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Ressurreição S, Salgueiro L, Figueirinha A. Diplotaxis Genus: A Promising Source of Compounds with Nutritional and Biological Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2612. [PMID: 38893488 PMCID: PMC11173894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on bioactive compounds is essential to improve human health; promote adequate nutrition; drive innovation in the food, agricultural and biotechnology industries; and contribute to the preservation of the environment. The genus Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) currently comprises around forty species, some of which are edible, particularly Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), Diplotaxis erucoides (wall rocket), Diplotaxis muralis (annual wall rocket), Diplotaxis viminea (perennial wall rocket), and Diplotaxis simplex. The leaves of these species are rich in fiber and essential minerals, such as calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium. Thirteen species have been characterized for their phenolic compounds, predominantly kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin glycosides. Furthermore, glucosinolate compounds were identified in nineteen species of the genus Diplotaxis. Many of the phytochemicals identified in Diplotaxis spp. demonstrated interesting biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, as well as cytotoxicity and antiproliferative properties. This article provides a review of the phytochemistry of the Diplotaxis genus, highlighting its importance in food, its biological properties, potential pharmacological applications, and the dearth of research on many of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Ressurreição
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.R.); (L.S.)
- Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra Agriculture School, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.R.); (L.S.)
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.R.); (L.S.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Putra IMWA, Fakhrudin N, Nurrochmad A, Wahyuono S. A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020560. [PMID: 36836916 PMCID: PMC9963806 DOI: 10.3390/life13020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also recognized as diabetic kidney disease, is a kidney malfunction caused by diabetes mellitus. A possible contributing factor to the onset of DN is hyperglycemia. Poorly regulated hyperglycemia can damage blood vessel clusters in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. Its treatment is difficult and expensive because its causes are extremely complex and poorly understood. Extracts from medicinal plants can be an alternative treatment for DN. The bioactive content in medicinal plants inhibits the progression of DN. This work explores the renoprotective activity and possible mechanisms of various medicinal plant extracts administered to diabetic animal models. Research articles published from 2011 to 2022 were gathered from several databases including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect to ensure up-to-date findings. Results showed that medicinal plant extracts ameliorated the progression of DN via the reduction in oxidative stress and suppression of inflammation, advanced glycation end-product formation, cell apoptosis, and tissue injury-related protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Wisnu Adhi Putra
- Department of Biology, University of Dhyana Pura, Badung 80351, Indonesia
- Doctorate Program of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Fakhrudin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Arief Nurrochmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Subagus Wahyuono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Loizzo MR, Napolitano A, Bruno M, Geraci A, Schicchi R, Leporini M, Tundis R, Piacente S. LC-ESI/HRMS analysis of glucosinolates, oxylipins and phenols in Italian rocket salad (Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. erucoides (L.) DC.) and evaluation of its healthy potential. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5872-5879. [PMID: 33788976 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the chemical profile and biological activity of Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. erucoides (L.) DC. (Brassicaceae) collected in Sicily (Italy). RESULTS Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/HRMS) analysis of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of 42 compounds - glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and oxylipins. The extract was tested for its antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests. Promising protection from lipid peroxidation was observed after 30 min of incubation in a β-carotene bleaching test (IC50 of 3.32 μg mL-1 ). The inhibition of carbohydrates-hydrolyzing enzymes resulted in IC50 values of 85.18 and 92.36 μg mL-1 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Significant inhibition against lipase enzyme was observed (IC50 of 61.27 μg mL-1 ). CONCLUSION Diplotaxis erucoides can be considered a potential source of antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic bioactives. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata Rende (CS), Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Bruno
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Riutilizzo bio-based degli scarti da matrici agroalimentari" (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Geraci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Schicchi
