.94). CONCLUSIONS In a large prospective cohort, gestational OPE exposures were associated with larger fetal size during pregnancy, but associations at delivery were null. DPHP concentrations were associated with heightened risk of an SGA birth. These findings suggest that OPE exposure may affect fetal development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige A. Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danielle R. Stevens
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barrett M. Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David E. Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas F. McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Liu B, Lu X, Jiang A, Lv Y, Zhang H, Xu B. Influence of maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115851. [PMID: 38157800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) exposure, the common environmental pollutants, was capable of involving in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the evidence of their connection is not consistent. Our goal was to comprehensively explore the risk of EDCs related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. One hundred and one studies were included from two databases before 2023 to explore the association between EDCs and adverse pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage, small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB). We found that maternal PFASs exposure was positively correlated with PTB (OR:1.13, 95% CI:1.04-1.23), SGA (OR:1.10, 95% CI:1.04-1.16) and miscarriage (OR:1.09, 95% CI:1.00-1.19). The pooled estimates also showed maternal PAEs exposure was linked with PTB (OR:1.16, 95% CI:1.11-1.21), SGA (OR:1.20, 95% CI:1.07-1.35) and miscarriage (OR:1.55, 95% CI:1.33-1.81). In addition, maternal exposure to some specific class of EDCs including PFOS, MBP, MEHP, DEHP, and BPA was associated with PTB. Maternal exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFHpA was associated with SGA. Maternal exposure to BPA was associated with LBW. Maternal exposure to MMP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, BPA was associated with miscarriage. Maternal PFASs, PAEs and BPA exposure may increase adverse pregnancy outcomes risk according to our study. However, the limited number of studies on dose-response hampered further explanation for causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Antong Jiang
- Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanming Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Oh J, Buckley JP, Li X, Gachigi KK, Kannan K, Lyu W, Ames JL, Barrett ES, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Buss C, Croen LA, Dunlop AL, Ferrara A, Ghassabian A, Herbstman JB, Hernandez-Castro I, Hertz-Picciotto I, Kahn LG, Karagas MR, Kuiper JR, McEvoy CT, Meeker JD, Morello-Frosch R, Padula AM, Romano ME, Sathyanarayana S, Schantz S, Schmidt RJ, Simhan H, Starling AP, Tylavsky FA, Volk HE, Woodruff TJ, Zhu Y, Bennett DH. Associations of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardant Exposures during Pregnancy with Gestational Duration and Fetal Growth: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:17004. [PMID: 38262621 PMCID: PMC10805613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants with potential reproductive toxicity raises concern regarding the impacts of gestational exposure on birth outcomes. Previous studies of prenatal OPE exposure and birth outcomes had limited sample sizes, with inconclusive results. OBJECTIVES We conducted a collaborative analysis of associations between gestational OPE exposures and adverse birth outcomes and tested whether associations were modified by sex. METHODS We included 6,646 pregnant participants from 16 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. Nine OPE biomarkers were quantified in maternal urine samples collected primarily during the second and third trimester and modeled as log 2 -transformed continuous, categorized (high/low/nondetect), or dichotomous (detect/nondetect) variables depending on detection frequency. We used covariate-adjusted linear, logistic, and multinomial regression with generalized estimating equations, accounting for cohort-level clustering, to estimate associations of OPE biomarkers with gestational length and birth weight outcomes. Secondarily, we assessed effect modification by sex. RESULTS Three OPE biomarkers [diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a composite of dibutyl phosphate and di-isobutyl phosphate (DBUP/DIBP), and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate] were detected in > 85 % of participants. In adjusted models, DBUP/DIBP [odds ratio (OR) per doubling = 1.07 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.12] and bis(butoxyethyl) phosphate (OR for high vs. nondetect = 1.25 ; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.46), but not other OPE biomarkers, were associated with higher odds of preterm birth. We observed effect modification by sex for associations of DPHP and high bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate with completed gestational weeks and odds of preterm birth, with adverse associations among females. In addition, newborns of mothers with detectable bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(2-methylphenyl) phosphate, and dipropyl phosphate had higher birth weight-for-gestational-age z -scores (β for detect vs. nondetect = 0.04 - 0.07 ); other chemicals showed null associations. DISCUSSION In the largest study to date, we find gestational exposures to several OPEs are associated with earlier timing of birth, especially among female neonates, or with greater fetal growth. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-Chapel Hill), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kennedy K. Gachigi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wenjie Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Ames
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Theresa M. Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carrie V. Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, UC-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Anne L. Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ixel Hernandez-Castro
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, UC-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Linda G. Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy T. McEvoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amy M. Padula
