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Schulz A, Mittelmeier H, Wagenhofer L, Backhaus SJ, Lange T, Evertz R, Kutty S, Kowallick JT, Hasenfuß G, Schuster A. Assessment of the cardiac output at rest and during exercise stress using real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in HFpEF-patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 40:853-862. [PMID: 38236362 PMCID: PMC11052864 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-024-03054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This methodological study aimed to validate the cardiac output (CO) measured by exercise-stress real-time phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). 68 patients with dyspnea on exertion (NYHA ≥ II) and echocardiographic signs of diastolic dysfunction underwent rest and exercise stress right heart catheterization (RHC) and CMR within 24 h. Patients were diagnosed as overt HFpEF (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) ≥ 15mmHg at rest), masked HFpEF (PCWP ≥ 25mmHg during exercise stress but < 15mmHg at rest) and non-cardiac dyspnea. CO was calculated using RHC as the reference standard, and in CMR by the volumetric stroke volume, conventional phase-contrast and rest and stress real-time phase-contrast imaging. At rest, the CMR based CO showed good agreement with RHC with an ICC of 0.772 for conventional phase-contrast, and 0.872 for real-time phase-contrast measurements. During exercise stress, the agreement of real-time CMR and RHC was good with an ICC of 0.805. Real-time measurements underestimated the CO at rest (Bias:0.71 L/min) and during exercise stress (Bias:1.4 L/min). Patients with overt HFpEF had a significantly lower cardiac index compared to patients with masked HFpEF and with non-cardiac dyspnea during exercise stress, but not at rest. Real-time phase-contrast CO can be assessed with good agreement with the invasive reference standard at rest and during exercise stress. While moderate underestimation of the CO needs to be considered with non-invasive testing, the CO using real-time CMR provides useful clinical information and could help to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures in HFpEF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schulz
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Mittelmeier
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wagenhofer
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, University of Technology Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sören J Backhaus
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Kerckhoff of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff-Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Torben Lange
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruben Evertz
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Taussig Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Johannes T Kowallick
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Hasenfuß
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuster
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Contijoch F, Rasche V, Seiberlich N, Peters DC. The future of CMR: All-in-one vs. real-time CMR (Part 2). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2024; 26:100998. [PMID: 38237901 PMCID: PMC11211235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) protocols can be lengthy and complex, which has driven the research community to develop new technologies to make these protocols more efficient and patient-friendly. Two different approaches to improving CMR have been proposed, specifically "all-in-one" CMR, where several contrasts and/or motion states are acquired simultaneously, and "real-time" CMR, in which the examination is accelerated to avoid the need for breathholding and/or cardiac gating. The goal of this two-part manuscript is to describe these two different types of emerging rapid CMR protocols. To this end, the vision of all-in-one and real-time imaging are described, along with techniques which have been devised and tested along the pathway of clinical implementation. The pros and cons of the different methods are presented, and the remaining open needs of each are detailed. Part 1 tackles the "All-in-One" approaches, and Part 2 focuses on the "Real-Time" approaches along with an overall summary of these emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Rasche
- Ulm University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Michigan Institute for Imaging Technology and Translation, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Burchert H, Klimpel F. Revisiting cardiac output estimated noninvasively from oxygen uptake during exercise: an exploratory hypothesis-generating replication study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H656-H664. [PMID: 37505473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00330.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Stringer et al. [J Appl Physiol (1985) 82: 908-912, 1997] developed a method from invasive data to estimate cardiac output during incremental exercise testing based on Fick's principle. The authors proposed that the arterio-mixed venous oxygen content difference increases linearly with percentage of maximal O2 consumption. We hypothesized an S-shaped pattern in the published data and calculated the inflection point of this curve and of the standard resting oxygen dissociation curve. Using a partial F test, we compared the linear model with a third-order polynomial model, which showed a better fit to the data [F(2,101) = 9.5, P < 0.001]. This finding was reproduced in a dataset published by Åstrand et al. in 1964 [F(2, 122) = 10.6, P < 0.001]. The inflection point of the curve coincided with the lactate acidosis threshold [first ventilatory threshold (VT1)] as measured by Stringer et al. (VT1 at 50% and inflection point at 56% [95% CI, 52.9 to 60.7] of maximal O2 consumption). The inflection point of the standard resting oxygen dissociation curve was calculated at a partial pressure of 21.5 mmHg and a saturation of 36%, matching the "critical capillary Po2" concept of Stringer et al. (21.2 mmHg). We conclude that the arterio-mixed venous oxygen content difference increases in an S-shaped manner with percentage of maximal oxygen consumption and that the inflection point of this curve may correspond to VT1 and that of the in vivo oxygen dissociation curve. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and improve the method.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In 1997, Stringer, Hansen, and Wasserman developed a method for estimating cardiac output during incremental exercise testing. They observed that the arterio-mixed venous oxygen content difference increases linearly with the percentage of maximal O2 consumption. This increase may be better modelled by an S-shaped function, the inflection point of which may be related to the first ventilatory threshold and the inflection point of the oxygen dissociation curve. This finding may help to improve the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Burchert
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Canada JM, McCarty J, Jordan JH, Trankle CR, DeCamp K, West JD, Reynolds MA, Myers R, Sweat K, McGhee V, Arena R, Abbate A, Hundley WG. Simultaneous exercise stress cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiopulmonary exercise testing to elucidate the Fick components of aerobic exercise capacity: a feasibility and reproducibility study and pilot study in hematologic cancer survivors. CARDIO-ONCOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 9:31. [PMID: 37430330 PMCID: PMC10331991 DOI: 10.1186/s40959-023-00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients treated for hematologic malignancy often experience reduced exercise capacity and increased fatigue; however whether this reduction is related to cardiac dysfunction or impairment of skeletal muscle oxygen extraction during activity is unknown. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) coupled with stress cardiac magnetic resonance (ExeCMR), may provide a noninvasive method to identify the abnormalities of cardiac function or skeletal muscle oxygen extraction. This study was performed to determine the feasibility and reproducibility of a ExeCMR + CPET technique to measure the Fick components of peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and pilot its discriminatory potential in hematologic cancer patients experiencing fatigue. METHODS We studied 16 individuals undergoing ExeCMR to determine exercise cardiac reserve with simultaneous measures of VO2. