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Duttagupta S, Krishna Roy N, Dey G. Efficacy of amino acids in sports nutrition- review of clinical evidences. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114311. [PMID: 38763626 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of amino acids as popular sports supplements has triggered debates, with their impact on athletic performance varying across sports disciplines due to diversity and heterogeneity in clinical trials. This review evaluates the ergogenic potential of amino acids, by critical appraisal of results of clinical trials of Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), arginine, glutamine, citrulline, β-alanine, and taurine, performed on elite sportsmen from various land and water sports. Clinical trials reviewed here confirm notable physiological benefits thereby supporting the claim that BCAA, citrulline and arginine in various doses can have positive effects on endurance and overall performance in sportsperson. Furthermore, results of clinical trials and metabolomic studies indicate that in future it would be more beneficial to design precise formulations to target the requirement of specific sports. For instance, some combinations of amino acids may be more suitable for long term endurance and some others may be suitable for short burst of excessive energy. The most important insights from this review are the identification of three key areas where research is urgently needed: a) Biomarkers that can identify the physiological end points and to distinguish the specific role of amino acid as anti-fatigue or reducing muscle soreness or enhancing energy b) In-depth sports-wise clinical trials on elite sportsperson to understand the ergogenic needs for the particular sports c) Design of precision formula for similar types of sports instead of common supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Duttagupta
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Niladri Krishna Roy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Gargi Dey
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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2
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Bloomer RJ, Pence J, Hellenbrand J, Davis A, Davis S, Stockton M, Martin KR. Randomized Trial to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Daily Intake of an Allulose Amino Acid-Based Hydration Beverage in Men and Women. Nutrients 2024; 16:1766. [PMID: 38892699 PMCID: PMC11174401 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining adequate hydration is critical to optimal health, well-being, and performance. Those who are physically active in stressful environments, such as warm and/or humid scenarios, may be at particular risk for dehydration with ensuing loss of electrolytes, leading to sluggishness and impaired physical performance. METHODS We evaluated an electrolyte and amino acid product containing L-alanine and L-glutamine, as well as select vitamins [B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)]. Subjects (n = 40; four groups, n = 10) were randomized to consume either a placebo packet or one, two, or three packets daily of the test product for 4 weeks with site visits at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. We tested safety and tolerability by analyzing hematological parameters (complete blood counts), metabolic parameters (hepatic, renal, acid-base balance), urinalysis end products, thyroid status [T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)], tolerability (via questionnaire), vital signs, and dietary intake. RESULTS Statistical analyses displayed ten significant main effects (p < 0.05) with white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, urinary pH, thyroxine, urination frequency, calcium, calories, fat, and cholesterol. Interactions for time and group (p < 0.05) were observed for MCV, eGFR, potassium, overall tolerability, bloating, and cramping-demonstrating mild GA disturbances. Little to no change of physiological relevance was noted for any outcome variable, regardless of dosing level. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the product was well-tolerated at all dosing levels and no significant adverse changes occurred in any of the test parameters compared to the placebo group, indicating relative safety of ingestion over a 4-week treatment period, at the volumes used, and outside the context of physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Bloomer
- Center for Nutraceutical and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (J.P.); (J.H.); (A.D.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (K.R.M.)
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3
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Harrington RN. Effects of branched chain amino acids, l-citrulline, and alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine supplementation on exercise performance in trained cyclists: a randomized crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2214112. [PMID: 37229544 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2214112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition plays a key role in training and athletic performance and dietary supplements can make a small, but potentially valuable, contribution to achieving peak athletic performance. This study is the first to investigate the effects of supplementation from the combination of BCAAs, L-citrulline, and A-GPC on exercise performance. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, crossover study 30 male trained cyclists (age: 43.7 ± 8.5 years) completed a 20 km cycling time trial (TT) test and a high intensity endurance cycling (HIEC) test following a 7-day supplementation period with either a supplement containing 8 g BCAAs, 6 g L-citrulline, and 300 mg A-GPC or a placebo (15 g maltodextrin). For each trial, mean values for time to completion, peak and average power output, OMNI rating of perceived exertion, and visual analogue scale (VAS) responses on perceived exertion were computed for the 20 km TT test. Mean values for time to fatigue and VAS responses on perceived exertion were computed for the HIEC test. Procedures for dietary intake and exercise patterns were implemented to achieve consistency throughout the study period. RESULTS There was a significant increase (p = .003) in peak power in the 20 km TT (354.27 ± 87.88 and 321.67 ± 63.65, for supplement and placebo trials, respectively) and a significant increase (p = .001) in time to fatigue in the HIEC test (0:19:49 ± 0:11:13 min and 0:14:33 ± 0:09:59 min, for supplement and placebo trials, respectively) with the test supplement compared to the placebo. With the test supplement, there was an average increase in TT peak power of 11% and an average increase in time to fatigue of 36.2% in the HIEC test compared to the placebo. There was no significant improvement in time to completion, average power, OMNI rating of perceived exertion, or VAS responses on perceived exertion in the TT test and no significant improvement in VAS measures of perceived exertion in the HIEC test. CONCLUSIONS The combination of BCAAs, L-citrulline, and A-GPC used in this study improves cycling performance and may be useful for individuals seeking to improve athletic performance, particularly in disciplines requiring lower body muscular strength and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Nicole Harrington
