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Hvid H, Hjuler ST, Bedossa P, Tiniakos DG, Kamzolas I, Harder LM, Xue Y, Perfield JW, Kirk RK, Latta M, Mikkelsen LF, Pedersen HD. Choline-deficient, high-fat diet-induced MASH in Göttingen Minipigs: characterization and effects of a chow reversal period. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G571-G585. [PMID: 39041677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00120.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is increasing, and translational animal models are needed to develop novel treatments for this disease. The physiology and metabolism of pigs have a relatively high resemblance to humans, and the present study aimed to characterize choline-deficient and high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-fed Göttingen Minipigs as a novel animal model of MASLD/MASH. Göttingen Minipigs were fed CDAHFD for up to 5 mo, and the phenotype was investigated by the analysis of plasma parameters and repeated collection of liver biopsies. Furthermore, changes in hepatic gene expression during the experiment were explored by RNA sequencing. For a subset of the minipigs, the diet was changed from CDAHFD back to chow to investigate whether the liver pathology was reversible. Göttingen Minipigs on CDAHFD gained body weight, and plasma levels of cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT were increased. CDAHFD-fed minipigs developed hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, which in 5 of 16 animals progressed to cirrhosis. During an 11-wk chow reversal period, steatosis regressed, while fibrosis persisted. Regarding inflammation, the findings were less clear, depending on the type of readout. MASH Human Proximity Scoring (combined evaluation of transcriptional, phenotypic, and histopathological parameters) showed that CDAHFD-fed Göttingen Minipigs resemble human MASLD/MASH better than most rodent models. In conclusion, CDAHFD-fed minipigs develop a MASH-like phenotype, which, in several aspects, resembles the changes observed in human patients with MASLD/MASH. Furthermore, repeated collection of liver biopsies allows detailed characterization of histopathological changes over time in individual animals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The physiology and metabolism of pigs have a relatively high resemblance to humans. This study characterizes a new animal model of MASLD/MASH using CDAHFD-fed Göttingen Minipigs. Göttingen Minipigs fed CDAHFD gained weight and developed hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. After an 11-wk chow-reversal period, hepatic steatosis and some inflammatory parameters reversed. Combined evaluation of phenotypic, transcriptional, and histological parameters revealed the minipig model showed a higher resemblance to human disease than many rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hvid
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Sara T Hjuler
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Dina G Tiniakos
- Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Kamzolas
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Lea M Harder
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Yaxin Xue
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - James W Perfield
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Rikke K Kirk
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Markus Latta
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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Felgendreff P, Lawrence JM, Hosseiniasl SM, Jacobs JF, Amiot BP, Felgendreff L, Minshew A, Sultan A, Ahmadzada B, Rahe MC, Nyberg SL. Clinical characterization of a hypersensitivity mixed bacterial and fungal dermatitis in a translational model of porcine NASH. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1277045. [PMID: 38327680 PMCID: PMC10847572 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1277045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of animal models of chronic liver disease via diet modification is a promising avenue for translational research but can lead to unexpected side effects that impact model adoption. While these side effects are well characterized in rodent models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), limited knowledge of these effects exists for novel porcine models of NASH. To close this gap, the present study investigates the side effects of diet-based NASH induction in pigs, with a systematic analysis of the pathologic mechanisms underlying dermatitis development and evaluation of treatment approaches. Method Twelve pigs (10 large domestic pigs, 2 Goettingen minipigs) were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient, high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce NASH. A retrospective review of each animal's clinical record was performed to identify the side effects of the diet. Following the identification of diet-associated dermatitis, severity was judged by using a novel gradation system that characterized the individual lesions and body regions resulting in a cumulative evaluation. In addition to this clinical assessment, the etiology of the dermatitis was investigated via histopathologic and microbiologic testing. Furthermore, the success of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment approaches was evaluated by considering dermatitis development and clinical course. Results All study animals demonstrated unexpected side effects of the methionine- and choline-deficient, high fat diet. In addition to marked dermatitis, study pigs showed impaired weight gain and developed steatorrhea and anemia. Based on the skin gradation system, five animals developed severe dermatitis, four animals moderate dermatitis, and three animals mild diet-associated dermatitis. Histological and microbiological evaluation of the affected skin showed signs of a hypersensitivity reaction with secondary infection by bacteria and fungi. The analysis showed that preemptive bathing extended the lesion-free duration by nearly 20 days. Furthermore, bathing in combination with a targeted antibiotic treatment represented a helpful treatment approach for diet-associated dermatitis. Conclusion The provision of a methionine- and choline-deficient, high fat diet represents an effective approach for inducing NASH liver disease in pigs but predisposes study animals to multiple side effects. These side effects are universal to animals on study but can be adequately managed and do not represent a significant limitation of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Felgendreff
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Julie F. Jacobs
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bruce P. Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lisa Felgendreff
- Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Minshew
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ahmer Sultan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Michael C. Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Drag MH, Debes KP, Franck CS, Flethøj M, Lyhne MK, Møller JE, Ludvigsen TP, Jespersen T, Olsen LH, Kilpeläinen TO. Nanopore sequencing reveals methylation changes associated with obesity in circulating cell-free DNA from Göttingen Minipigs. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2199374. [PMID: 37032646 PMCID: PMC10088973 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2199374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Profiling of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) by tissue-specific base modifications, such as 5-methylcytosines (5mC), may enable the monitoring of ongoing pathophysiological processes. Nanopore sequencing allows genome-wide 5mC detection in cfDNA without bisulphite conversion. The aims of this study were: i) to find differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of cfDNA associated with obesity in Göttingen minipigs using Nanopore sequencing, ii) to validate a subset of the DMRs using methylation-specific PCR (MSP-PCR), and iii) to compare the cfDNA DMRs with those from whole blood genomic DNA (gDNA). Serum cfDNA and gDNA were obtained from 10 lean and 7 obese Göttingen Minipigs both with experimentally induced myocardial infarction and sequenced using Oxford Nanopore MinION. A total of 1,236 cfDNA DMRs (FDR<0.01) were associated with obesity. In silico analysis showed enrichment of the adipocytokine signalling, glucagon signalling, and cellular glucose homoeostasis pathways. A strong cfDNA DMR was discovered in PPARGC1B, a gene linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. The DMR was validated using MSP-PCR and correlated significantly with body weight (P < 0.05). No DMRs intersected between cfDNA and gDNA, suggesting that cfDNA originates from body-wide shedding of DNA. In conclusion, nanopore sequencing detected differential methylation in minute quantities (0.1-1 ng/µl) of cfDNA. Future work should focus on translation into human and comparing 5mC from somatic tissues to pinpoint the exact location of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hodal Drag