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference (a-vO2diff) was calculated as the quotient of VO2/cardiac index (CI). Repeatability in measurements of peak VO2, CI, and a-vO2diff was assessed in seven healthy controls. Finally, we measured the Fick determinants of peak VO2 in hematologic cancer survivors with fatigue (n = 6) and compared them to age/gender-matched healthy controls (n = 6). RESULTS Study procedures were successfully completed without any adverse events in all subjects (N = 16, 100%). The protocol demonstrated good-excellent test-retest reproducibility for peak VO2 (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.992 [95%CI:0.955-0.999]; P < 0.001), peak CI (ICC = 0.970 [95%CI:0.838-0.995]; P < 0.001), and a-vO2diff (ICC = 0.953 [95%CI:0.744-0.992]; P < 0.001). Hematologic cancer survivors with fatigue demonstrated a significantly lower peak VO2 (17.1 [13.5-23.5] vs. 26.0 [19.7-29.5] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = 0.026) and lower peak CI (5.0 [4.7-6.3] vs. 7.4 [7.0-8.8] L·min-1/m2, P = 0.004) without a significant difference in a-vO2diff (14.4 [11.8-16.9] vs. 13.6 [10.9-15.4] mLO2/dL, P = 0.589). CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive measurement of peak VO2 Fick determinants is feasible and reliable with an ExeCMR + CPET protocol in those treated for a hematologic malignancy and may offer insight into the mechanisms of exercise intolerance in those experiencing fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Canada
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - John McCarty
- Division of Hematology, Oncology & Palliative Care, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jordan
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cory R Trankle
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kevin DeCamp
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Josh D West
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Mary Ann Reynolds
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Rachel Myers
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Katey Sweat
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Virginia McGhee
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W Gregory Hundley
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 E. Broad Street, P.O. Box 980335, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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Morales MA, Assana S, Cai X, Chow K, Haji-Valizadeh H, Sai E, Tsao C, Matos J, Rodriguez J, Berg S, Whitehead N, Pierce P, Goddu B, Manning WJ, Nezafat R. An inline deep learning based free-breathing ECG-free cine for exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2022; 24:47. [PMID: 35948936 PMCID: PMC9367083 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-022-00879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (Ex-CMR) is a promising stress imaging test for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, Ex-CMR requires accelerated imaging techniques that result in significant aliasing artifacts. Our goal was to develop and evaluate a free-breathing and electrocardiogram (ECG)-free real-time cine with deep learning (DL)-based radial acceleration for Ex-CMR. METHODS A 3D (2D + time) convolutional neural network was implemented to suppress artifacts from aliased radial cine images. The network was trained using synthetic real-time radial cine images simulated using breath-hold, ECG-gated segmented Cartesian k-space data acquired at 3 T from 503 patients at rest. A prototype real-time radial sequence with acceleration rate = 12 was used to collect images with inline DL reconstruction. Performance was evaluated in 8 healthy subjects in whom only rest images were collected. Subsequently, 14 subjects (6 healthy and 8 patients with suspected CAD) were prospectively recruited for an Ex-CMR to evaluate image quality. At rest (n = 22), standard breath-hold ECG-gated Cartesian segmented cine and free-breathing ECG-free real-time radial cine images were acquired. During post-exercise stress (n = 14), only real-time radial cine images were acquired. Three readers evaluated residual artifact level in all collected images on a 4-point Likert scale (1-non-diagnostic, 2-severe, 3-moderate, 4-minimal). RESULTS The DL model substantially suppressed artifacts in real-time radial cine images acquired at rest and during post-exercise stress. In real-time images at rest, 89.4% of scores were moderate to minimal. The mean score was 3.3 ± 0.7, representing increased (P < 0.001) artifacts compared to standard cine (3.9 ± 0.3). In real-time images during post-exercise stress, 84.6% of scores were moderate to minimal, and the mean artifact level score was 3.1 ± 0.6. Comparison of left-ventricular (LV) measures derived from standard and real-time cine at rest showed differences in LV end-diastolic volume (3.0 mL [- 11.7, 17.8], P = 0.320) that were not significantly different from zero. Differences in measures of LV end-systolic volume (7.0 mL [- 1.3, 15.3], P < 0.001) and LV ejection fraction (- 5.0% [- 11.1, 1.0], P < 0.001) were significant. Total inline reconstruction time of real-time radial images was 16.6 ms per frame. CONCLUSIONS Our proof-of-concept study demonstrated the feasibility of inline real-time cine with DL-based radial acceleration for Ex-CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Morales
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Salah Assana
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaoying Cai
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelvin Chow
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hassan Haji-Valizadeh
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Eiryu Sai
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Connie Tsao
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jason Matos
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sophie Berg
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Neal Whitehead
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrick Pierce
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Beth Goddu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Warren J Manning
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Nezafat
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Hastings MH, Herrera JJ, Guseh JS, Atlason B, Houstis NE, Abdul Kadir A, Li H, Sheffield C, Singh AP, Roh JD, Day SM, Rosenzweig A. Animal Models of Exercise From Rodents to Pythons. Circ Res 2022; 130:1994-2014. [PMID: 35679366 PMCID: PMC9202075 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic animal models of exercise are commonly used in research. Acute exercise testing is used, often in combination with genetic, pharmacological, or other manipulations, to study the impact of these manipulations on the cardiovascular response to exercise and to detect impairments or improvements in cardiovascular function that may not be evident at rest. Chronic exercise conditioning models are used to study the cardiac phenotypic response to regular exercise training and as a platform for discovery of novel pathways mediating cardiovascular benefits conferred by exercise conditioning that could be exploited therapeutically. The cardiovascular benefits of exercise are well established, and, frequently, molecular manipulations that mimic the pathway changes induced by exercise recapitulate at least some of its benefits. This review discusses approaches for assessing cardiovascular function during an acute exercise challenge in rodents, as well as practical and conceptual considerations in the use of common rodent exercise conditioning models. The case for studying feeding in the Burmese python as a model for exercise-like physiological adaptation is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Hastings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Jonathan J Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.J.H.)
| | - J Sawalla Guseh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Bjarni Atlason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Nicholas E Houstis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Azrul Abdul Kadir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Haobo Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Cedric Sheffield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Anand P Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Jason D Roh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine' University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.M.D.)
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.H.H., J.S.G., B.A., N.E.H., A.A.K., H.L., C.S., A.P.S., J.D.R., A.R.)