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, UC-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hyagriv Simhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne P. Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frances A. Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather E. Volk
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
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8
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Siwakoti RC, Cathey A, Ferguson KK, Hao W, Cantonwine DE, Mukherjee B, McElrath TF, Meeker JD. Prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in relation to preterm birth subtypes and size-for-gestational age in the LIFECODES cohort 2006-2008. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116967. [PMID: 37634691 PMCID: PMC10913455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer and industrial products. Numerous studies have linked prenatal PFAS exposures to increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational age (SGA).However, limited evidence is available for the effects of PFAS on PTB subtypes and large-for-gestational age (LGA). OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of PFAS with PTB [overall, placental (pPTB), spontaneous (sPTB)], BW Z-score, and size-for-gestational age (SGA, LGA). METHODS Our nested case-control study included 128 preterm cases and 373 term controls from the LIFECODES cohort between 2006 and 2008 (n = 501). Plasma concentrations of nine PFAS were measured in early pregnancy samples. Logistic regression was used to assess individual PFAS-birth outcome associations, while Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) was used to evaluate the joint effects of all PFAS. Effect modification by fetal sex was examined, and stratified analyses were conducted to obtain fetal sex-specific estimates. RESULTS Compared to term births, the odds of pPTB were higher from an interquartile range increase in perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.00-2.56), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.06-2.61), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA) (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.00-3.12), with stronger associations observed in women who delivered males. BKMR analysis identified PFNA as the most important PFAS responsible for pPTB (conditional PIP = 0.78), with increasing ORs at higher percentiles of PFAS mixture. For LGA, positive associations were observed with PFDA and perfluorooctanoic acid in females only, and with PFUA in males only. BKMR analysis showed increasing, but null effects of PFAS mixture on LGA. CONCLUSIONS The effect of prenatal exposure to single and multiple PFAS on PTB and LGA depended on fetal sex. Future studies should strongly consider examining PTB subtypes and sex-specific effects of PFAS on pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram C Siwakoti
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amber Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Bommarito PA, Friedman A, Welch BM, Cantonwine DE, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Meeker JD, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Temporal trends and predictors of gestational exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108194. [PMID: 37708814 PMCID: PMC10591987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are chemicals of concern for maternal and infant health. Prior studies examining temporal trends and predictors of OPE exposure are primarily limited by small sample sizes. OBJECTIVES Characterize temporal trends and predictors of OPE exposure biomarkers. METHODS We determined urinary concentrations of eight biomarkers of OPE exposure at three timepoints during pregnancy for participants in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (n = 900), a nested case-cohort recruited between 2007 and 2018. We examined biomarker concentrations, their variability during pregnancy, and temporal trends over the study period. In addition, we identified sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics associated with biomarker concentrations. Analyses were conducted using both the within-subject pregnancy geometric means and biomarker concentrations measured at individual study visits. RESULTS Five OPE biomarkers were detected in at least 60% of the study participants. Biomarkers were not strongly correlated with one another and intraclass correlation coefficients, measuring within-subject variability during pregnancy, ranged from 0.27 to 0.51. Biomarkers exhibited varying temporal trends across study years. For example, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) increased monotonically, whereas bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), displayed non-monotonic trends with concentrations that peaked between 2011 and 2014. We observed associations between sociodemographic characteristics and OPE biomarkers. In general, concentrations of most OPE biomarkers were higher among participants from racial and ethnic minority populations, participants who were younger, had higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and less than a college degree. We observed consistent results using either averaged or visit-specific biomarker concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE We observed widespread exposure to several OPEs and OPE biomarkers displayed varying temporal trends in pregnant people from 2007 to 2018. Concentrations of most OPE biomarkers varied according to sociodemographic factors, suggesting higher burdens of exposure among participants with higher pre-pregnancy BMI, those belonging to racial and ethnic minority populations, and lower educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - A Friedman
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - B M Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - D E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - A M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - J D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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10