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Conservation, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Clara Sandkamm Franck
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Flethøj
- Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Mille Kronborg Lyhne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Eifer Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sahin B, Acikel Elmas M, Bingol Ozakpinar O, Arbak S. The Effects of Apocynin on Monosodium Glutamate Induced Liver Damage of Rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17327. [PMID: 37449146 PMCID: PMC10336448 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is found in refined foods. Apocynin (APO) is a selective NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate possible effects of MSG and the curative effects of APO in rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (Normal control, APO, MSG and MSG + APO, n:7 for each group). The MSG and MSG + APO groups received 120 mg/kg MSG solution orally for 28 consecutive days. The APO and MSG + APO groups received 25 mg/kg APO solution orally for 5 days until the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and liver tissue and blood samples were taken for histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical analyses. In the MSG group, vacuolization and loss in glycogen content in the hepatocytes, leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis in the liver parenchyme and portal triads, were observed. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP (TUNEL)-positivity and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2-positivity were higher in the MSG group compared with the other experimental groups. The concentrations of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were higher, whereas albumin, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide (SOD) levels were lower in the MSG group. All these data has been reversed in MSG + APO group. The histological and biochemical criteria indicated the prominent ameliorating effect of APO on MSG -induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Acikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Serap Arbak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Christoffersen BØ, Kristensen CA, Lindgaard R, Kirk RK, Viuff BM, Kvist PH, Pedersen HD, Ludvigsen TP, Skovgaard T, Fels JJ, Martinussen T, Christiansen LB, Cirera S, Olsen LH. Functional and morphological renal changes in a Göttingen Minipig model of obesity-related and diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6017. [PMID: 37045950 PMCID: PMC10097698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related glomerulopathy and diabetic nephropathy (DN) are serious complications to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The purpose was to study effects of a fat, fructose and cholesterol-rich (FFC) diet with and without salt in order to induce hypertension on kidney function and morphology in Göttingen Minipigs with and without diabetes. Male Göttingen Minipigs were divided into 4 groups: SD (standard diet, n = 8), FFC (FFC diet, n = 16), FFC-DIA (FFC diet + diabetes, n = 14), FFC-DIA + S (FFC diet with extra salt + diabetes, n = 14). Blood and urine biomarkers, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure (BP) and resistive index (RI) were evaluated after 6-7 months (T1) and 12-13 months (T2). Histology, electron microscopy and gene expression (excluding FFC-DIA + S) were evaluated at T2. All groups fed FFC-diet displayed obesity, increased GFR and RI, glomerulomegaly, mesangial expansion (ME) and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening. Diabetes on top of FFC diet led to increased plasma glucose and urea and proteinuria and tended to exacerbate the glomerulomegaly, ME and GBM thickening. Four genes (CDKN1A, NPHS2, ACE, SLC2A1) were significantly deregulated in FFC and/or FFC-DIA compared to SD. No effects on BP were observed. Göttingen Minipigs fed FFC diet displayed some of the renal early changes seen in human obesity. Presence of diabetes on top of FFC diet exacerbated the findings and lead to changes resembling the early phases of human DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Aarup Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- AJ Vaccines A/S, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lindgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- AniCura ApS, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tine Skovgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Unilabs, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Bruun Christiansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Chua D, Low ZS, Cheam GX, Ng AS, Tan NS. Utility of Human Relevant Preclinical Animal Models in Navigating NAFLD to MAFLD Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14762. [PMID: 36499091 PMCID: PMC9737809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is an emerging contributor to disease burden worldwide. The past decades of work established the heterogeneous nature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) etiology and systemic contributions to the pathogenesis of the disease. This called for the proposal of a redefinition in 2020 to that of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to better reflect the current understanding of the disease. To date, several clinical cohort studies comparing NAFLD and MAFLD hint at the relevancy of the new nomenclature in enriching for patients with more severe hepatic injury and extrahepatic comorbidities. However, the underlying systemic pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Preclinical animal models have been imperative in elucidating key biological mechanisms in various contexts, including intrahepatic disease progression, interorgan crosstalk and systemic dysregulation. Furthermore, they are integral in developing novel therapeutics against MAFLD. However, substantial contextual variabilities exist across different models due to the lack of standardization in several aspects. As such, it is crucial to understand the strengths and weaknesses of existing models to better align them to the human condition. In this review, we consolidate the implications arising from the change in nomenclature and summarize MAFLD pathogenesis. Subsequently, we provide an updated evaluation of existing MAFLD preclinical models in alignment with the new definitions and perspectives to improve their translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Guo Xiang Cheam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Aik Seng Ng
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Lyhne MK, Debes KP, Helgogaard T, Vegge A, Kildegaard J, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Olsen LH. Electrocardiography and heart rate variability in Göttingen Minipigs: Impact of diurnal variation, lead placement, repeatability and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 118:107221. [PMID: 36100059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Göttingen Minipig is widely used in preclinical research and safety pharmacology, but standardisation of porcine electrocardiography (ECG) is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate diurnal effects, change over time and choice of lead on ECG morphology and heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Göttingen Minipigs. METHODS Diabetes was experimentally induced using STZ in 11 Göttingen Minipigs (DIA). Seven controls (CON) were included. 24-h ECG was recorded at baseline and four months. Morphological parameters (QRS and T wave duration, P- and T-wave amplitude, PR and QT (Bazett's (QTcb) or Fridericia (QTcf) correction) intervals and ST segment), presence of cardiac arrhythmias, heart rate (HR) and HRV (time and frequency domain) were analysed. RESULTS Four months after induction, DIA had decreased P-wave amplitude (P < 0.0001) and T-wave duration (P = 0.017), compared to CON. QTcb was lower in DIA, but not in CON. Both groups had decreased HR (P < 0.0001) and QRS duration (lead II, P = 0.04) and length of PR-segment increased (lead I and II, P < 0.01) while selected HRV parameters also increased (all P < 0.01). Time of day influenced HR, QRS duration, PR segment, ST segment, T- and P-wave amplitude and some parameters of HRV. Inter- and intra-observer variability of morphological measurements was low (<6%). CONCLUSION ECG parameters were influenced by time setting, diurnal variation and lead. Some ECG and HRV changes were found in diabetic minipigs four months after STZ induction. The findings underline the need for standardisation of ECG and HRV in Göttingen Minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mille Kronborg Lyhne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Karina Poulsdóttir Debes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Terese Helgogaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Kildegaard
