1
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Radhakrishnan V, Kaifi JT, Suvilesh KN. Circulating Tumor Cells: How Far Have We Come with Mining These Seeds of Metastasis? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:816. [PMID: 38398206 PMCID: PMC10887304 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that slough off from the tumor and circulate in the peripheral blood and lymphatic system as micro metastases that eventually results in macro metastases. Through a simple blood draw, sensitive CTC detection from clinical samples has proven to be a useful tool for determining the prognosis of cancer. Recent technological developments now make it possible to detect CTCs reliably and repeatedly from a simple and straightforward blood test. Multicenter trials to assess the clinical value of CTCs have demonstrated the prognostic value of these cancer cells. Studies on CTCs have filled huge knowledge gap in understanding the process of metastasis since their identification in the late 19th century. However, these rare cancer cells have not been regularly used to tailor precision medicine and or identify novel druggable targets. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the milestones of CTC-based research from the time of identification to molecular characterization. Additionally, the need for a paradigm shift in dissecting these seeds of metastasis and the possible future avenues to improve CTC-based discoveries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Radhakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (V.R.); (J.T.K.)
| | - Jussuf T. Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (V.R.); (J.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Kanve N. Suvilesh
- Department of Surgery, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (V.R.); (J.T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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2
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Brzozowa-Zasada M, Piecuch A, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Michalski M, Klymenko O, Matysiak N, Janelt K, Czuba Z. Glutathione Reductase Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1097. [PMID: 38256170 PMCID: PMC10816751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a balanced redox state within cells is crucial for the sustenance of life. The process involves continuous cytosolic disulfide reduction reactions to restore oxidized proteins to their reduced thiol forms. There are two main cellular antioxidant pathways-the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (Grx) systems. In the GSH/Grx system, glutathione reductase (GR; GSR) catalyses the reduction of GSH disulfide (GSSG) to its sulfhydryl form (GSH), which can then further reduce oxidized Grxs. GR is an essential enzyme that helps in maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione-GSH, which is a significant reducing thiol found in most cells and known for its antioxidant properties. Therefore, it can have a significant impact on cancer development. To investigate this further, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of GR protein expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples collected from patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stage I and II) and patients with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (stage III). The results of our study revealed a significant relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of GR and tumour histological grade, depth of invasion, regional lymph node involvement, staging, and PCNA immunohistochemical expression. It was found that 95% of patients with stage I had low levels of GR expression, whereas 89% of patients with stage III had high levels of immunohistochemical expression. A high level of expression was also detected in the patients with stage II of the disease, where almost 63% were characterized by a high expression of GR. The Western blot method revealed that the highest level of expression was found in the LS 174T cell line, which corresponds to stage II. The results of our study indicate that the immunohistochemical expression of GR may act as an independent prognostic factor associated with colon adenocarcinoma patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Brzozowa-Zasada
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Piecuch
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Zabrze Silesian Nanomicroscopy Centre in Zabrze, Silesia LabMed—Research and Implementation Centre, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Olesya Klymenko
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamil Janelt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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3
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Brzozowa-Zasada M, Piecuch A, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Gołąbek K, Michalski M, Janelt K, Matysiak N. Glutaredoxin 2 Protein (Grx2) as an Independent Prognostic Factor Associated with the Survival of Colon Adenocarcinoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1060. [PMID: 38256132 PMCID: PMC10816802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2; Glrx2) is a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase located in mitochondria, which is central to the regulation of glutathione homeostasis and mitochondrial redox, and plays a crucial role in highly metabolic tissues. In response to mitochondrial redox signals and oxidative stress, Grx2 can catalyze the oxidation and S-glutathionylation of membrane-bound thiol proteins in mitochondria. Therefore, it can have a significant impact on cancer development. To investigate this further, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of Grx2 protein expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples collected from patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stage I and II) and patients with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (stage III). The results of our study revealed a significant relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of Grx2 and tumor histological grade, depth of invasion, regional lymph node involvement, angioinvasion, staging, and PCNA immunohistochemical expression. It was found that 87% of patients with stage I had high levels of Grx2 expression. In contrast, only 33% of patients with stage II and 1% of patients with stage III had high levels of Grx2 expression. Moreover, the multivariate analysis revealed that the immunohistochemical expression of Grx2 protein apart from the grade of tumor differentiation was an independent prognostic factors for the survival of patients with colon adenocarcinoma. Studies analyzing Grx2 levels in patients' blood confirmed that the highest levels of serum Grx2 protein was also found in stage I patients, which was reflected in the survival curves. A higher level of Grx2 in the serum has been associated with a more favorable outcome. These results were supported by in vitro analysis conducted on colorectal cancer cell lines that corresponded to stages I, II, and III of colorectal cancer, using qRT-PCR and Western Blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Brzozowa-Zasada
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
| | - Adam Piecuch
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Gołąbek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
- Zabrze Silesian Nanomicroscopy Centre in Zabrze, Silesia LabMed-Research and Implementation Centre, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamil Janelt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (N.M.)