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Pan D, Song Y, Liu S, Zeng X, Pang Q, Zhang Y, Wu H, Tan HJJ, Liao Q, Liang J, Huang D, Qiu X. Association between perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and fetal overgrowth: A prospective birth cohort study conducted in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116175. [PMID: 37257750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been associated with gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity or overweight in childhood, but data on fetal overgrowth outcomes including macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA) and among gestational age diverse infants remain scarce. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between maternal PFASs exposure and macrosomia and LGA, with exploration of the interaction between PFASs exposure and gestational age on fetal overgrowth. METHODS A total of 1441 mother-infants pairs from Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort of China were analyzed. Nine PFASs were measured in maternal serum using ultra-high liquid performance chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. Multivaraible logistical regression and generalized additive models were performed for individual PFAS exposures, piecewise regression analysis was used to estimate the breakpoint values for the non-linear dose-response relationships. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression was performed for PFASs mixture. RESULTS In single pollutant models, maternal PFDA and PFOA exposure showed U-shaped relationship with macrosomia and LGA. When PFDA concentration exceeded 0.32 ng/mL was significantly positively associated with risks of LGA and macrosomia (OR=4.66, 95%CI: 1.26, 17.17; OR=14.43, 95%CI: 2.64, 79.02; respectively), while a negatively association was observed when level below 0.32 ng/mL. When PFOA concentration exceeded 1.20 ng/mL was significantly associated with increased risk of macrosomia (OR=7.75, 95%CI: 1.36, 44.06). In mixed exposure models, mixture of PFASs was positively associated with macrosomia, as well as associated with LGA when all the PFASs were at their 30th percentile or below. The maximum risk of LGA was reached when concentrations of PFUnA, PFDA, or PFBS were at the highest concentrations and the gestational age at the minimum of this study. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to PFDA, PFOA and PFASs mixture were non-monotonically associated with macrosomia and LGA, the direction of the associations depends on the level of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanye Song
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530031, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health & Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiang Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Debao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Debao, 533700, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanxiao Zhang
- Obstetrical Department, Pingguo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Pingguo, 531400, Guangxi, China
| | - Huiping Wu
- Obstetrical Department, Jingxi People's Hospital, Jingxi, 533800, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Juan Jennifer Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Qian Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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11
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Li Y, Wang X, Zhu Q, Xu Y, Fu Q, Wang T, Liao C, Jiang G. Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Pregnant Women: Sources, Occurrence, and Potential Risks to Pregnancy Outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7109-7128. [PMID: 37079500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are found in various environmental matrixes and human samples. Exposure to OPFRs during gestation may interfere with pregnancy, for example, inducing maternal oxidative stress and maternal hypertension during pregnancy, interfering maternal and fetal thyroid hormone secretion and fetal neurodevelopment, and causing fetal metabolic abnormalities. However, the consequences of OPFR exposure on pregnant women, impact on mother-to-child transmission of OPFRs, and harmful effects on fetal and pregnancy outcomes have not been evaluated. This review describes the exposure to OPFRs in pregnant women worldwide, based on metabolites of OPFRs (mOPs) in urine for prenatal exposure and OPFRs in breast milk for postnatal exposure. Predictors of maternal exposure to OPFRs and variability of mOPs in urine have been discussed. Mother-to-child transmission pathways of OPFRs have been scrutinized, considering the levels of OPFRs and their metabolites in amniotic fluid, placenta, deciduae, chorionic villi, and cord blood. The results showed that bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the two predominant mOPs in urine, with detection frequencies of >90%. The estimated daily intake (EDIM) indicates low risk when infants are exposed to OPFRs from breast milk. Furthermore, higher exposure levels of OPFRs in pregnant women may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and influence the developmental behavior of infants. This review summarizes the knowledge gaps of OPFRs in pregnant women and highlights the crucial steps for assessing health risks in susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Bommarito PA, Stevens DR, Welch BM, Weller D, Meeker JD, Cantonwine DE, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Temporal trends and predictors of phthalate, phthalate replacement, and phenol biomarkers in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107898. [PMID: 37001215 PMCID: PMC10133207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to many phthalates and phenols is declining as replacements are introduced. There is little information on temporal trends or predictors of exposure to these newer compounds, such as phthalate replacements, especially among pregnant populations. OBJECTIVE Examine temporal trends and predictors of exposure to phthalates, phthalate replacements, and phenols using single- and multi-pollutant approaches. METHODS We analyzed data from 900 singleton pregnancies in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study, a nested case-cohort with recruitment from 2007 to 2018. We measured and averaged concentrations of 12 phthalate metabolites, four phthalate replacement metabolites, and 12 phenols in urine at three timepoints during pregnancy. We visualized and analyzed temporal trends and