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Li M, Yuan J, Hou Q, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Dai X, Chen H, Fu X. Characterization of the Skin Bacteriome and Histology Changes in Diabetic Pigs. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2022:15347346221100887. [PMID: 35548944 DOI: 10.1177/15347346221100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wound is one of the most common complications that are associated with diabetes. The cutaneous microbiome is known to play essential roles in the regulation of barrier function and protecting against potential assault. Thus, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the relationship between microbial community and skin structures in unwounded diabetic skin to explore possible preventive strategies. To achieve the same, a pig diabetic model was built in the present study. Further,16S rDNA sequencing was used to characterize the skin bacteriome. It was observed that the pigs showed skin bacteriome similar to humans in the non-diabetes group, while it varied in the case of diabetes. Further, the β-diversity analysis showed that the bacterial community was significantly different under the diabetes group. More species differences were identified between the two groups at genus level. The predictive function analysis also showed the involvement of significantly different pathways of microbial gene function in diabetes. In agreement with this, skin histology analysis also showed signs of reduced epidermal thickness and rete ridges in diabetic skin. Less proliferation of keratinocytes and impaired TJ barrier was also detected. This evidence suggested that pigs might serve as the best surrogate for cutaneous microbiome studies. Altogether, the present study reported that the skin bacteriome and histology changed significantly in unwounded diabetic skin, which provided a theoretical basis for the regulation of disordered skin bacteriome. The findings of the study would assist in the improvement of the skin environment and prevention of skin infection and chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
- Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Jifang Yuan
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
- Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan Hospital, Sanya, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Hou
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhong
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of 104607Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
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Cluzel GL, Ryan PM, Herisson FM, Caplice NM. High-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome: a contemporary synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E366-E381. [PMID: 35224983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to describe and compare porcine models of metabolic syndrome. This syndrome and its associated secondary comorbidities are set to become the greatest challenge to healthcare providers and policy makers in the coming century. However, an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis has left significant knowledge gaps in terms of efficacious therapeutics. To further our comprehension and, in turn, management of metabolic syndrome, appropriate high-fidelity models of the disease complex are of great importance. In this context, our review aims to assess the most promising porcine models of metabolic syndrome currently available for their similarity to the human phenotype. In addition, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each model in an attempt to identify the most appropriate application of each. Although no porcine model perfectly recapitulates the human metabolic syndrome, several pose satisfactory approximations. The Ossabaw miniature swine in particular represents a highly translatable model that develops each of the core parameters of the syndrome with many of the associated secondary comorbidities. Future high-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome need to focus on secondary sequelae replication, which may require extended induction period to reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston L Cluzel
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M Herisson
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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10
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Duvivier V, Creusot S, Broux O, Helbert A, Lesage L, Moreau K, Lesueur N, Gerard L, Lemaitre K, Provost N, Hubert EL, Baltauss T, Brzustowski A, De Preville N, Geronimi J, Adoux L, Letourneur F, Hammoutene A, Valla D, Paradis V, Delerive P. Characterization and Pharmacological Validation of a Preclinical Model of NASH in Göttingen Minipigs. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:293-305. [PMID: 35535064 PMCID: PMC9077241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease, which is associated with features of metabolic syndrome. NAFLD may progress in a subset of patients into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver injury resulting ultimately in cirrhosis and potentially hepatocellular carcinoma. Today, there is no approved treatment for NASH due to, at least in part, the lack of preclinical models recapitulating features of human disease. Here, we report the development of a dietary model of NASH in the Göttingen minipig. Methods First, we performed a longitudinal characterization of diet-induced NASH and fibrosis using biochemical, histological, and transcriptional analyses. We then evaluated the pharmacological response to Obeticholic acid (OCA) treatment for 8 weeks at 2.5mg/kg/d, a dose matching its active clinical exposure. Results Serial histological examinations revealed a rapid installation of NASH driven by massive steatosis and inflammation, including evidence of ballooning. Furthermore, we found the progressive development of both perisinusoidal and portal fibrosis reaching fibrotic septa after 6 months of diet. Histological changes were mechanistically supported by well-defined gene signatures identified by RNA Seq analysis. While treatment with OCA was well tolerated throughout the study, it did not improve liver dysfunction nor NASH progression. By contrast, OCA treatment resulted in a significant reduction in diet-induced fibrosis in this model. Conclusions These results, taken together, indicate that the diet-induced NASH in the Göttingen minipig recapitulates most of the features of human NASH and may be a model with improved translational value to prioritize drug candidates toward clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Duvivier
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Stéphanie Creusot
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Olivier Broux
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Aurélie Helbert
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Ludovic Lesage
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Kevin Moreau
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Nicolas Lesueur
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Lindsay Gerard
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Karine Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Nicolas Provost
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Edwige-Ludiwyne Hubert
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Tania Baltauss
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Nathalie De Preville
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Julia Geronimi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Lucie Adoux
- GenomIC Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- GenomIC Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Adel Hammoutene
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Valla
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service D'Hépatologie, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires Du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Centre de Recherche sur L'inflammation, Inserm, UMR, Paris, 1149, France
| | | | - Philippe Delerive
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
- Address for correspondence. Philippe Delerive, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes, 92150, France.