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4
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Brzozowa-Zasada M, Piecuch A, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Gołąbek K, Michalski M, Matysiak N, Czuba Z. A Prognostic Activity of Glutaredoxin 1 Protein (Grx1) in Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1007. [PMID: 38256082 PMCID: PMC10816104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) is an essential enzyme that regulates redox signal transduction and repairs protein oxidation by reversing S-glutathionylation, an oxidative modification of protein cysteine residues. Grx1 removes glutathione from proteins to restore their reduced state (protein-SH) and regulate protein-SSG levels in redox signaling networks. Thus, it can exert an influence on the development of cancer. To further investigate this problem, we performed an analysis of Grx1 expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples from the Polish population of patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stages I and II of colon cancer) and those with regional lymph node metastasis (stage III of colon cancer). Our study revealed a significant correlation between the expression of Grx1 protein through immunohistochemical analysis and various clinical characteristics of patients, such as histological grade, depth of invasion, angioinvasion, staging, regional lymph node invasion, and PCNA expression. It was found that almost 88% of patients with stage I had high levels of Grx1 expression, while only 1% of patients with stage III exhibited high levels of Grx1 protein expression. Furthermore, the study discovered that high levels of Grx1 expression were present in samples of colon mucosa without any pathological changes. These results were supported by in vitro analysis conducted on colorectal cancer cell lines that corresponded to stages I, II, and III of colorectal cancer, using qRT-PCR and Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Brzozowa-Zasada
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Piecuch
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Gołąbek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Nanomicroscopy Centre in Zabrze, Silesia LabMed—Research and Implementation Centre, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
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5
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Brzozowa-Zasada M, Piecuch A, Michalski M, Matysiak N, Kucharzewski M, Łos MJ. The Clinical Application of Immunohistochemical Expression of Notch4 Protein in Patients with Colon Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087502. [PMID: 37108670 PMCID: PMC10138794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is one of the most conserved and well-characterised pathways involved in cell fate decisions and the development of many diseases, including cancer. Among them, it is worth noting the Notch4 receptor and its clinical application, which may have prognostic value in patients with colon adenocarcinoma. The study was performed on 129 colon adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical and fluorescence expression of Notch4 was performed using the Notch4 antibody. The associations between the IHC expression of Notch4 and clinical parameters were analysed using the Chi2 test or Chi2Yatesa test. The Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were used to verify the relationship between the intensity of Notch4 expression and the 5-year survival rate of patients. Intracellular localisation of Notch4 was detected by the use of the immunogold labelling method and TEM. 101 (78.29%) samples had strong Notch4 protein expression, and 28 (21.71%) samples were characterised by low expression. The high expression of Notch4 was clearly correlated with the histological grade of the tumour (p < 0.001), PCNA immunohistochemical expression (p < 0.001), depth of invasion (p < 0.001) and angioinvasion (p < 0.001). We can conclude that high expression of Notch4 is correlated with poor prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma patients (log-rank, p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Brzozowa-Zasada
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Piecuch
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Nanomicroscopy Centre in Zabrze, Silesia LabMed- Research and Implementation Centre, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Kucharzewski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
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6