predictors of biomarker concentrations. To examine chemical mixtures, we derived clusters of individuals with shared exposure profiles using a finite mixture model and examined temporal trends and predictors of cluster assignment. RESULTS Exposure to phthalates and most phenols declined across the study period, while exposure to phthalate replacements (i.e., di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester [DINCH] and di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate [DEHTP]) and bisphenol S (BPS) increased. For example, the sum of DEHTP biomarkers increased multiple orders of magnitude, with an average concentration of 0.92 ng/mL from 2007 to 2008 and 61.9 ng/mL in 2017-2018. Biomarkers of most chemical exposures varied across sociodemographic characteristics, with the highest concentrations observed in non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic participants relative to non-Hispanic White participants. We identified five clusters with shared exposure profiles and observed temporal trends in cluster membership. For example, at the end of the study period, a cluster characterized by high exposure to phthalate replacements was the most prevalent. SIGNIFICANCE In a large and well-characterized pregnancy cohort, we observed exposure to phthalate replacements and BPS increased over time while exposure to phthalates and other phenols decreased. Our results highlight the changing nature of exposure to consumer product chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - D R Stevens
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - B M Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - D Weller
- NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - J D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - T F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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13
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Geiger SD, Musaad S, Hill J, Aguiar A, Schantz S. Sex-specific associations between urinary bisphenols concentrations during pregnancy and problematic child behaviors at age 2 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 96:107152. [PMID: 36642394 PMCID: PMC10170945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Effects of prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on child behavior are mixed with some reports suggesting increased problematic behaviors in girls (e.g., aggression and emotional reactivity) and in boys (i.e., externalizing behaviors), while other reports suggest decreased problematic behaviors in girls. Little is known about the potential impact of pregnancy bisphenol S (BPS) exposure on child behavior. In a prospective cohort study (n = 68), five maternal spot urine samples collected across pregnancy were pooled and analyzed for BPA and BPS. Child behavior at 2 years was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Linear regression models were used to assess associations between bisphenols concentrations and both composite and syndrome CBCL scales. Exposure x child sex interactions were included in addition to their main effects and sex-stratified analyses were conducted. Models were adjusted for maternal age, number of siblings, and child age at CBCL intake. Mean maternal age was 29.7 years. Most women were White (88%), had an annual household income ≥$50,000 (66%), and at least a college degree (81%). Median concentrations were 1.3 ng/mL (range 0.4-7.2) for BPA and 0.3 ng/mL (range 0.1-3.5) for BPS. Sex modified the relationship between BPA and scores on several syndrome scales-anxious-depressed, aggressive, and sleep problems-where the association was consistently inverse in males in lower BPA concentrations, and positive (more reported behavior problems) among girls in the higher BPA group. Higher BPS was associated with more problematic internalizing behaviors among girls but not boys, and sex modified the relationship between BPS and emotionally reactive behaviors (Pinteraction = 0.128), with sex-specific estimates revealing more emotionally reactive behaviors among girls (expβ = 3.92 95% CI 1.16, 13.27; P = 0.028) but not boys. Findings were mixed overall, but one notable finding was that BPS, a replacement for BPA, was associated with increased problematic behaviors. There is a need for replication of findings due to our small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dee Geiger
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
| | - Salma Musaad
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Andréa Aguiar
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Susan Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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14
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Gan H, Zhang Y, Wang YF, Tao FB, Gao H. Relationships of prenatal organophosphate ester exposure with pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic scoping review of epidemiological studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114642. [PMID: 36791503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) during pregnancy has been suggested to be associated with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, relevant investigations are scarce, and the findings are inconsistent. We aimed to conduct a scoping review to provide an overview of these associations. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE (through PubMed), Web of Science, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), were searched from inception to March 2022 and updated in July 2022. A total of 8 studies (1860 participants) were included. Limited evidence indicates that OPE exposure during pregnancy may be negatively associated with both maternal and neonatal triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine concentrations but positively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations. OPE exposure during pregnancy may be associated with lower insulin concentrations. OPE exposure during pregnancy was associated with gestational age in a sex-specific manner. Intrauterine OPE exposure might increase the risk of preterm birth in female infants but decrease the risk of preterm birth in male infants. Prenatal OPE exposure might be associated with an increased risk of low birth weight. The current scoping review suggests that OPE exposure during pregnancy may disturb pregnancy and birth health, including adverse thyroid function and birth size. Because of the limited evidence obtained for most associations, additional studies followed by a traditional systematic review are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Ya-Fei Wang