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences (SAF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Leporini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Rivas-García L, Navarro-Hortal MD, Romero-Márquez JM, Forbes-Hernández TY, Varela-López A, Llopis J, Sánchez-González C, Quiles JL. Edible flowers as a health promoter: An evidence-based review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Schindler MSZ, Calisto JFF, Marins K, Regginato A, Mezzomo H, Zanatta AP, Radunz AL, Mariot MP, Dal Magro J, Zanatta L. Characterization of the chemical profile and the effects of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek on glucose metabolism in normal hyperglycemic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114173. [PMID: 33932519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, Celastraceae, is popularly known as "espinheira-santa" and used to treat pathologies related to the stomach. However, in popular culture, this species has also been used to treat other disorders such as diabetes, but without scientific evidence, requiring more phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the plant. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aims to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of ethanolic extracts obtained from leaves from two different accessions of Maytenus ilicifolia (MIA and MIB) in normal hyperglycemic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were divided into different experimental groups: normal hyperglycemic (negative control); MIA (treatment of Maytenus ilicifolia extract from access 116); MIB (treatment with Maytenus ilicifolia extract from access 122; and glipizide (positive control). At 30 min after treatment, all animals received glucose overload orally. Blood collection occurred at different periods for the assessment of blood glucose (0, 60, 90 and 210 min after treatment) and at the end of the experiment blood was collected through cardiac puncture and the liver, muscle, pancreas and intestine were dissected for further analysis. RESULTS Chromatographic analysis identified oleic and palmitic acid as the most common constituents, and both extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia caused a reduction in blood glucose levels within 60 min after administration of glucose overload when compared to the normal hyperglycemic group. No significant changes were observed in hepatic and muscular glycogen levels, plasma insulin concentration and disaccharidases activity with none of the extracts in the model employed. However, hyperglycemic rats treated with the extracts showed a marked increase in triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Maytenus ilicifolia extracts from different locations showed differences in chemical composition which did not reflect significant differences in the results of biological tests. In addition, it was possible to conclude that the treatment with Maytenus ilicifolia had a discreet anti-hyperglycemic effect; however, it was not possible to identify the responsible mechanism, being necessary, therefore, new studies using different technologies in order to determine the possible mechanisms of action of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katiuska Marins
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Community University of the Region of Chapecó - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Alissara Regginato
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Community University of the Region of Chapecó - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Hemilli Mezzomo
- Pharmacy Course, Community University of Chapecó Region - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Zanatta
- Pharmacy Course, Community University of Chapecó Region - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Radunz
- Agronomy Course - Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Brazil.
| | - Márcio Paim Mariot
- Agronomy Course - Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFSul), Brazil.
| | - Jacir Dal Magro
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Community University of the Region of Chapecó - Unochapecó, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Course, Community University of Chapecó Region - Unochapecó, Brazil.
| | - Leila Zanatta
- Western Higher Education Center, Santa Catarina State University - UDESC, Brazil.
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Abdel-Aal RA, Abdel-Rahman MS, Al Bayoumi S, Ali LA. Effect of stevia aqueous extract on the antidiabetic activity of saxagliptin in diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113188. [PMID: 32783985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a perennial herb that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is a natural sweetener plant known as "Sweet Leaf", "Sweet Herbs" and "Honey Leaf", which is estimated to be 300 times more sweetening than sugar cane. Stevia has been used as a traditional treatment for diabetes in many countries for hundreds of years. Several animal studies referred to the antihyperglycemic activity of stevia. However, the combined use of stevia with saxagliptin has not been studied so far, so this study has been done. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of stevia alone and in combination with saxagliptin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced in rats by i.p. injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Animals were divided into five groups, each contains eight rats. Group I: included negative controland group II: included diabetic control that received saline. Group III: included diabetic rats that received 400 mg/kg/day stevia aqueous extract. Group IV: included diabetic rats that received saxagliptin 10 mg/kg/day. Group V: included diabetic rats that received stevia 400 mg/kg + saxagliptin 10 mg/kg. Food and water intake were measured daily while body weight was measured weekly. After 3 weeks animals were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples were collected. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, serum dipeptidylepeptidase-4 (DPP-4), TC, TGs, LDL, HDL, GSH and MDA were measured in treated and control rats by colorimetric and ELISA methods. RESULTS Both stevia and saxagliptin significantly reduced food, water intake, body weight and FBG. Stevia with saxagliptin produced more significant decrease in FBG. While serum insulin increased significantly in stevia, saxagliptin treated groups and their combination. Serum DPP-4 decreased significantly in all treated groups, concerning lipid profile, stevia and saxagliptin notably lowered TC, TGs, and LDL and increased HDL. Both stevia and saxagliptin remarkably decreased MDA and increased GSH compared to diabetic rats. In addition, stevia significantly improved the antidiabetic effects of saxagliptin. CONCLUSION Stevia has an antihyperglycemic effect and could enhance the antidiabetic activity of saxagliptin. DPP-4 attenuation, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity as well as improvement of insulin sensitivity may be involved in the antidiabetic action of stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat A Abdel-Aal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | | | - Soad Al Bayoumi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Laila A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt.
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