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7
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He B, Chen Y, Wang L, Yang Y, Xia C, Zheng J, Gao F. Compact MR-compatible ergometer and its application in cardiac MR under exercise stress: A preliminary study. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1927-1936. [PMID: 35649186 PMCID: PMC9545047 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a compact MR‐compatible ergometer for exercise stress and to initially evaluate the reproducibility of myocardial native T1 and myocardial blood flow (MBF) measurements during exercise stress performed on this ergometer. Methods The compact ergometer consists of exercise, workload, and data processing components. The exercise stress can be achieved by pedaling on a pair of cylinders at a predefined frequency with adjustable resistances. Ten healthy subjects were recruited to perform cardiac MRI scans twice in a 3.0T MR scanner, at different days to assess reproducibility. Myocardial native T1 and MBF were acquired at rest and during a moderate exercise. The reproducibility of the two tests was determined by the intra‐group correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CoV). Results The mean exercise intensity in this pilot study was 45 Watts (W), with an exercise duration of 5 min. Stress induced a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (from 113 ± 11 mmHg to 141 ± 12, P < 0.05) and maximal increase in heart rate by 74 ± 19%. The rate pressure product increased two‐fold (P < 0.001). Excellent reproducibility was demonstrated in native T1 during the exercise (CoV = 3.0%), whereas the reproducibility of MBF and myocardial perfusion reserve during the exercise was also good (CoV = 10.7% and 8.8%, respectively). Conclusion This pilot study demonstrated that it is possible to acquire reproducible measurements of myocardial native T1 and MBF during the exercise stress in healthy volunteers using our new compact ergometer. Click here for author‐reader discussions
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yushu Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chunchao Xia
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Nguyen Nguyen N, Assad JG, Femia G, Schuster A, Otton J, Nguyen TL. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in troponinemia syndromes. World J Cardiol 2022; 14:190-205. [PMID: 35582465 PMCID: PMC9048277 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i4.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an evolving technology, proving to be a highly accurate tool for quantitative assessment. Most recently, it has been increasingly used in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of conditions involving an elevation in troponin or troponinemia. Although an elevation in troponin is a nonspecific marker of myocardial tissue damage, it is a frequently ordered investigation leaving many patients without a specific diagnosis. Fortunately, the advent of newer cardiac MRI protocols can provide additional information. In this review, we discuss several conditions associated with an elevation in troponin such as myocardial infarction, myocarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, coronavirus disease 2019 related cardiac dysfunction and athlete’s heart syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph George Assad
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Femia
- Department of Cardiology, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown 2560, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Schuster
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - James Otton
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, NSW, Australia
| | - Tuan Le Nguyen
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool 2170, NSW, Australia
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9
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Validation and quantification of left ventricular function during exercise and free breathing from real-time cardiac magnetic resonance images. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5611. [PMID: 35379859 PMCID: PMC8979972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can unmask cardiac pathology not evident at rest. Real-time CMR in free breathing can be used, but respiratory motion may compromise quantification of left ventricular (LV) function. We aimed to develop and validate a post-processing algorithm that semi-automatically sorts real-time CMR images according to breathing to facilitate quantification of LV function in free breathing exercise. A semi-automatic algorithm utilizing manifold learning (Laplacian Eigenmaps) was developed for respiratory sorting. Feasibility was tested in eight healthy volunteers and eight patients who underwent ECG-gated and real-time CMR at rest. Additionally, volunteers performed exercise CMR at 60% of maximum heart rate. The algorithm was validated for exercise by comparing LV mass during exercise to rest. Respiratory sorting to end expiration and end inspiration (processing time 20 to 40 min) succeeded in all research participants. Bias ± SD for LV mass was 0 ± 5 g when comparing real-time CMR at rest, and 0 ± 7 g when comparing real-time CMR during exercise to ECG-gated at rest. This study presents a semi-automatic algorithm to retrospectively perform respiratory sorting in free breathing real-time CMR. This can facilitate implementation of exercise CMR with non-ECG-gated free breathing real-time imaging, without any additional physiological input.
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10
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Alhumaid W, Small SD, Kirkham AA, Becher H, Pituskin E, Prado CM, Thompson RB, Haykowsky MJ, Paterson DI. A Contemporary Review of the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiac Structure and Function and Cardiovascular Risk Profile: Insights From Imaging. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:753652. [PMID: 35265675 PMCID: PMC8898950 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.753652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a commonly prescribed therapy for patients with established cardiovascular disease or those at high risk for de novo disease. Exercise-based, multidisciplinary programs have been associated with improved clinical outcomes post myocardial infarction and is now recommended for patients with cancer at elevated risk for cardiovascular complications. Imaging studies have documented numerous beneficial effects of exercise on cardiac structure and function, vascular function and more recently on the cardiovascular risk profile. In this contemporary review, we will discuss the effects of exercise training on imaging-derived cardiovascular outcomes. For cardiac imaging via echocardiography or magnetic resonance, we will review the effects of exercise on left ventricular function and remodeling in patients with established or at risk for cardiac disease (myocardial infarction, heart failure, cancer survivors), and the potential utility of exercise stress to assess cardiac reserve. Exercise training also has salient effects on vascular function and health including the attenuation of age-associated arterial stiffness and thickening as assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Finally, we will review recent data on the relationship between exercise training and regional adipose tissue deposition, an emerging marker of cardiovascular risk. Imaging provides comprehensive and accurate quantification of cardiac, vascular and cardiometabolic health, and may allow refinement of risk stratification in select patient populations. Future studies are needed to evaluate the clinical utility of novel imaging metrics following exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alhumaid
- Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Amy A. Kirkham
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harald Becher
- Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edith Pituskin
- Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carla M. Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard B. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mark J. Haykowsky
- Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D. Ian Paterson
- Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: D. Ian Paterson
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11
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Palmisano A, Darvizeh F, Cundari G, Rovere G, Ferrandino G, Nicoletti V, Cilia F, De Vizio S, Palumbo R, Esposito A, Francone M. Advanced cardiac imaging in athlete's heart: unravelling the grey zone between physiologic adaptation and pathology. Radiol Med 2021; 126:1518-1531. [PMID: 34420142 PMCID: PMC8380417 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-021-01411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, interest toward athlete’s heart has progressively increased, leading to improve the knowledge on exercise-induced heart modifications. Sport may act as a trigger for life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with structural or electrical abnormalities, hence requiring to improve the diagnostic capability to differentiate physiological from pathological remodeling. Pathological alterations are often subtle at the initial stages; therefore, the challenge is to promptly identify athletes at risk of sudden cardiac death during the pre-participation screening protocols. Advanced imaging modalities such as coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can non-invasively depict coronary vessels and provide a deep morpho-functional and structural characterization of the myocardium, in order to rule out pathological life threatening alterations, which may overlap with athletes’ heart remodeling. The purpose of the present narrative review is to provide an overview of most frequent diagnostic challenges, defining the boundaries between athlete's heart remodeling and pathological structural alteration with a focus on the role and importance of CCTA and CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palmisano
- Experimental Imaging Center, Radiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Darvizeh
- Experimental Imaging Center, Radiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Cundari
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rovere
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences -Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Fondazione, Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Nicoletti
- Experimental Imaging Center, Radiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilia
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Vizio
- Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences -Section of Radiology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Fondazione, Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Palumbo
- School of Radiology, Campus BioMedico Univerisity, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Experimental Imaging Center, Radiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Francone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Pushparajah K, Duong P. Real-Time Exercise Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Tetralogy of Fallot: A Tool for Revisiting a Clinical Conundrum. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:e013209. [PMID: 34384225 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.121.013209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuberan Pushparajah
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London (K.P., P.D.).,Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (K.P.)