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Zhou Y, Zhou J, Xiao J, Wang Y, Wang H, Shi H, Yue C, Jia F, Li P, Hu Z, Yang Y, Jiang Z, Wang T. Prognostic Relevance of Estrogen Receptor Status in Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Endocrine Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:866293. [PMID: 35574364 PMCID: PMC9097586 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.866293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, female breast cancer (BC) has surpassed lung cancer to occupy the first place of the most commonly diagnosed cancer. The unsatisfactory prognosis of endocrine therapy for breast cancer might be attributed to the discordance in estrogen receptor (ER) status between primary tumors and corresponding metastases, as well as temporal and spatial receptor status heterogeneity at point-in-time between biopsy and treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of ER status in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in BC patients. We analyzed ER expression on CTCs isolated using the Pep@MNPs method in 2.0 ml of blood samples from 70 patients with BC and 67 female controls. The predictive and prognostic value of ER expression in CTCs and immunohistochemistry results of biopsies for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients in response to therapies were assessed. The detection rate for CTCs was 95.71% (67/70 patients), with a median of 8 CTCs within 2 ml of peripheral venous blood (PVB). A concordance of 76.56% in ER status between CTCs and corresponding primary tumor and 69.23% between CTCs and corresponding metastases was observed. We also found that patients with ER-positive CTCs (CTC ER+) had longer PFS and OS than those without ER-positive CTCs (CTC ER-). Our findings suggested that ER status in CTCs of BC patients may provide valuable predictive and prognostic insights into endocrine therapies, although further evaluation in larger prospective trials is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Zhou
- Breast Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyi Xiao
- Breast Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Nanopep Biotech Co., Beijing, China
| | - Haoyuan Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zefei Jiang
- Breast Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Breast Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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An Immunological Perspective of Circulating Tumor Cells as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020323. [PMID: 35207611 PMCID: PMC8878951 DOI: 10.3390/life12020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer–immune interaction shapes the course of disease progression at every step of tumorigenesis, including metastasis, of which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as an indicator. These CTCs are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have disseminated from the tumor into circulation. They have been increasingly studied in recent years due to their importance in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment response. Ample evidence demonstrates that CTCs interact with immune cells in circulation, where they must evade immune surveillance or modulate immune response. The interaction between CTCs and the immune system is emerging as a critical point by which CTCs facilitate metastatic progression. Understanding the complex crosstalk between the two may provide a basis for devising new diagnostic and treatment strategies. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of CTCs and the complex immune-CTC interactions. We also present novel options in clinical interventions, targeting the immune-CTC interfaces, and provide some suggestions on future research directions.
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8
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The prognostic relevance of HER2-positivity gain in metastatic breast cancer in the ChangeHER trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13770. [PMID: 34215766 PMCID: PMC8253801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In metastatic breast cancer (mBC), the change of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status between primary and metastatic lesions is widely recognized, however clinical implications are unknown. Our study address the question if relevant differences exist between subjects who preserve the HER2 status and those who gain the HER2 positivity when relapsed. Data of patients affected by HER2-positive mBC, treated with pertuzumab and/or trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) in a real-world setting at 45 Italian cancer centers were retrospectively collected and analyzed. From 2003 to 2017, 491 HER2‐positive mBC patients were included. Of these, 102 (20.7%) had been initially diagnosed as HER2-negative early BC. Estrogen and/or progesterone receptor were more expressed in patients with HER2-discordance compared to patients with HER2-concordant status (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.006, respectively). HER2-discordant tumors were characterized also by a lower rate of brain metastases (p = 0.01) and a longer disease free interval (p < 0.0001). Median overall survival was longer, although not statistically significant, in the subgroup of patients with HER2-discordant cancer with respect to patients with HER2-concordant status (140 vs 78 months, p = 0.07). Our findings suggest that patients with HER2-positive mBC with discordant HER2 status in early BC may have different clinical, biological and prognostic behavior compared to HER2-concordant patients.