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11
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Radhakrishnan S, Yeung SF, Ke JY, Antunes MM, Pellizzon MA. Considerations When Choosing High-Fat, High-Fructose, and High-Cholesterol Diets to Induce Experimental Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Laboratory Animal Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab138. [PMID: 34993389 PMCID: PMC8718327 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intricately linked to metabolic disease (including obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance) and encompasses a spectrum of disorders including steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Rodents consuming high-fat (HF; ∼40 kcal% fat including fats containing higher concentrations of saturated and trans fats), high-fructose (HFr), and high-cholesterol (HC) diets display many clinically relevant characteristics of NASH, along with other metabolic disorders. C57BL/6 mice are the most commonly used animal model because they can develop significant metabolic disorders including severe NASH with fibrosis after months of feeding, but other models also are susceptible. The significant number of diets that contain these different factors (i.e., HF, HFr, and HC), either alone or in combination, makes the choice of diet difficult. This methodology review describes the efficacy of these nutrient manipulations on the NAFLD phenotype in mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maísa M Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Han Q, Chen H, Wang L, An Y, Hu X, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Zhang R. Systemic Deficiency of GHR in Pigs leads to Hepatic Steatosis via Negative Regulation of AHR Signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4108-4121. [PMID: 34803486 PMCID: PMC8579453 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Laron syndrome (LS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease mainly caused by mutations in the human growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene. Previous studies have focused on Ghr mutant mice, but compared with LS patients, Ghr knockout (KO) mice exhibit differential lipid metabolism. To elucidate the relationship between GHR mutation and lipid metabolism, the role of GHR in lipid metabolism was examined in GHR KO pigs and hepatocytes transfected with siGHR. We observed high levels of free fatty acids and hepatic steatosis in GHR KO pigs, which recapitulates the abnormal lipid metabolism in LS patients. RNAseq analysis revealed that genes related to the fatty acid oxidation pathway were significantly altered in GHR KO pigs. AHR, a transcription factor related to lipid metabolism, was significantly downregulated in GHR KO pigs and siGHR-treated human hepatocytes. We found that AHR directly regulated fatty acid oxidation by directly binding to the promoters of ACOX1 and CPT1A and activating their expression. These data indicate that loss of GHR disturbs the ERK-AHR-ACOX1/CPT1A pathway and consequently leads to hepatic steatosis. Our results established AHR as a modulator of hepatic steatosis, thereby providing a therapeutic target for lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Likai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang An
- MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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13
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Li L, Fang B, Zhang Y, Yan L, He Y, Hu L, Xu Q, Li Q, Dai X, Kuang Q, Xu M, Tan J, Ge C. Carminic acid mitigates fructose-triggered hepatic steatosis by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112404. [PMID: 34781143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive fructose (Fru) consumption has been reported to favor nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the molecular mechanism is still elusive, lacking effective therapeutic strategies. Carminic acid (CA), a glucosylated anthraquinone found in scale insects like Dactylopius coccus, exerts anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Nevertheless, its regulatory role in Fru-induced NAFLD is still obscure. Here, the effects of CA on NAFLD in Fru-challenged mice and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored. We found that Fru intake significantly led to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in liver of mice, which were considerably attenuated by CA treatment through repressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Additionally, inflammatory response induced by Fru was also attenuated by CA via the blockage of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and tumor necrosis factor α/TNF-α receptor (TNF-α/TNFRs) signaling pathways. Moreover, Fru-provoked oxidative stress in liver tissues was remarkably attenuated by CA mainly through improving the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). These anti-dyslipidemias, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities regulated by CA were confirmed in the isolated primary hepatocytes with Fru stimulation. Importantly, the in vitro experiments demonstrated that Fru-induced lipid accumulation was closely associated with inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production regulated by TNF-α and Nrf-2 signaling pathways, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that CA could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate metabolic disorder and NAFLD in Fru-challenged mice mainly through suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yinglei Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Liuqing Yan
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yuxin He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Qifei Xu
- Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Xianling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Qin Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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14
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Obesity Development and Signs of Metabolic Abnormalities in Young Göttingen Minipigs Consuming Energy Dense Diets Varying in Carbohydrate Quality. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051560. [PMID: 34066330 PMCID: PMC8148203 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose has been associated with a higher risk of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of fructose compared to starch from high-amylose maize starch (HiMaize) at ad libitum feeding in a juvenile Göttingen Minipig model with 20% of the diet provided as fructose as a high-risk diet (HR, n = 15) and 20% as HiMaize as a lower-risk control diet (LR, n = 15). The intake of metabolizable energy was on average similar (p = 0.11) among diets despite increased levels of the satiety hormone PYY measured in plasma (p = 0.0005) of the LR pigs. However, after over 20 weeks of ad libitum feeding, no difference between diets was observed in daily weight gain (p = 0.103), and a difference in BW was observed only at the end of the experiment. The ad libitum feeding promoted an obese phenotype over time in both groups with increased plasma levels of glucose (p = 0.005), fructosamine (p < 0.001), insulin (p = 0.03), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.02), whereas the clinical markers of dyslipidemia were unaffected. When compared to the LR diet, fructose did not accelerate the progression of MetS associated parameters and largely failed to change markers that indicate a stimulated de novo lipogenesis.