- Nursing Department, Anhui Medical College, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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15
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Eick SM, Tan Y, Taibl KR, Barry Ryan P, Barr DB, Hüls A, Eatman JA, Panuwet P, D'Souza PE, Yakimavets V, Lee GE, Brennan PA, Corwin EJ, Dunlop AL, Liang D. Prenatal exposure to persistent and non-persistent chemical mixtures and associations with adverse birth outcomes in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child Cohort. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00530-4. [PMID: 36841843 PMCID: PMC10450095 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) experience higher rates of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction relative to other pregnant populations. Differential in utero exposure to environmental chemicals may partially explain these health disparities, as AAs are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards. OBJECTIVE We examined the individual and mixture effects of non-persistent chemicals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on gestational age at birth and birthweight for gestational age z-scores within a prospective cohort of pregnant AAs. METHODS First-trimester serum and urine samples obtained from participants within the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child cohort were analyzed for 43 environmental chemicals, including per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, phthalates, bisphenol A, nicotine, and the primary metabolite of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Linear regression was used to estimate individual associations between chemicals and gestational age and birthweight z-scores (N ranging from 107 to 523). Mixture associations were estimated using quantile g-computation, principal component (PC) analyses, and hierarchical Bayesian kernel machine regression among complete cases (N = 86). RESULTS Using quantile g-computation, increasing all chemical exposures by one quantile was modestly associated with a reduction in gestational age (mean change per quartile increase = -0.47, 95% CI = -1.56, 0.61) and birthweight z-scores (mean change per quartile increase = -0.49, 95% CI = -1.14, 0.15). All PCs were associated with a reduction in birthweight z-scores; associations were greatest in magnitude for the two PCs reflecting exposure to combined tobacco, insecticides, PBDEs, and phthalates. In single pollutant models, we observed inconsistent and largely non-significant associations. SIGNIFANCE We conducted multiple targeted exposure assessment methods to quantify levels of environmental chemicals and leveraged mixture methods to quantify their joint effects on gestational age and birthweight z-scores. Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to multiple classes of persistent and non-persistent chemicals is associated with reduced gestational age and birthweight z-scores in AAs. IMPACT African Americans (AAs) experience higher rates of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction relative to other pregnant populations. Differential in utero exposure to environmental chemicals may partially explain these health disparities, as AAs are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards. In the present study, we analyzed serum and urine samples for levels of 43 environmental chemicals. We used quantile g-computation, principal component analysis, and BKMR to assess associations between chemical exposure mixtures and adverse birth outcomes. Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to multiple classes of chemicals is associated with reduced birthweight z-scores, a proxy for fetal growth, in AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Youran Tan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Taibl
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anke Hüls
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jasmin A Eatman
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya E D'Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Online coupling of matrix solid-phase dispersion to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for high-throughput analysis of regulated chemicals in consumer products. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340677. [PMID: 36628757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current work is the first study on online coupling of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) bridging with solid-phase analytical derivatization (SPAD) based on a graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs)-coated cotton swab. Proof-of-concept demonstrations were explored for high-throughput analysis of a diversity of regulated chemicals in consumer products such as textiles, toys, and cosmetics. On-demand sorbent combinations were blended with samples, packed into MSPD columns, and mounted on a homemade 3D-printed rack module for automated sample feeding. To achieve good synergy between MSPD and DART-MS, a cotton swab with a conical tip deposited with GONs was attached to the bottom of the MSPD column. The swabs serve as a solid-phase microextraction probe for convenient enrichment of the eluted analytes from MSPD, thermal desorption of the enriched analytes by DART, and sensitive detection by a hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the utility of an on-swab SPAD strategy was demonstrated for the detection of formaldehyde by use of the derivatizing reagent of dansyl hydrazine, contributing to improved ionization efficiency without compromising the overall coherence of the analytical workflow. The MSPD-DART-MS methodology was systematically optimized and validated, obtaining acceptable recovery (71.7-110.3%), repeatability (11.8-19.3%), and sensitivity (limits of detection and quantitation in the ranges of 6.2-19.5 and 23.7-75.9 μg/kg) for 32 target analytes. The developed protocol streamlined sample extraction, clean-up, desorption, ionization, and detection, highlighting the appealing potential for high-throughput analysis of samples with complex matrices.