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9
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Pereira AC, Ferreira D, Santos-Pereira C, Vieira TF, Sousa SF, Sales G, Rodrigues LR. Selection of a new peptide homing SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:893-903. [PMID: 33314617 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer diagnosis remains a challenge, mostly due to its heterogeneity. This reality translates in delayed treatments, increasing treatment aggressiveness and lower chances of overall survival. The conventional detection techniques, although becoming increasingly sophisticated each year, still lack the ability to provide reliable conclusions without being time consuming, expensive, and uncomfortable for the patients. The identification of novel biomarkers for breast cancer research is therefore of utmost relevance for an early diagnosis. Moreover, breast cancer-specific peptide moieties can be used to develop novel targeted drug delivery systems. In this work, we used phage display to identify a novel peptide with specificity to the SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell line. Cytometry assays confirmed its specificity, while bioinformatics and docking studies predicted the potential biomarkers at the SK-BR-3 cells' surface. These findings can be potentially useful in the clinical context, contributing to more specific and targeted therapeutic solutions against HER2-positive breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,MIT-Portugal Program, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biomark - Sensor Research, Superior Institute of Engineering of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Débora Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,MIT-Portugal Program, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,UCIBIO@REQUIMTE - BioSIM, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tatiana F Vieira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE - BioSIM, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE - BioSIM, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Goreti Sales
- Biomark - Sensor Research, Superior Institute of Engineering of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,MIT-Portugal Program, Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Forsare C, Bendahl PO, Moberg E, Levin Tykjær Jørgensen C, Jansson S, Larsson AM, Aaltonen K, Rydén L. Evolution of Estrogen Receptor Status from Primary Tumors to Metastasis and Serially Collected Circulating Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082885. [PMID: 32326116 PMCID: PMC7215368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The estrogen receptor (ER) can change expression between primary tumor (PT) and distant metastasis (DM) in breast cancer. A tissue biopsy reflects a momentary state at one location, whereas circulating tumor cells (CTCs) reflect real-time tumor progression. We evaluated ER-status during tumor progression from PT to DM and CTCs, and related the ER-status of CTCs to prognosis. Methods: In a study of metastatic breast cancer, blood was collected at different timepoints. After CellSearch® enrichment, CTCs were captured on DropMount slides and evaluated for ER expression at baseline (BL) and after 1 and 3 months of therapy. Comparison of the ER-status of PT, DM, and CTCs at different timepoints was performed using the McNemar test. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Results: Evidence of a shift from ER positivity to negativity between PT and DM was demonstrated (p = 0.019). We found strong evidence of similar shifts from PT to CTCs at different timepoints (p < 0.0001). ER-positive CTCs at 1 and 3 months were related to better prognosis. Conclusions: A shift in ER-status from PT to DM/CTCs was demonstrated. ER-positive CTCs during systemic therapy might reflect the retention of a favorable phenotype that still responds to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Forsare
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden; (C.F.); (P.-O.B.); (E.M.); (C.L.T.J.); (S.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden; (C.F.); (P.-O.B.); (E.M.); (C.L.T.J.); (S.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Eric Moberg
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden; (C.F.); (P.-O.B.); (E.M.); (C.L.T.J.); (S.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Charlotte Levin Tykjær Jørgensen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden; (C.F.); (P.-O.B.); (E.M.); (C.L.T.J.); (S.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Sara Jansson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden; (C.F.); (P.-O.B.); (E.M.); (C.L.T.J.); (S.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Anna-Maria Larsson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden; (C.F.); (P.-O.B.); (E.M.); (C.L.T.J.); (S.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Kristina Aaltonen
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, SE-222 42 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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11