| | - Phuoc Duong
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London (K.P., P.D.).,Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Alderhey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (P.D.)
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13
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Cardiac Imaging in Athlete's Heart: The Role of the Radiologist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050455. [PMID: 34066957 PMCID: PMC8148528 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Athlete’s heart (AH) is the result of morphological and functional cardiac modifications due to long-lasting athletic training. Athletes can develop very marked structural myocardial changes, which may simulate or cover unknown cardiomyopathies. The differential diagnosis between AH and cardiomyopathy is necessary to prevent the risk of catastrophic events, such as sudden cardiac death, but it can be a challenging task. The improvement of the imaging modalities and the introduction of the new technologies in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) can allow overcoming this challenge. Therefore, the radiologist, specialized in cardiac imaging, could have a pivotal role in the differential diagnosis between structural adaptative changes observed in the AH and pathological anomalies of cardiomyopathies. In this review, we summarize the main CMR and CCT techniques to evaluate the cardiac morphology, function, and tissue characterization, and we analyze the imaging features of the AH and the key differences with the main cardiomyopathies.
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14
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Le TT, Ang BWY, Bryant JA, Chin CY, Yeo KK, Wong PEH, Ho KW, Tan JWC, Lee PT, Chin CWL, Cook SA. Multiparametric exercise stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: the EMPIRE trial. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2021; 23:17. [PMID: 33658056 PMCID: PMC7931509 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-021-00705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers assessment of ventricular function, myocardial perfusion and viability in a single examination to detect coronary artery disease (CAD). We developed an in-scanner exercise stress CMR (ExCMR) protocol using supine cycle ergometer and aimed to examine the diagnostic value of a multiparametric approach in patients with suspected CAD, compared with invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) as the reference gold standard. METHODS In this single-centre prospective study, patients who had symptoms of angina and at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor underwent both ExCMR and invasive angiography with FFR. Rest-based left ventricular function (ejection fraction, regional wall motion abnormalities), tissue characteristics and exercise stress-derived (perfusion defects, inducible regional wall motion abnormalities and peak exercise cardiac index percentile-rank) CMR parameters were evaluated in the study. RESULTS In the 60 recruited patients with intermediate CAD risk, 50% had haemodynamically significant CAD based on FFR. Of all the CMR parameters assessed, the late gadolinium enhancement, stress-inducible regional wall motion abnormalities, perfusion defects and peak exercise cardiac index percentile-rank were independently associated with FFR-positive CAD. Indeed, this multiparametric approach offered the highest incremental diagnostic value compared to a clinical risk model (χ2 for the diagnosis of FFR-positive increased from 7.6 to 55.9; P < 0.001) and excellent performance [c-statistic area under the curve 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94-1.00)] in discriminating between FFR-normal and FFR-positive patients. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the clinical potential of using in-scanner multiparametric ExCMR to accurately diagnose CAD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03217227, Registered 11 July 2017-Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03217227?id=NCT03217227&draw=2&rank=1&load=cart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thao Le
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Briana W Y Ang
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | - Jennifer A Bryant
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Yang Chin
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khung Keong Yeo
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip E H Wong
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kay Woon Ho
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack W C Tan
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phong Teck Lee
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Calvin W L Chin
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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15
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Trankle CR, Canada JM, Jordan JH, Truong U, Hundley WG. Exercise Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: A Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:720-754. [PMID: 33655592 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While pharmacologic stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a robust noninvasive tool in the diagnosis and prognostication of epicardial coronary artery disease, clinical guidelines recommend exercise-based testing in those patients who can exercise. This review describes the development of exercise cardiovascular MRI protocols, summarizes the insights across various patient populations, and highlights future research initiatives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R Trankle
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Justin M Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jordan
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Uyen Truong
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - W Gregory Hundley
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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16
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Kirkham AA, Goonasekera MV, Mattiello BC, Grenier JG, Haykowsky MJ, Thompson RB. Reliability and reproducibility of cardiac MRI quantification of peak exercise function with long-axis views. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245912. [PMID: 33539447 PMCID: PMC7861545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional approach to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) involving breath holds, electrocardiography-gating, and acquisition of a short-axis (SAX) image stack, introduces technical and logistical challenges for assessing exercise left ventricular (LV) function. Real-time, free-breathing CMR acquisition of long-axis (LAX) images overcomes these issues and also enables assessment of global longitudinal strain (GLS). We evaluated the reliability of a free-breathing LAX approach compared to the standard SAX approach and the reproducibility of free-breathing LAX. LV SAX (contiguous stack) and LAX (two-chamber and four-chamber) 3T CMR cine images were acquired four times within one scan in 32 women with cardiovascular risk factors (56±10 years, 28±4 kg/m2) as follows: 1) resting, gated-segmented, end-expiration breath-hold; 2) resting, real-time, free-breathing; 3) test-retest set of resting, real-time, free-breathing; 4) peak exercise (incremental-to-maximum, in-magnet, stepper test), real-time, free-breathing. A second scan was performed within one week in a subset (n = 5) to determine reproducibility of peak exercise measures. Reliability and agreement of the free-breathing LAX approach with the conventional SAX approach were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots, respectively. Normal control GLS reserve was also acquired in a separate set of 12 young, healthy control women (25±4 years, 22±2 kg/m2) for comparison. Comparisons of LV volumes and function among all techniques at rest had good-to-excellent reliability (ICC = 0.80-0.96), and excellent reliability between peak exercise free-breathing LAX and SAX evaluations (ICC = 0.92-0.96). Higher resting heart rates with free-breathing acquisitions compared to breath-hold (mean difference, limits of agreement: 5, 1-12 beats per minute) reduced reliability for cardiac output (ICC = 0.67-0.79). Reproducibility of the free-breathing LAX approach was good-to-excellent at rest and peak exercise (ICC = 0.74-0.99). GLS exercise reserve was impaired in older women at cardiovascular risk compared to young healthy women (-4.7±2.3% vs -7.4±2.1%, p = 0.001). Real-time, free-breathing CMR with LAX evaluation provides a reliable and reproducible method to assess rest and peak exercise cardiac function, including GLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Kirkham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Brenna C. Mattiello