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Yang W, Braun JM, Vuong AM, Percy Z, Xu Y, Xie C, Deka R, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Burris HH, Yolton K, Cecil KM, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Associations of gestational exposure to organophosphate esters with gestational age and neonatal anthropometric measures: The HOME study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120516. [PMID: 36341822 PMCID: PMC9884151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are developmental toxicants in experimental studies of animals, but limited evidence is available in humans. We included 340 mother-infant pairs in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) for the analysis. We evaluated gestational exposure to OPEs with gestation age at birth and newborn anthropometric measures. We quantified four OPE urinary metabolites at 16 weeks and 26 weeks of gestation. We extracted gestational age at birth, newborn weight, length, and head circumference from the chart review. We calculated z-scores for these anthropometric measures and the ponderal index. We used multiple informant models to examine the associations between repeated OPE measurements and the outcomes. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate the association of gestational exposure to OPEs with preterm birth. We also explored effect modification by infant sex and the potential mediation effect by the highest maternal blood pressure and glucose levels. We found that bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) at 16 weeks and diphenyl phosphate at 26 weeks of pregnancy were positively associated with gestational age and inversely associated with preterm birth. In female newborns, BCEP at 16 weeks was inversely related to birth weight and length z-scores. In male newborns, we observed negative associations of 26-week di-n-butyl phosphate with the ponderal index at birth. No mediation by the highest maternal blood pressure or glucose levels during pregnancy was identified. In this cohort, gestational exposure to some OPEs was associated with gestational age, preterm birth, and neonatal anthropometric measures. Certain associations tended to be window- and infant sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather H Burris
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Stevens DR, Bommarito PA, Keil AP, McElrath TF, Trasande L, Barrett ES, Bush NR, Nguyen RHN, Sathyanarayana S, Swan S, Ferguson KK. Urinary phthalate metabolite mixtures in pregnancy and fetal growth: Findings from the infant development and the environment study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107235. [PMID: 35429919 PMCID: PMC9075822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal phthalate exposure has been linked to reductions in fetal growth in animal and laboratory studies, but epidemiologic evidence is equivocal. OBJECTIVE Examine the association between prenatal phthalate metabolite mixtures and fetal growth and evaluate whether that association is modified by fetal sex or omega-3 intake during pregnancy. METHODS Analyses included 604 singleton pregnancies from TIDES, a prospective pregnancy cohort with spot urine samples and questionnaires collected in each trimester. Pregnancy-averaged phthalate exposure estimates were calculated as the geometric means of specific-gravity corrected phthalate metabolites. Fetal growth outcomes included birthweight and length, and ultrasound-derived size and velocity of estimated fetal weight, femur length, abdominal and head circumferences in the second and third trimesters. We used a novel application of quantile g-computation to estimate the joint association between pregnancy-averaged phthalate exposure and fetal growth, and to examine effect modification of that association by infant sex or omega-3 intake during pregnancy. RESULTS There were few statistically significant differences in birth size and fetal growth by exposure. A one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was modestly associated with reduced birthweight(β [95% confidence interval)]: -54.6 [-128.9, 19.7] grams; p = 0.15) and length (-0.2 [-0.6, 0.2] centimeters; p = 0.40). A one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was associated with reduced birth length in males (-0.5 [-1.0, 0.0] centimeters) but not for females (0.1 [-0.2, 0.3] centimeters); interaction p = 0.05. The phthalate metabolite mixture was inversely associated with ultrasound-derived fetal growth among those with adequate omega-3 intake. For example, a one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was associated with reduced abdominal circumference in the third trimesters in those with adequate omega-3 intake (-3.3 [-6.8, 0.1] millimeters) but not those with inadequate omega-3 intake (1.8 [-0.8, 4.5] millimeters); interaction p = 0.01. CONCLUSION Prenatal phthalate exposure was not significantly associated with fetal growth outcomes, with some exceptions for certain subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Stevens
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paige A Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanna Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA.