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Meysami P, Rezaei F, Marashi SM, Amiri MM, Bakker E, Mokhtari-Azad T. Antitumor effects of a recombinant baculovirus displaying anti-HER2 scFv expressing Apoptin in HER2 positive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Since HER2 targeted therapies have shown clinical benefit in breast cancer, in the present study recombinant baculovirus (BV) displaying anti-HER2 single-chain variable domain fragment (scFv) expressing Apoptin was generated. Methods: The binding specificity and surface display of anti-HER2 scFv were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electron microscopy, respectively. The targeting properties and cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells determined by fluorescence microscopy and MTT assays. Results: The results demonstrated that recombinant BV could specifically bind to HER2-overexpressing SK-BR-3 cells but not to the HER2 negative MCF-7 cells and reduced the viability of SK-BR-3 cells by expressing Apoptin. Conclusion: These results suggest that the antitumor effect of Apoptin in combination with HER2 targeting of this recombinant BV makes it a promising vector in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Meysami
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Emyr Bakker
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
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12
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Sun M, Kang L, Cui Y, Li G. Application of a novel targeting nanoparticle contrast agent combined with magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1216-1224. [PMID: 30116372 PMCID: PMC6090224 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a severe disease with macroscopic visible mucin secretion that primarily occurs in biliary tracts or pancreatic ducts. In comparison with standard diagnostic imaging, probing the molecular abnormalities associated with the initial stages of diseases rather than imaging the end effects markedly improves the accuracy of diagnosis. In the present study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with the contrast agent PEGylated magnetoliposome consisting of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) and target molecules of IPMN were investigated in the diagnosis of patients with suspected IPMN. The present investigation indicated that the novel targeting nanoparticle contrast agent targeted platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β and RET, and maintained a high affinity with tumor markers located on the IPMN surface. The novel targeting nanoparticle contrast agent combined with MRI exhibited increased sensitivity in diagnosing early-stage patients with IPMN. Furthermore, image quality was improved following the use of the novel targeting nanoparticle contrast agent combined with MRI compared with standard MRI. The targeting nanoparticle contrast agent retained sufficient affinity and was present for an adequate amount of time to observe the tumor mass in papillae using MRI. Notably, the targeting nanoparticle contrast agent was metabolized at 12 h post-injection. In conclusion, these outcomes indicate that the novel targeting nanoparticle contrast agent combined with MRI improved image quality and sensitivity compared with standard MRI, which suggests that this approach may be promising for clinical detection in patients with suspected IPMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun
- NMR Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Liqing Kang
- NMR Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Yanchao Cui
- Emergency Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Guoce Li
- NMR Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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13
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Opoku-Damoah Y, Assanhou AG, Sooro MA, Baduweh CA, Sun C, Ding Y. Functional Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nanoconstructs for Efficient Probing of Circulating Tumor Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14231-14247. [PMID: 29557165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The circulation of tumor cells in peripheral blood is mostly recognized as a prerequisite for cancer progression or systemic invasion, and it correlates with the pivotal hallmark of malignancies known as metastasis. Multiple detection schemes for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as the most discerning criteria for monitoring the outcome of anticancer therapy. Therefore, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of robust nanostructured platforms for observation of these mobile tumor cells through various simultaneous diagnosis and treatment regimens developed from conventional techniques. This review seeks to give detailed information about the nature of CTCs as well as techniques for exploiting specific biomarkers to help monitor cancer via detection, capturing, and analysis of unstable tumor cells. We will further discuss nanobased diagnostic interventions and novel platforms which have recently been developed from versatile nanomaterials such as polymer nanocomposites, metal organic frameworks, bioderived nanomaterials and other physically responsive particles with desirable intrinsic and external properties. Herein, we will also include in vivo nanotheranostic platforms which have received a lot of attention because of their enormous clinical potential. In all, this review sums up the general potential of key promising nanoinspired systems as well as other advanced strategies under research and those in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Opoku-Damoah