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin G. Grenier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark J. Haykowsky
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard B. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Eck BL, Flamm SD, Kwon DH, Tang WHW, Vasquez CP, Seiberlich N. Cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting: Trends in technical development and potential clinical applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:11-22. [PMID: 33632415 PMCID: PMC8366914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged in recent years as an approach for evaluating a range of cardiovascular conditions, with T1 and T2 mapping at the forefront of these developments. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (cMRF) provides a rapid and robust framework for simultaneous quantification of myocardial T1 and T2 in addition to other tissue properties. Since the advent of cMRF, a number of technical developments and clinical validation studies have been reported. This review provides an overview of cMRF, recent technical developments, healthy subject and patient studies, anticipated technical improvements, and potential clinical applications. Recent technical developments include slice profile and pulse efficiency corrections, improvements in image reconstruction, simultaneous multislice imaging, 3D whole-ventricle imaging, motion-resolved imaging, fat-water separation, and machine learning for rapid dictionary generation. Future technical developments in cMRF, such as B0 and B1 field mapping, acceleration of acquisition and reconstruction, imaging of patients with implanted devices, and quantification of additional tissue properties are also described. Potential clinical applications include characterization of infiltrative, inflammatory, and ischemic cardiomyopathies, tissue characterization in the left atrium and right ventricle, post-cardiac transplantation assessment, reduction of contrast material, pre-procedural planning for electrophysiology interventions, and imaging of patients with implanted devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L Eck
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Scott D Flamm
- Heart and Vascular Institute and Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Deborah H Kwon
- Heart and Vascular Institute and Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Claudia Prieto Vasquez
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK.
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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18
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Craven TP, Tsao CW, La Gerche A, Simonetti OP, Greenwood JP. Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: development, current utility and future applications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:65. [PMID: 32907587 PMCID: PMC7488086 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress cardiac imaging is the current first line investigation for coronary artery disease diagnosis and decision making and an adjunctive tool in a range of non-ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (Ex-CMR) has developed over the past 25 years to combine the superior image qualities of CMR with the preferred method of exercise stress. Presently, numerous exercise methods exist, from performing stress on an adjacent CMR compatible treadmill to in-scanner exercise, most commonly on a supine cycle ergometer. Cardiac conditions studied by Ex-CMR are broad, commonly investigating ischaemic heart disease and congenital heart disease but extending to pulmonary hypertension and diabetic heart disease. This review presents an in-depth assessment of the various Ex-CMR stress methods and the varied pulse sequence approaches, including those specially designed for Ex-CMR. Current and future developments in image acquisition are highlighted, and will likely lead to a much greater clinical use of Ex-CMR across a range of cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Craven
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Connie W Tsao
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, RW-453, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- National Centre for Sports Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | - John P Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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19
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Chew PG, Swoboda PP, Ferguson C, Garg P, Cook AL, Ibeggazene S, Brown LAE, Craven TP, Foley JR, Fent GJ, Saunderson CE, Higgins DM, Plein S, Birch KM, Greenwood JP. Feasibility and reproducibility of a cardiovascular magnetic resonance free-breathing, multi-shot, navigated image acquisition technique for ventricular volume quantification during continuous exercise. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:1837-1851. [PMID: 32879861 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) image acquisition techniques during exercise typically requires either transient cessation of exercise or complex post-processing, potentially compromising clinical utility. We evaluated the feasibility and reproducibility of a navigated image acquisition method for ventricular volumes assessment during continuous physical exercise. Methods Ten healthy volunteers underwent supine cycle ergometer (Lode) exercise CMR on two separate occasions using a free-breathing, multi-shot, navigated, balanced steady-state free precession cine pulse sequence. Images were acquired at 3-stages, baseline and during steady-state exercise at 55% and 75% maximal heart rate (HRmax), based on a prior supine cardiopulmonary exercise test. Intra-and inter-observer variability and inter-scan reproducibility were derived. Clinical feasibility was tested in a separate cohort of patients with severe mitral regurgitation (n=6). Results End-diastolic volume (EDV) of both LV and RV decreased during exercise at 55% and 75% HRmax, although a reduction in RVEDV index was only observed at 75% HRmax. Ejection fractions (EF) for both ventricles were significantly higher at 75% HRmax compared to their respective baselines (LVEF 68%±3% vs. 58%±5%, P=0.001; RVEF 66%±4% vs. 58%±7%, P=0.02). Intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility of LV parameters was excellent at all 3-stages. Although measurements of RVESV were more variable during exercise, the reproducibility of both RVEF and RV cardiac index was excellent (CV <10%). Inter-scan LV and RV ejection fraction were highly reproducible at all 3 stages, although inter-scan reproducibility of indexed RVESV was only moderate. The protocol was well tolerated by all patients. Conclusions Exercise CMR using a free-breathing, multi-shot, navigated cine imaging method allows simultaneous assessment of left and right ventricular volumes during continuous exercise. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility were excellent. Inter-scan LV and RV ejection fraction were also highly reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei G Chew
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter P Swoboda
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Abigail L Cook
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Said Ibeggazene
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise A E Brown
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas P Craven
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James R Foley
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graham J Fent
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher E Saunderson
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sven Plein
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen M Birch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John P Greenwood