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19
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Welch BM, Keil AP, Bommarito PA, van T' Erve TJ, Deterding LJ, Williams JG, Lih FB, Cantonwine DE, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Longitudinal exposure to consumer product chemicals and changes in plasma oxylipins in pregnant women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106787. [PMID: 34314981 PMCID: PMC8490329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to consumer product chemicals during pregnancy may increase susceptibility to pregnancy disorders by influencing maternal inflammation. However, effects on specific inflammatory pathways have not been well characterized. Oxylipins are a diverse class of lipids that act as important mediators and biomarkers of several biological pathways that regulate inflammation. Adverse pregnancy outcomes have been associated with circulating oxylipin levels in pregnancy. In this study, we aimed to determine the longitudinal associations between plasma oxylipins and urinary biomarkers of three classes of consumer product chemicals among pregnant women. METHODS Data come from a study of 90 pregnant women nested within the LIFECODES cohort. Maternal plasma and urine were collected at three prenatal visits. Plasma was analyzed for 61 oxylipins, which were grouped according to biosynthetic pathways that we defined by upstream: 1) fatty acid precursor, including linoleic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, or eicosapentaenoic acid; and 2) enzyme pathway, including cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), or cytochrome P450 (CYP). Urine was analyzed for 12 phenol, 12 phthalate, and 9 organophosphate ester (OPE) biomarkers. Linear mixed effect models were used for single-pollutant analyses. We implemented a novel extension of quantile g-computation for longitudinal data to examine the joint effect of class-specific chemical mixtures on individual plasma oxylipin concentrations. RESULTS We found that urinary biomarkers of consumer product chemicals were positively associated with pro-inflammatory oxylipins from several biosynthetic pathways. Importantly, these associations depended upon the chemical class of exposure biomarker. We estimated positive associations between urinary phenol biomarkers and oxylipins produced from arachidonic acid by LOX enzymes, including several important pro-inflammatory hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). On average, mean concentrations of oxylipin produced from the arachidonic acid/LOX pathway were 48%-71% higher per quartile increase in the phenol biomarker mixture. For example, a simultaneous quartile increase in all urinary phenols was associated with 53% higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11%, 111%) concentrations of 12-HETE. The positive associations among phenols were primarily driven by methyl paraben, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and triclosan. Additionally, we observed that phthalate and OPE metabolites were associated with higher concentrations of oxylipins produced from linoleic acid by CYP enzymes, including the pro-inflammatory dihydroxy-octadecenoic acids (DiHOMEs). Associations among DiHOME oxylipins were driven by metabolites of benzylbutyl and di-isodecyl phthalate, and by the metabolite of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate among OPEs. We also observed inverse associations between phthalate and OPE metabolites and oxylipins produced from other pathways; however, adjusting for a plasma indicator of dietary fatty acid intake attenuated those results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that consumer product chemicals may have diverse impacts on inflammation processes in pregnancy. Certain pro-inflammatory oxylipins were generally higher among participants with higher urinary chemical biomarker concentrations. Associations varied by class of chemical and by the biosynthetic pathway of oxylipin production, indicating potential specificity in the inflammatory effects of these environmental chemicals during pregnancy that warrant investigation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett M Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), United States
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Paige A Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), United States
| | | | | | - Jason G Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, NIEHS, United States
| | - Fred B Lih
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, NIEHS, United States
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), United States.
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