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15
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Wang H, Huang M, Bei W, Yang Y, Song L, Zhang D, Zhan W, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wang W, Wang L, Guo J. FTZ attenuates liver steatosis and fibrosis in the minipigs with type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111532. [PMID: 34311531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi formula (FTZ), a preparation of Chinese herbal medicine, has various pharmacological properties, such as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Hepatocyte apoptosis is a marker of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and contributes to liver injury, fibrosis, and inflammation. Given the multiple effects of FTZ, we investigated whether FTZ can be a therapeutic agent for NASH and its mechanism. In the present study, we observed that FTZ treatment had an obviously favorable influence on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in the histopathologic features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) with NASH minipigs. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed increased expression of the fibrotic marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and a TUNEL assay revealed increased apoptotic positive hepatic cells in the liver tissues of the model group. Furthermore, FTZ administration reduced the increased expression of α-SMA, and FTZ inhibited apoptosis by affecting Bcl-2/Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Mechanistically, our data suggested that FTZ treatment attenuated hepatic steatosis and fibrosis via the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. In vitro studies showed that FTZ also attenuated intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA). FTZ upregulated the expression levels of P-AMPK and BCL-2 and downregulated BAX. The changes induced by FTZ were reversed by Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK. In conclusion, FTZ attenuated NASH by ameliorating steatosis and hepatocyte apoptosis, which is attributable to the regulation of the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Minyi Huang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases, China
| | - Lixia Song
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Wenjing Zhan
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Weixuan Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases, China
| | - Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases, China.
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16
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Lyhne MK, Vegge A, Povlsen GK, Slaaby R, Kildegaard J, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Olsen LH. Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in non-anaesthetized Göttingen minipigs induces a counter-regulatory endocrine response and electrocardiographic changes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5983. [PMID: 33727615 PMCID: PMC7966749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentially fatal cardiovascular effects of hypoglycaemia are not well understood and large animal models of the counter-regulatory responses and cardiovascular consequences of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia are needed to understand the mechanisms in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a human-like minipig model of hypoglycaemia including healthy and diabetic pigs to investigate endocrine, electrocardiographic and platelet effects. Hypoglycaemia was induced using a hyperinsulinaemic, hypoglycaemic clamp and an insulin bolus protocol. Plasma glucose, glucagon, C-peptide, insulin, epinephrine and platelet aggregation responses were measured before, during and after hypoglycaemia. Continuous electrocardiographic recordings were obtained. Hypoglycaemia at a plasma glucose concentration of 0.8–1.0 mM in the clamp induced 25-fold increase in epinephrine and sixfold and threefold increase in glucagon for healthy and diabetic pigs, respectively. The hypoglycaemic clamp induced QTc-interval prolongation and increase in cardiac arrhythmias. In the bolus approach, the non-diabetic group reached plasma glucose target of 1.5 mM and QTc-interval was prolonged after insulin injection, but before glucose nadir. The diabetic group did not reach hypoglycaemic target, but still demonstrated QTc-interval prolongation. These results demonstrate effects of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia closely resembling human physiology, indicating the minipig as a translational animal model of counter-regulatory endocrine and myocardial effects of hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mille K Lyhne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Rita Slaaby
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lisbeth H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Feng Y, Cirera S, Taşöz E, Liu Y, Olsen LH, Christoffersen BØ, Pedersen HD, Ludvigsen TP, Kirk RK, Schumacher-Petersen C, Deng Y, Fredholm M, Gao F. Diet-Dependent Changes of the DNA Methylome Using a Göttingen Minipig Model for Obesity. Front Genet 2021; 12:632859. [PMID: 33777102 PMCID: PMC7991730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.632859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Environmental factors can influence obesity by epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate obesity-related epigenetic changes and the potential for reversal of these changes in the liver of Göttingen minipigs subjected to diet interventions. Methods: High-throughput liquid hybridization capture-based bisulfite sequencing (LHC-BS) was used to quantify the methylation status of gene promotor regions in liver tissue in three groups of male castrated Göttingen minipigs: a standard chow group (SD, N = 7); a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFC, N = 10) and a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet during 7 months and reversed to standard diet for 6 months (FFC/SD, N = 12). Expression profiling by qPCR of selected metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver tissue from all pigs. Results: The pigs in the FFC diet group became morbidly obese. The FFC/SD diet did not result in a complete reversal of the body weight to the same weight as in the SD group, but it resulted in reversal of all lipid related metabolic parameters. Here we identified widespread differences in the patterning of cytosine methylation of promoters between the different feeding groups. By combining detection of differentially methylated genes with a rank-based hypergeometric overlap algorithm, we identified 160 genes showing differential methylation in corresponding promoter regions in the FFC diet group when comparing with both the SD and FFC/SD groups. As expected, this differential methylation under FFC diet intervention induced de-regulation of several metabolically-related genes involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism, inflammatory response and fibrosis generation. Moreover, five genes, of which one is a fibrosis-related gene (MMP9), were still perturbed after diet reversion. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of exploring diet-epigenome interactions for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - E Taşöz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Y Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - L H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - H D Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Medical Evaluation & Biostatistics, Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T P Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - R K Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - C Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Y Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - F Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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High-fructose feeding does not induce steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2807. [PMID: 33531575 PMCID: PMC7854584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent condition that has been linked to high-fructose corn syrup consumption with induction of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) as the suggested central mechanism. Feeding diets very high in fructose (> 60%) rapidly induce several features of NAFLD in rodents, but similar diets have not yet been applied in larger animals, such as pigs. With the aim to develop a large animal NAFLD model, we analysed the effects of feeding a high-fructose (HF, 60% w/w) diet for four weeks to castrated male Danish Landrace-York-Duroc pigs. HF feeding upregulated expression of hepatic DNL proteins, but levels were low compared with adipose tissue. No steatosis or hepatocellular ballooning was seen on histopathological examination, and plasma levels of transaminases were similar between groups. Inflammatory infiltrates and the amount of connective tissue was slightly elevated in liver sections from fructose-fed pigs, which was corroborated by up-regulation of macrophage marker expression in liver homogenates. Supported by RNA-profiling, quantitative protein analysis, histopathological examination, and biochemistry, our data suggest that pigs, contrary to rodents and humans, are protected against fructose-induced steatosis by relying on adipose tissue rather than liver for DNL.