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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20
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Ruijsink B, Velasco Forte MN, Duong P, Asner L, Pushparajah K, Frigiola A, Nordsletten D, Razavi R. Synergy in the heart: RV systolic function plays a key role in optimizing LV performance during exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H642-H650. [PMID: 32762556 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00256.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The right ventricle (RV) is often overlooked in the evaluation of cardiac performance and treatment of left ventricular (LV) heart diseases. However, recent evidence suggests the RV may play an important role in maintaining systemic cardiac function and delivering stroke volume (SV). We used exercise cardiac magnetic resonance and biomechanical modeling to investigate the role of the RV in LV stroke volume regulation. We studied SV augmentation during exercise by pharmacologically inducing negative chronotropy (sHRi) in healthy volunteers and investigating training-induced SV augmentation in endurance athletes. SV augmentation during exercise after sHRi is achieved differently in the two ventricles. In the RV, the larger SV is driven by increasing contraction down to lower end-systolic volume (ESV; P < 0.001). In the LV, SV augmentation is achieved through an increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV; P < 0.001), avoiding contraction to a lower ESV. The same mechanism underlies the enhanced SV response observed in athletes. Changes in atrial area during SV augmentation suggest that the improved LV EDV response is sustained by the larger RV contractions. Using our biomechanical model, we explain this behavior by showing that the RV systolic function-driven regulation of LV SV optimizes the energetic cost of LV contraction and leads to minimization of the total costs of biventricular contraction. In conclusion, this work provides mechanistic understanding of the pivotal role of the RV in optimizing LV SV during exercise. It demonstrates why optimizing RV function needs to become a key part of therapeutic strategies in patients and training for athletes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The right ventricle appears to have an important impact on maintaining systemic cardiac function and delivering stroke volume. However, its exact role in supporting left ventricular function has so far been unclear. This study demonstrates a new mechanism of ventricular interaction that provides mechanistic understanding of the key importance of the right ventricle in driving cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruijsink
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.,Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - M N Velasco Forte
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.,Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Duong
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.,Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Asner
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Pushparajah
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.,Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Frigiola
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Nordsletten
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - R Razavi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.,Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Foulkes SJ, Howden EJ, Antill Y, Loi S, Salim A, Haykowsky MJ, Daly RM, Fraser SF, La Gerche A. Exercise as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for preventing cardiovascular morbidity in breast cancer patients- the BReast cancer EXercise InTervention (BREXIT) trial protocol. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:655. [PMID: 32664946 PMCID: PMC7362469 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracycline chemotherapy (AC) is an efficacious (neo) adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer (BCa), but is associated with an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction and functional disability. Observations suggest that regular exercise may be a useful therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity but it is yet to be interrogated in a large randomised trial. The primary aims of this study are to: 1) determine if 12-months of ET commenced at the onset of AC can reduce the proportion of BCa patients with functional disability (peak VO2, < 18 ml/kg/min), and 2) compare current standard-of-care for detecting cardiac dysfunction (resting left-ventricular ejection fraction assessed from 3-dimensional echocardiography) to measures of cardiac reserve (peak exercise cardiac output assessed from exercise cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) for predicting the development of functional disability 12-months following AC. Secondary aims are to assess the effects of ET on VO2peak, left ventricular morphology, vascular stiffness, cardiac biomarkers, body composition, bone mineral density, muscle strength, physical function, habitual physical activity, cognitive function, and multidimensional quality of life. METHODS One hundred women with early-stage BCa (40-75 years) scheduled for AC will be randomized to 12-months of structured exercise training (n = 50) or a usual care control group (n = 50). Participants will be assessed at baseline, 4-weeks following completion of AC (4-months) and at 12-months for all measures. DISCUSSION Women diagnosed with early-stage BCa have increased cardiac mortality. More sensitive strategies for diagnosing and preventing AC-induced cardiovascular impairment are critical for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and improving long-term health outcomes in BCa survivors. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia & New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), ID: 12617001408370 . Registered on 5th of October 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Foulkes
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Erin J Howden
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Yoland Antill
- Melbourne Cancer Care, Cabrini Health, Brighton, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Translational Breast Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Agus Salim
- Department of Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Populatoin and Global Health; School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Steve F Fraser
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- National Centre for Sports Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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22
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Maestrini V, Torlasco C, Hughes R, Moon JC. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Sport Cardiology: a Growing Role in Clinical Dilemmas. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 13:296-305. [PMID: 32436168 PMCID: PMC7360536 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training induces morphological and functional cardiovascular adaptation known as the "athlete's heart" with changes including dilatation, hypertrophy, and increased stroke volume. These changes may overlap with pathological appearances. Distinguishing athletic cardiac remodelling from cardiomyopathy is important and is a frequent medical dilemma. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has a role in clinical care as it can refine discrimination of health from a disease where ECG and echocardiography alone have left or generated uncertainty. CMR can more precisely assess cardiac structure and function as well as characterise the myocardium detecting key changes including myocardial scar and diffuse fibrosis. In this review, we will review the role of CMR in sports cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Torlasco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, S.Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca Hughes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, Advanced Cardiac Imaging and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK.
- Barts Heart Centre, Advanced Cardiac Imaging and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK.