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Brisbane, QLD 4072
| | - Assogba G Assanhou
- UFR Pharmacie, Falculté des Sciences de la Santé , Université d'Abomey-Calavi , 01BP188 Cotonou , Benin
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14
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Aaltonen KE, Novosadová V, Bendahl PO, Graffman C, Larsson AM, Rydén L. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic breast cancer reflects evolutionary changes in gene expression under the pressure of systemic therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45544-45565. [PMID: 28489591 PMCID: PMC5542207 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to systemic therapy is a major problem in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) that can be explained by initial tumor heterogeneity as well as by evolutionary changes during therapy and tumor progression. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detected in a liquid biopsy can be sampled and characterized repeatedly during therapy in order to monitor treatment response and disease progression. Our aim was to investigate how CTC derived gene expression of treatment predictive markers (ESR1/HER2) and other cancer associated markers changed in patient blood samples during six months of first-line systemic treatment for MBC. CTCs from 36 patients were enriched using CellSearch (Janssen Diagnostics) and AdnaTest (QIAGEN) before gene expression analysis was performed with a customized gene panel (TATAA Biocenter). Our results show that antibodies against HER2 and EGFR were valuable to isolate CTCs unidentified by CellSearch and possibly lacking EpCAM expression. Evaluation of patients with clinically different breast cancer subgroups demonstrated that gene expression of treatment predictive markers changed over time. This change was especially prominent for HER2 expression. In conclusion, we found that changed gene expression during first-line systemic therapy for MBC could be a possible explanation for treatment resistance. Characterization of CTCs at several time-points during therapy could be informative for treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Aaltonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vendula Novosadová
- Institute of Biotechnology, BIOCEV Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Graffman
- Skåne Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maria Larsson
- Skåne Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Mutational analysis of single circulating tumor cells by next generation sequencing in metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26107-19. [PMID: 27034166 PMCID: PMC5041968 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) represent a “liquid biopsy” of the tumor potentially allowing real-time monitoring of cancer biology and therapies in individual patients. The purpose of the study was to explore the applicability of a protocol for the molecular characterization of single CTCs by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in order to investigate cell heterogeneity and provide a tool for a personalized medicine approach. CTCs were enriched and enumerated by CellSearch in blood from four metastatic breast cancer patients and singularly isolated by DEPArray. Upon whole genome amplification 3–5 single CTCs per patient were analyzed by NGS for 50 cancer-related genes. We found 51 sequence variants in 25 genes. We observed inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity in the mutational status of CTCs. The highest number of somatic deleterious mutations was found in the gene TP53, whose mutation is associated with adverse prognosis in breast cancer. The discordance between the mutational status of the primary tumor and CTCs observed in 3 patients suggests that, in advanced stages of cancer, CTC characteristics are more closely linked to the dynamic modifications of the disease status. In one patient the mutational profiles of CTCs before and during treatment shared only few sequence variants. This study supports the applicability of a non-invasive approach based on the liquid biopsy in metastatic breast cancer patients which, in perspective, should allow investigating the clonal evolution of the tumor for the development of new therapeutic strategies in precision medicine.