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Christiansen LB, Dohlmann TL, Ludvigsen TP, Parfieniuk E, Ciborowski M, Szczerbinski L, Kretowski A, Desler C, Tiano L, Orlando P, Martinussen T, Olsen LH, Larsen S. Atorvastatin impairs liver mitochondrial function in obese Göttingen Minipigs but heart and skeletal muscle are not affected. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2167. [PMID: 33500513 PMCID: PMC7838180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins lower the risk of cardiovascular events but have been associated with mitochondrial functional changes in a tissue-dependent manner. We investigated tissue-specific modifications of mitochondrial function in liver, heart and skeletal muscle mediated by chronic statin therapy in a Göttingen Minipig model. We hypothesized that statins enhance the mitochondrial function in heart but impair skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiratory capacities, citrate synthase activity, coenzyme Q10 concentrations and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were analyzed in samples of liver, heart and skeletal muscle from three groups of Göttingen Minipigs: a lean control group (CON, n = 6), an obese group (HFD, n = 7) and an obese group treated with atorvastatin for 28 weeks (HFD + ATO, n = 7). Atorvastatin concentrations were analyzed in each of the three tissues and in plasma from the Göttingen Minipigs. In treated minipigs, atorvastatin was detected in the liver and in plasma. A significant reduction in complex I + II-supported mitochondrial respiratory capacity was seen in liver of HFD + ATO compared to HFD (P = 0.022). Opposite directed but insignificant modifications of mitochondrial respiratory capacity were seen in heart versus skeletal muscle in HFD + ATO compared to the HFD group. In heart muscle, the HFD + ATO had significantly higher PCC compared to the HFD group (P = 0.0323). In the HFD group relative to CON, liver mitochondrial respiration decreased whereas in skeletal muscle, respiration increased but these changes were insignificant when normalizing for mitochondrial content. Oral atorvastatin treatment in Göttingen Minipigs is associated with a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity in the liver that may be linked to increased content of atorvastatin in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Bruun Christiansen
- The LIFEPHARM Centre, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ewa Parfieniuk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szczerbinski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- The LIFEPHARM Centre, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland.
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20
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Soret PA, Magusto J, Housset C, Gautheron J. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010036. [PMID: 33374435 PMCID: PMC7794936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to the spread of the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is becoming the most common chronic liver disease and one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. However, no pharmacological treatment is currently approved to prevent the outbreak of NASH, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Preclinical research is required to improve our knowledge of NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize advances in NAFLD preclinical models from cellular models, including new bioengineered platforms, to in vivo models, with a particular focus on genetic and dietary mouse models. We aim to discuss the advantages and limits of these different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Soret
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julie Magusto
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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21
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Açıkel Elmas M, Atay N, Bingöl Özakpınar Ö, Arbak S, Kolgazi M, Şener G, Ercan F. Morphological evaluation of the effects of exercise on high-fat-diet-induced liver damage in rats. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 31:626-632. [PMID: 33090099 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of swimming exercise on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with high fat diet-induced obesity, using microscopical and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley male rats were fed either standard chow (STD group; 6% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD group; 45% fat) for 18 weeks. Animals were divided into four groups, STD, STD + EXC, HFD, HFD + EXC. Exercise groups were submitted to swimming training 5 days of week and 1h of per day, during the last 6 weeks of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, liver samples were evaluated for morphologically and ultrastructurally. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated in liver samples. RESULTS Normal morphology of liver parancyma with hepatocytes and sinusoids was observed in the STD and STD+EXC groups. Steatosis, lipid accumulation, ballooned hepatocytes, decrease of glycogen deposits and fibrosis in periportal area were observed in HFD group. Liver MDA level was increased and GSH level was decreased in HFD group. Exercise treatment ameliorated these morphological and oxidative changes in HFD induced liver damage. CONCLUSION Based on morphological and biochemical analysis, we could conclude that swimming training ameliorated obesity-induced liver damage by regulating lipid accumulation and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Açıkel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilsu Atay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Serap Arbak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kolgazi
- Department of Physiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Göksel Şener
- Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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22
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Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Animal Models of Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Do They Reflect Human Disease? Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1696-1711. [PMID: 33191435 PMCID: PMC7666900 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world, yet no pharmacotherapies are available. The lack of translational animal models is a major barrier impeding elucidation of disease mechanisms and drug development. Multiple preclinical models of NASH have been proposed and can broadly be characterized as diet-induced, deficiency-induced, toxin-induced, genetically induced, or a combination of these. However, very few models develop advanced fibrosis while still reflecting human disease etiology or pathology, which is problematic since fibrosis stage is considered the best prognostic marker in patients and an important endpoint in clinical trials of NASH. While mice and rats predominate the NASH research, several other species have emerged as promising models. This review critically evaluates animal models of NASH, focusing on their ability to develop advanced fibrosis while maintaining their relevance to the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Hyperglycemia-induced transcriptional regulation of ROCK1 and TGM2 expression is involved in small artery remodeling in obese diabetic Göttingen Minipigs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2499-2516. [PMID: 31830262 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes in humans are associated with hypertrophic remodeling and increased media:lumen ratio of small resistance arteries, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. In order to minimize increases in media:lumen ratio, hypertrophic remodeling should be accompanied by outward remodeling. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of structural remodeling in small pial arteries (PAs) and terminal mesenteric arteries (TMAs) from obese Göttingen Minipigs with or without diabetes. Göttingen Minipigs received either control diet (lean control (LC)), high fat/high fructose/high cholesterol diet (FFC), or FFC diet with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes (FFC/STZ) for 13 months. At the end of the study (20 months), we assessed body weight, fasting plasma biochemistry, passive vessel dimensions, mRNA expression (matrix metallopeptidases 2/9 (MMP2, MMP9), tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 1 (TIMP1), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), Rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), TGFβ-receptor 2 (TGFBR2), and IGF1-receptor (IGFR1) genes), and immunofluorescence in PAs and TMAs. We performed multiple linear correlation analyses using plasma values, structural data, and gene expression data. We detected outward hypertrophic remodeling in TMAs and hypertrophic remodeling in PAs from FFC/STZ animals. ROCK1 and TGM2 genes were up-regulated in PAs and TMAs from the FFC/STZ group. Passive lumen diameter (PLD) of TMAs was correlated with plasma values of glucose (GLU), fructosamine (FRA), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs). ROCK1 and TGM2 expressions in TMAs were correlated with PLD, plasma GLU, fructosamine, and TC. ROCK1 and TGM2 proteins were immunolocalized in the media of PAs and TMAs, and their fluorescence levels were increased in the FFC/STZ group. Hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia is involved in regulation of ROCK1 and TGM2 expression leading to outward remodeling of small resistance arteries in obese diabetic Göttingen Minipigs.