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23
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Le TT, Bryant JA, Ang BWY, Pua CJ, Su B, Ho PY, Lim S, Huang W, Lee PT, Tang HC, Chin CT, Tan BY, Cook SA, Chin CWL. The application of exercise stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:10. [PMID: 32008575 PMCID: PMC6996168 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-0598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The imaging features of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) overlap with physiological exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in active and otherwise healthy individuals. Distinguishing the two conditions is challenging. This study examined the diagnostic and prognostic roles of exercise stress imaging in asymptomatic patients with suspected DCM. METHODS Exercise stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed in 60 asymptomatic patients with suspected DCM (dilated left ventricle and/or impaired systolic function on CMR), who also underwent DNA sequencing for DCM-causing genetic variants. Confirmed DCM was defined as genotype- and phenotype-positive (G+P+). Another 100 healthy subjects were recruited to establish normal exercise capacities (peak exercise cardiac index; PeakCI). The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiac decompensation and ventricular arrhythmic events. RESULTS No patients with confirmed G+P+ DCM had PeakCI exceeding the 35th percentile specific for age and sex. Applying this threshold in G-P+ patients, those with PeakCI below 35th percentile had characteristics similar to confirmed DCM while patients with higher PeakCI were younger, more active and higher longitudinal strain. Adverse cardiovascular events occurred only in patients with low exercise capacity (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In individuals with suspected DCM, exercise stress CMR demonstrates diagnostic and prognostic potential in distinguishing between pathological DCM and physiological exercise-induced cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thao Le
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Ann Bryant
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Briana Wei Yin Ang
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Jian Pua
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boyang Su
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yi Ho
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiqi Lim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiting Huang
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phong Teck Lee
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hak Chiaw Tang
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Tang Chin
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Yew Tan
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart Alexander Cook
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Calvin Woon-Loong Chin
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Sciences ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Manning WJ. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: 2017/2018 in review. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2019; 21:79. [PMID: 31884956 PMCID: PMC6936125 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-019-0594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There were 89 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2017, including 76 original research papers, 4 reviews, 5 technical notes, 1 guideline, and 3 corrections. The volume was down slightly from 2017 with a corresponding 15% decrease in manuscript submissions from 405 to 346 and thus reflects a slight increase in the acceptance rate from 25 to 26%. The decrease in submissions for the year followed the initiation of the increased author processing charge (APC) for Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) members for manuscripts submitted after June 30, 2018. The quality of the submissions continues to be high. The 2018 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2019) was slightly lower at 5.1 (vs. 5.46 for 2017; as published in June 2018. The 2018 impact factor means that on average, each JCMR published in 2016 and 2017 was cited 5.1 times in 2018. Our 5 year impact factor was 5.82.In accordance with Open-Access publishing guidelines of BMC, the JCMR articles are published on-line in a continuus fashion in the chronologic order of acceptance, with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, over the years, the Editors have felt that it is useful for the JCMR audience to annually summarize the publications into broad areas of interest or themes, so that readers can view areas of interest in a single article in relation to each other and contemporaneous JCMR publications. In this publication, the manuscripts are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought within the journal. In addition, as in the past two years, I have used this publication to also convey information regarding the editorial process and as a "State of our JCMR."This is the 12th year of JCMR as an open-access publication with BMC (formerly known as Biomed Central). The timing of the JCMR transition to the open access platform was "ahead of the curve" and a tribute to the vision of Dr. Matthias Friedrich, the SCMR Publications Committee Chair and Dr. Dudley Pennell, the JCMR editor-in-chief at the time. The open-access system has dramatically increased the reading and citation of JCMR publications and I hope that you, our authors, will continue to send your very best, high quality manuscripts to JCMR for consideration. It takes a village to run a journal and I thank our very dedicated Associate Editors, Guest Editors, Reviewers for their efforts to ensure that the review process occurs in a timely and responsible manner. These efforts have allowed the JCMR to continue as the premier journal of our field. This entire process would also not be possible without the dedication and efforts of our managing editor, Diana Gethers. Finally, I thank you for entrusting me with the editorship of the JCMR as I begin my 4th year as your editor-in-chief. It has been a tremendous experience for me and the opportunity to review manuscripts that reflect the best in our field remains a great joy and highlight of my week!
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Manning
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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25
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Shaikh F, Anklesaria Z, Shagroni T, Saggar R, Gargani L, Bossone E, Ryan M, Channick R, Saggar R. A review of exercise pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2019; 4:225-237. [PMID: 35382504 DOI: 10.1177/2397198319851653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In general, pulmonary vascular disease has important negative prognostic implications, regardless of the associated condition or underlying mechanism. In this regard, systemic sclerosis is of particular interest as it is the most common connective tissue disease associated with pulmonary hypertension, and a well-recognized at-risk population. In the setting of systemic sclerosis and unexplained dyspnea, the concept of using exercise to probe for underlying pulmonary vascular disease has acquired significant interest. In theory, a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis-associated exercise pulmonary hypertension may allow for earlier therapeutic intervention and a favorable alteration in the natural history of the pulmonary vascular disease. In the context of underlying systemic sclerosis, the purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the evolving definition of exercise pulmonary hypertension, the current role and methodologies for non-invasive and invasive exercise testing, and the importance of the right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Shaikh
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rajeev Saggar
- Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Luna Gargani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Michael Ryan
- Central Coast Chest Consultants, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | | | - Rajan Saggar
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Sedivy P, Dezortova M, Rydlo J, Drobny M, Krssak M, Valkovic L, Hajek M. MR compatible ergometers for dynamic 31P MRS. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:91-98. [PMID: 34907736 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2019.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance (MR) compatible ergometers are specialized ergometers used inside the MR scanners for the characterization of tissue metabolism changes during physical stress. They are most commonly used for dynamic phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS), but can also be used for lactate production measurements, perfusion studies using arterial spin labelling or muscle oxygenation measurements by blood oxygen dependent contrast sequences. We will primarily discuss the importance of ergometers in the context of dynamic 31P MRS. Dynamic 31P MRS can monitor muscle fatigue and energy reserve during muscle contractions as well as the dynamics of recuperation of skeletal muscle tissue during the following recovery through signal changes of phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Based on the measured data it is possible to calculate intracellular pH, metabolic flux of ATP through creatine-kinase reaction, anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic parameters as mitochondrial capacity. This review primarily focuses on describing various technical designs of MR compatible ergometers for dynamic 31P MRS that must be constructed with respect to the presence of magnetic field. It is also expected that the construction of ergometers will be easy for the handling and well accepted by examined subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sedivy
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MR-unit, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dezortova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MR-unit, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rydlo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MR-unit, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Drobny
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MR-unit, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krssak
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine III & High Field MR Centre, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image guided Therapy, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging (MOLIMA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ladislav Valkovic
- University of Oxford, RDM Cardiovascular Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical MR Research (OCMR), Oxford, United Kingdom.,Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Measurement Science, Department of Imaging Methods, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Hajek
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MR-unit, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Abstract
Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive cardiovascular response to exercise is crucial to prevent the unnecessary termination of an athlete's career and to minimize the risk of sudden death. This is a challenging task essentially due to the substantial phenotypic overlap between electrical and structural changes seen in the physiological athletic heart remodeling and pathological changes seen in inherited or acquired cardiomyopathies. Stress testing is an ideal tool to discriminate normal from abnormal cardiovascular response by unmasking subtle pathologic responses otherwise undetectable at rest. Treadmill or bicycle electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing are common clinical investigations used in sports cardiology, specifically among participants presenting with resting electrocardiographic abnormalities, frequent premature ventricular beats, or non-sustained ventricular arrhythmias. In this setting, as well as in cases of left ventricular hypertrophy or asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, stress imaging and myocardial tissue characterization by cardiovascular magnetic resonance show promise. In this review, we aimed to reappraise current diagnostic schemes, screening strategies and novel approaches that may be used to distinguish adaptive remodeling patterns to physical exercise from early phenotypes of inherited or acquired pathological conditions commanding prompt intervention.