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16
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Liu S, Tian Z, Zhang L, Hou S, Hu S, Wu J, Jing Y, Sun H, Yu F, Zhao L, Wang R, Tseng HR, Zhau HE, Chung LWK, Wu K, Wang H, Wu JB, Nie Y, Shao C. Combined cell surface carbonic anhydrase 9 and CD147 antigens enable high-efficiency capture of circulating tumor cells in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59877-59891. [PMID: 27494883 PMCID: PMC5312355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as promising tools for noninvasive cancer detection and prognosis. Most conventional approaches for capturing CTCs use an EpCAM-based enrichment strategy, which does not work well in cancers that show low or no expression of EpCAM, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we developed a new set of cell surface markers including CA9 and CD147 as alternative CTC-capture antigens specifically designed for RCC patients. We showed that the expression of both CA9 and CD147 was prevalent in a RCC patient cohort (n=70) by immunohistochemical analysis, with both molecules in combination covering 97.1% of cases. The NanoVelcro platform combined with CA9-/CD147-capture antibodies demonstrated significantly higher efficiency for capturing both CTC-mimicking renal cancer cells and RCC CTCs in peripheral blood, compared to the conventional EpCAM-based method. Using immunofluorescence cytological validation at the single-cell level, we were able to identify bona fide CTCs in RCC patient blood following the well-accepted criteria in our CTC-capture system. We further demonstrated a significant association of CTC numbers as well as the CTC expression status of Vimentin, a mesenchymal marker, with disease progression, including pathologic features and clinical staging. These results provide new insights into developing novel, effective targets/approaches for capturing CTCs, making CTCs a valuable tool for improved cancer detection, prognosis and treatment in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zuhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shuang Hou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Junshen Wu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yuming Jing
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jason Boyang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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17
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Chen S, El-Heliebi A, Kroneis T. Biological and Molecular Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells: A Creative Strategy for Precision Medicine? Adv Clin Chem 2017; 82:71-103. [PMID: 28939214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a group of rare cells disseminated from either primary or metastatic tumors into the blood stream. CTCs are considered to be the precursor of cancer metastasis. As a critical component of liquid biopsies, CTCs are a unique tool to understand the formation of metastasis and a valuable source of information on intratumor heterogeneity. Much effort has been invested in technologies for the detection of CTCs because they are rare cells among the vast number of blood cells. Studies in various cancers have repeatedly demonstrated that increased CTC counts prior to or during treatment are significantly associated with poor outcomes. In the new era of precision medicine, the study of CTCs reaches far beyond detection and counting. The rapidly growing field of analytical platforms for rare-cell analysis allows in-depth characterization of CTCs at the bulk cell and single-cell level. Genetic profiling of CTCs may provide an insight into the real-time tumor status, may allow the monitoring and evaluation of treatment response in clinical routine, and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Castle J, Morris K, Pritchard S, Kirwan CC. Challenges in enumeration of CTCs in breast cancer using techniques independent of cytokeratin expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175647. [PMID: 28422972 PMCID: PMC5397021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the current postulated plasticity between epithelial and mesenchymal states of migratory cancer cells the detection of non-epithelial CTCs is an important scientific and clinical goal. METHODS We used the filtration-based ISET technology to enrich circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in early breast cancer blood samples and identify them using a morphology-based immunocytochemistry (ICC) approach. RESULTS We found greater numbers of putative CTCs by this approach than by the cytokeratin-based CellSearch technology, but a high number of CTC false positives were identified in healthy volunteer samples which were not reduced in successive blood draws. Preliminary work using an oestrogen receptor (ER)-based multiplex ICC method in metastatic breast cancer ISET samples indicated a low number of ER+ CTCs even at this advanced stage. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights the challenges in enumerating CTCs without conventional epithelial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Castle
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute; Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Morris
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute; Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Pritchard
- Department of Histopathology, University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester; Department of Academic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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19
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Tadimety A, Syed A, Nie Y, Long CR, Kready KM, Zhang JXJ. Liquid biopsy on chip: a paradigm shift towards the understanding of cancer metastasis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:22-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amogha Tadimety
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Abeer Syed
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Christina R. Long
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Kasia M. Kready
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - John X. J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon NH, 03766, USA
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20