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24
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Cirera S, Taşöz E, Juul Jacobsen M, Schumacher-Petersen C, Østergaard Christoffersen B, Kaae Kirk R, Pagh Ludvigsen T, Hvid H, Duelund Pedersen H, Høier Olsen L, Fredholm M. The expression signatures in liver and adipose tissue from obese Göttingen Minipigs reveal a predisposition for healthy fat accumulation. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:9. [PMID: 32205840 PMCID: PMC7090036 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Model animals are valuable resources for dissecting basic aspects of the regulation of obesity and metabolism. The translatability of results relies on understanding comparative aspects of molecular pathophysiology. Several studies have shown that despite the presence of overt obesity and dyslipidemia in the pig key human pathological hepatic findings such as hepatocellular ballooning and abundant steatosis are lacking in the model. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate why these histopathological characteristics did not occur in a high fat, fructose and cholesterol (FFC) diet-induced obese Göttingen Minipig model. METHODS High-throughput expression profiling of more than 90 metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of male minipigs diet fed: standard chow (SD, n = 7); FFC diet (n = 14); FFC diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs (FFCDIA, n = 8). Moreover, histopathological assessment of SAT and VAT was performed. RESULTS 12, 4 and 1 genes were highly significantly differentially expressed in liver, SAT and VAT when comparing the FFC and SD groups whereas the corresponding numbers were 15, 2, and 1 when comparing the FFCDIA and SD groups. Although the minipigs in both FFC groups developed sever obesity and dyslipidemia, the insulin-signaling pathways were not affected. Notably, four genes involved in lipid acquisition and removal, were highly deregulated in the liver: PPARG, LPL, CD36 and FABP4. These genes have been reported to play a major role in promoting hepatic steatosis in rodents and humans. Since very little macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory response was detected in the adipose tissues the expansion appears to have no adverse impact on adipose tissue metabolism. CONCLUSION The study shows that morbidly obese Göttingen Minipigs are protected against many of the metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with obesity due to a remarkable ability to expand the adipose compartments to accommodate excess calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Emirhan Taşöz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Juul Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Hvid
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Ellegaard Gottingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, 4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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25
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Cai Z, Yu C, Fu D, Pan Y, Huang J, Rong Y, Deng L, Chen J, Chen M. Differential metabolic and hepatic transcriptome responses of two miniature pig breeds to high dietary cholesterol. Life Sci 2020; 250:117514. [PMID: 32145306 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pigs are increasingly used as human metabolic disease models; however, there is insufficient research on breed-related genetic background differences. This study aimed to investigate the differential metabolic responses to high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of two miniature pig breeds and explore the molecular mechanisms involved. MAIN METHODS Male Wuzhishan (WZSP) and Tibetan pigs (TP) were randomly fed either a standard or an HFC diet for 24 weeks. Weight, serum lipids, bile acid, insulin resistance, liver function, liver histology, and hepatic lipid deposition were determined. RNA-Seq was used to detect the hepatic gene expression profiles. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR were used to detect the lipid and glucose metabolism-related gene expressions. KEY FINDINGS The HFC diet caused obesity, hypertension, severe hypercholesterolemia, liver injury, increased hepatocellular steatosis and inflammation, and significantly increased serum insulin levels in both pig breeds. This diet led to higher serum and hepatic cholesterol level concentrations in WZSP and elevated fasting glucose levels in TP. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the genes controlling hepatic cholesterol metabolism and the inflammatory response were consistently regulated; lipid metabolism and insulin signaling related genes were uniquely regulated by the HFC diet in the WZSP and TP, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrated that the genetic background affects profoundly pigs' metabolic and hepatic responses to an HFC diet. These results deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HFC diet-induced NAFLD and provided a foundation for selecting the appropriate pig breeds for metabolic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Cai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Danting Fu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yongming Pan
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yili Rong
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Liqun Deng
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Minli Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Abstract
Swine disease models are essential for mimicry of human metabolic and vascular pathophysiology, thereby enabling high-fidelity translation to human medicine. The worldwide epidemic of obesity, metabolic disease, and diabetes has prompted the focus on these diseases in this review. We highlight the remarkable similarity between Ossabaw miniature swine and humans with metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Although the evidence is strongest for swine models of coronary artery disease, findings are generally applicable to any vascular bed. We discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of swine models. The development of vascular imaging is an example of optimal vascular engineering in swine. Although challenges regarding infrastructure and training of engineers in the use of swine models exist, opportunities are ripe for gene editing, studies of molecular mechanisms, and use of swine in coronary artery imaging and testing of devices that can move quickly to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sturek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA; .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 46907, USA
| | - Mouhamad Alloosh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA;
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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27
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Challenges and opportunities in drug development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 870:172913. [PMID: 31926994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are considered major global medical burdens with high prevalence and steeply rising incidence. Despite the characterization of numerous pathophysiologic pathways leading to metabolic disorder, lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately end-stage liver disease or liver cancer formation, so far no causal pharmacological therapy is available. Drug development for NAFLD and NASH is limited by long disease duration and slow progression and the need for sequential biopsies to monitor the disease stage. Additional non-invasive biomarkers could therefore improve design and feasibility of such. Here, the current concepts on preclinical models, biomarkers and clinical endpoints and trial designs are briefly reviewed.