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28
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Effects of left atrium on intraventricular flow in numerical simulations. Comput Biol Med 2019; 106:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Habert P, Bentatou Z, Aldebert P, Finas M, Bartoli A, Bal L, Lalande A, Rapacchi S, Guye M, Kober F, Bernard M, Jacquier A. Exercise stress CMR reveals reduced aortic distensibility and impaired right-ventricular adaptation to exercise in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208749. [PMID: 30596647 PMCID: PMC6312273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of exercise cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (RTOF) and to assess right and left ventricular adaptation and aortic wall response to exercise in comparison with volunteers. METHODS 11 RTOF and 11 volunteers underwent prospective CMR at rest and during exercise. A supine bicycle ergometer was employed to reach twice the resting heart rate during continuous exercise, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. Bi-ventricular parameters and aortic stiffness were assessed using accelerated cine sequences and flow-encoding CMR. A t-test was used to compare values between groups. A Mann Whitney test was used to compare values within groups. RESULTS In RTOF both ventricles showed an impaired contractile reserve (RVEF rest 36.2±8.3%, +1.3±3.9% increase after exercise; LVEF rest 53.8±6.1%, +5.7±6.4% increase after exercise) compared to volunteers (RVEF rest 50.5±5.0%, +10.4±7.1% increase after exercise, p = 0.039; LVEF rest 61.9±3.1%, +12.2±4.7% increase after exercise, p = 0.014). RTOF showed a reduced distensibility of the ascending aorta during exercise compared to volunteers (RTOF: 3.4±1.9 10-3.mmHg-1 vs volunteers: 5.1±1.4 10-3.mmHg-1; p = 0.027). Ascending aorta distensibility was correlated to cardiac work in the volunteers but not in RTOF. CONCLUSION RTOF showed an impaired contractile reserve for both ventricles. The exercise unmasked a reduced distensibility of the ascending aorta in RTOF, which may be an early sign of increased aortic rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Habert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- Department of Radiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Philippe Aldebert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Axel Bartoli
- Department of Radiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Bal
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Medicine, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Lalande
- LE2I, UMR 6306 CNRS, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
- MRI Department, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Maxime Guye
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kober
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Alexis Jacquier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- Department of Radiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
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30
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Manning WJ. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2017. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2018; 20:89. [PMID: 30593280 PMCID: PMC6309095 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-018-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There were 106 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2017, including 92 original research papers, 3 reviews, 9 technical notes, and 1 Position paper, 1 erratum and 1 correction. The volume was similar to 2016 despite an increase in manuscript submissions to 405 and thus reflects a slight decrease in the acceptance rate to 26.7%. The quality of the submissions continues to be high. The 2017 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2018) was minimally lower at 5.46 (vs. 5.71 for 2016; as published in June 2017), which is the second highest impact factor ever recorded for JCMR. The 2017 impact factor means that an average, each JCMR paper that were published in 2015 and 2016 was cited 5.46 times in 2017.In accordance with Open-Access publishing of Biomed Central, the JCMR articles are published on-line in continuus fashion and in the chronologic order of acceptance, with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, over the years, the Editors have felt that it is useful to annually summarize the publications into broad areas of interest or theme, so that readers can view areas of interest in a single article in relation to each other and other contemporary JCMR articles. In this publication, the manuscripts are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought within the journal. In addition, I have elected to use this format to convey information regarding the editorial process to the readership.I hope that you find the open-access system increases wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your very best, high quality manuscripts to JCMR for consideration. I thank our very dedicated Associate Editors, Guest Editors, and Reviewers for their efforts to ensure that the review process occurs in a timely and responsible manner and that the JCMR continues to be recognized as the forefront journal of our field. And finally, I thank you for entrusting me with the editorship of the JCMR as I begin my 3rd year as your editor-in-chief. It has been a tremendous learning experience for me and the opportunity to review manuscripts that reflect the best in our field remains a great joy and highlight of my week!
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Manning
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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31
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Beaudry RI, Samuel TJ, Wang J, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Nelson MD. Exercise cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a feasibility study and meta-analysis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R638-R645. [PMID: 29949409 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00158.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stress testing improves detection and risk assessment of heart disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the clinical gold-standard for assessing cardiac morphology and function at rest; however, exercise MRI has not been widely adapted for cardiac assessment because of imaging and device limitations. Commercially available magnetic resonance ergometers, together with improved imaging sequences, have overcome many previous limitations, making cardiac stress MRI more feasible. Here, we aimed to demonstrate clinical feasibility and establish the normative, healthy response to supine exercise MRI. Eight young, healthy subjects underwent rest and exercise cinematic imaging to measure left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. To establish the normative, healthy response to exercise MRI we performed a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of existing exercise cardiac MRI studies. Results were pooled using a random effects model to define the left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volume responses. Our proof-of-concept data showed a marked increase in cardiac index with exercise, secondary to an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume. The change in stroke volume was driven by a reduction in end-systolic volume, with no change in end-diastolic volume. These findings were entirely consistent with 17 previous exercise MRI studies (226 individual records), despite differences in imaging approach, ergometer, or exercise type. Taken together, the data herein demonstrate that exercise cardiac MRI is clinically feasible, using commercially available exercise equipment and vendor-provided product sequences and establish the normative, healthy response to exercise MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys I Beaudry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - T Jake Samuel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Wesley J Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Michael D Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
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32
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Gati S, Sharma S, Pennell D. The Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Highly Trained Athletes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:247-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Le TT, Huang W, Bryant JA, Cook SA, Chin CWL. Stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current and future perspectives. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:181-189. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1296356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thao Le
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiting Huang
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Ann Bryant
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart Alexander Cook
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Calvin Woon-Loong Chin
- Department of cardiovascular medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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