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Swennenhuis JF, van Dalum G, Zeune LL, Terstappen LWMM. Improving the CellSearch® system. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1291-1305. [PMID: 27797592 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1255144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The CellSearch® CTC test enumerates tumor cells present in 7.5 ml blood of cancer patients. improvements, extensions and different utilities of the cellsearch system are discussed in this paper. Areas covered: This paper describes work performed with the CellSearch system, which go beyond the normal scope of the test. All results from searches with the search term 'CellSearch' from Web of Science and PubMed were categorized and discussed. Expert commentary: The CellSearch Circulating Tumor Cell test captures and identifies tumor cells in blood that are associated with poor clinical outcome. How to best use CTC in clinical practice is being explored in many clinical trials. The ability to extract information from the CTC to guide therapy will expand the potential clinical utility of CTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Swennenhuis
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - G van Dalum
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - L L Zeune
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - L W M M Terstappen
- a Medical Cell BioPhysics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
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21
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Frithiof H, Aaltonen K, Rydén L. A FISH-based method for assessment of HER-2 amplification status in breast cancer circulating tumor cells following CellSearch isolation. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:7095-7103. [PMID: 27895501 PMCID: PMC5117892 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s118502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amplification of the HER-2/neu (HER-2) proto-oncogene occurs in 10%–15% of primary breast cancer, leading to an activated HER-2 receptor, augmenting growth of cancer cells. Tumor classification is determined in primary tumor tissue and metastatic biopsies. However, malignant cells tend to alter their phenotype during disease progression. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis may serve as an alternative to repeated biopsies. The Food and Drug Administration-approved CellSearch system allows determination of the HER-2 protein, but not of the HER-2 gene. The aim of this study was to optimize a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based method to quantitatively determine HER-2 amplification in breast cancer CTCs following CellSearch-based isolation and verify the method in patient samples. Methods Using healthy donor blood spiked with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive breast cancer cell lines, SKBr-3 and BT-474, and a corresponding negative control (the HER-2-negative MCF-7 cell line), an in vitro CTC model system was designed. Following isolation in the CellSearch system, CTC samples were further enriched and fixed on microscope slides. Immunocytochemical staining with cytokeratin and 4′,6-diamidino-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride identified CTCs under a fluorescence microscope. A FISH-based procedure was optimized by applying the HER2 IQFISH pharmDx assay for assessment of HER-2 amplification status in breast cancer CTCs. Results A method for defining the presence of HER-2 amplification in single breast cancer CTCs after CellSearch isolation was established using cell lines as positive and negative controls. The method was validated in blood from breast cancer patients showing that one out of six patients acquired CTC HER-2 amplification during treatment against metastatic disease. Conclusion HER-2 amplification status of CTCs can be determined following CellSearch isolation and further enrichment. FISH is superior to protein assessment of HER-2 status in predicting response to HER-2-targeted immunotherapy in breast cancer patients. This assay has the potential of identifying patients with a shift in HER-2 status who may benefit from treatment adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Rydén
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund; Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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22
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Sato K. Microdevice in Cellular Pathology: Microfluidic Platforms for Fluorescence in situ Hybridization and Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:867-73. [PMID: 26353951 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices enable the miniaturization, integration, automation, and parallelization of chemical and biochemical processes. This new technology also provides opportunity for expansion in the field of cellular pathology. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a well-known gene-based method to image genetic abnormalities. Development of a FISH microfluidic platform has offered the possibility of automation with significant time and cost reductions, which overcomes many drawbacks of the current protocols. Microfluidic devices are also powerful tools for single-cell analysis. Capturing the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples is one of the most promising approaches to enable the early diagnosis of cancer. The microfluidic devices are also useful to isolate rare CTCs at high efficiency and purity. In this review, I outline recent FISH and CTC analyses using microfluidic devices, and describe their applications for the cellular diagnosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Sato
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science
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23
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Glucose is a key driver for GLUT1-mediated nanoparticles internalization in breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21629. [PMID: 26899926 PMCID: PMC4761954 DOI: 10.1038/srep21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal state in cancer is usually associated with poor prognosis due to the metastatic predisposition and the hyper-activated metabolism. Exploiting cell glucose metabolism we propose a new method to detect mesenchymal-like cancer cells. We demonstrate that the uptake of glucose-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by mesenchymal-like cells remains constant when the glucose in the medium is increased from low (5.5 mM) to high (25 mM) concentration, while the MNPs uptake by epithelial-like cells is significantly reduced. These findings reveal that the glucose-shell of MNPs plays a major role in recognition of cells with high-metabolic activity. By selectively blocking the glucose transporter 1 channels we showed its involvement in the internalization process of glucose-coated MNPs. Our results suggest that glucose-coated MNPs can be used for metabolic-based assays aimed at detecting cancer cells and that can be used to selectively target cancer cells taking advantage, for instance, of the magnetic-thermotherapy.
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