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28
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Pedersen HD, Galsgaard ED, Christoffersen BØ, Cirera S, Holst D, Fredholm M, Latta M. NASH-inducing Diets in Göttingen Minipigs. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 10:211-221. [PMID: 32405177 PMCID: PMC7212300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the human-like physiology, a minipig model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) could be valuable. Pigs, however, rarely develop substantial hepatic steatosis, even when fed diets with high fat, fructose, and cholesterol (FFC) content. The potential of choline-deficient, amino acid-defined high-fat diets (CDAHFD) was therefore evaluated in Göttingen Minipigs. METHODS Castrated male Göttingen Minipigs were fed either chow (n = 5) or one of the three NASH diets: FFC (n = 5), CDAHFD with sucrose (CDAHFD-S; n = 4), or fructose (CDAHFD-F; n = 4) for 8 weeks. Liver and blood samples were collected after 2 weeks and at termination. RESULTS Compared with chow, the body weight was higher after FFC (9.8 ± 0.4 versus 8.5 ± 1.2 kg; mean ± SD) and less after CDAHFD-S (6.4 ± 0.8 kg) and CDAHFD-F (6.9 ± 0.8 kg). Liver weight per kg body weight was significantly increased in all 3 NASH groups (FFC 2.1 times; and both CDAHFD diets 3.1 times). Histologically, pronounced macrovesicular steatosis developed only in the CDAHFD groups. Inflammation was present in all three NASH groups. In the CDAHFD groups, inflammatory cells formed crown-like structures around steatotic hepatocytes. Sirius red staining revealed mild fibrosis in the two CDAHFD groups with the fibrotic potential being further supported by immunohistochemical staining for activated stellate cells and gene expression analyses. No noticeable differences were found between CDAHFD-S and CDAHFD-F. CONCLUSIONS Göttingen Minipigs fed CDAHFD developed pronounced steatosis with inflammation around steatotic hepatocytes and incipient fibrosis, thereby showing potential as a model for human NASH. Further studies are needed to investigate the period needed for marked fibrosis to develop.
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Key Words
- -F, with fructose)
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Animal model
- CD45, cluster of differentiation 45
- CDAHFD, choline-deficient
- Choline
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FFC, high-fat, fructose, cholesterol
- Fatty liver
- Fibrosis
- GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase
- GLDH, glutamate dehydrogenase
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Porcine
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- amino acid defined high-fat diet (-S, with sucrose
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik D. Pedersen
- Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Dalmose, Denmark,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark,Address for correspondence: Henrik D. Pedersen, Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Soroe Landevej 302, 4261 Dalmose, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte Holst
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Latta
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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Ludvigsen TP, Pedersen SF, Vegge A, Ripa RS, Johannesen HH, Hansen AE, Löfgren J, Schumacher-Petersen C, Kirk RK, Pedersen HD, Christoffersen BØ, Ørbæk M, Forman JL, Klausen TL, Olsen LH, Kjaer A. 18F-FDG PET/MR-imaging in a Göttingen Minipig model of atherosclerosis: Correlations with histology and quantitative gene expression. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:55-63. [PMID: 31004968 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The advantage of combining molecular and morphological imaging, e.g. positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), is reflected in the increased use of these modalities as surrogate end-points in clinical trials. This study aimed at evaluating plaque inflammation using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-PET/MRI, and gene expression in a minipig model of atherosclerosis. METHODS Göttingen Minipigs were fed for 60 weeks with fat/fructose/cholesterol-rich diet (FFC), chow (Control) or FFC-diet changed to chow midway (diet normalization group; DNO). In all groups, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI of the abdominal aorta was assessed midway and at study-end. The aorta was analyzed using histology and gene expression. RESULTS At study-end, FFC had significantly higher FDG-uptake compared to Control (target-to-background maximal uptake, TBRMax (95% confidence interval) CITBRMax: 0.092; 7.32) and DNO showed significantly decreased uptake compared to FFC (CITBRMax: -5.94;-0.07). No difference was observed between DNO and Control (CITBRMax: -2.71; 4.11). FFC displayed increased atherosclerosis and gene expression of inflammatory markers, including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), cathepsin K (CTSK) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) compared to Control and DNO (all, p < 0.05). FDG-uptake correlated with gene expression of inflammatory markers, including CD68, ρs = 0.58; MMP9, ρs = 0.46; SPP1, ρs = 0.44 and CTSK, ρs = 0.49; (p ≤ 0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS In a model of atherosclerosis, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI technology allows for detection of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, consistent with increased inflammatory gene expression. Our findings corroborate clinical data and are important in pre-clinical drug development targeting plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine P Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Park, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Sune F Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Park, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Rasmus S Ripa
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle H Johannesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam E Hansen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rikke K Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Park, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henrik D Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, DK-4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | | | - Mathilde Ørbæk
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie L Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Klausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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