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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4
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Chien YJ, Yen GC, Huang SC, Chen SC, Hsu CL. Anti-fatigue effects of enzyme-hydrolyzed okara in C2C12 myotubes and Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Funct 2022; 13:12777-12786. [PMID: 36420930 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Okara is a by-product of tofu or soymilk production processes. The disposal of huge quantities of okara is a significant issue. Based on previous reports, protein hydrolysis can release excess free amino acids and small peptides from okara and exhibit anti-fatigue function. We aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue effect of okara protein hydrolysate (OPH) in vitro and in vivo. In the first phase, we treated C2C12 myotubes with different processed OPHs to detect mitochondrial functions. The results revealed that OPH hydrolyzed with alcalase containing 2% E/S for 2 h increased the mitochondrial mRNA level (cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I) and enzyme activity (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) most efficiently. In the second phase, we conducted animal studies to assess the anti-fatigue function of OPH. After acclimatization, 8 week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly classified into four groups: (1) control group, (2) 1X-OPH, (3) 2X-OPH, and (4) 5X-OPH (8 rats per group, treated for 28 days). The results indicated that the intake of OPH for 28 days increased the exhaustive swimming time of rats and lowered the increment of the lactate ratio, as well as the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. These results indicated that OPH improves exercise performance and anti-fatigue function in male SD rats. Therefore, OPH could be a potential health supplement for anti-fatigue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jou Chien
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chien Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Chih Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Kaufman MW, Roche M, Fredericson M. The Impact of Supplements on Sports Performance for the Trained Athlete: A Critical Analysis. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:232-238. [PMID: 35801724 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Elite athletes often use nutritional supplements to improve performance and gain competitive advantage. The prevalence of nutrient supplementation ranges from 40% to 100% among trained athletes, yet few athletes have a trusted source of information for their supplement decisions and expected results. This critical analysis review evaluates systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized control trials, and crossover trials investigating commonly used supplements in sport: caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine (β-alanine), branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), and dietary nitrates. By reviewing these supplements' mechanisms, evidence relating directly to improving sports performance, and ideal dosing strategies, we provide a reference for athletes and medical staff to personalize supplementation strategies. Caffeine and creatine impact power and high-intensity athletes, β-alanine, and BCAA mitigate fatigue, and dietary nitrates improve endurance. With each athlete having different demands, goals to maximize their performance, athletes and medical staff should collaborate to personalize supplementation strategies based on scientific backing to set expectations and potentiate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Kaufman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan Roche
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA
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6
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Cai M, Wu C, Jing C, Shen X, He M, Wang L, Guo Q, Yan Y, Yan X, Yang R. Blood Metabolomics Analysis Identifies Differential Serum Metabolites in Elite and Sub-elite Swimmers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:858869. [PMID: 35600307 PMCID: PMC9118345 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.858869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Metabolites in body fluids, such as lactate, glucose, and creatinine, have been measured by conventional methods to evaluate physical function and performance or athletic status. The objectives of the current study were to explore the novel metabolite biomarkers in professional swimmers with different competition levels using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, and try to establish a model to identify the athletic status or predict the competitive potential. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 103 elite and 84 sub-elite level Chinese professional swimmers, and were profiled by NMR analysis. Results: Out of the thirty-six serum metabolites profiled, ten were associated with the athletic status of swimmers (with p < 0.05). When compared with sub-elite swimmers, elite swimmers had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), unsaturated fatty acid, lactic acid, and methanol. Elite swimmers had lower levels of isoleucine, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetate, glutamine, glycine, and α-glucose. A model with four metabolites, including HDL, glutamine, methanol, and α-glucose, was established to predict athletic status by adjusting with different covariates. The area under the curve (AUC) of the best model was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.862-0.947), with a sensitivity and specificity of 75.5 and 90.2%, respectively. Conclusion: We have identified ten metabolite biomarkers with differentially expressed levels between elite and sub-elite swimmers, the differences could result from genetic or sports level between the two cohorts. A model with four metabolites has successfully differentiated professional swimmers with different competitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Foundation of Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jing
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Center), Shanghai, China
| | - Xunzhang Shen
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Center), Shanghai, China
| | - Mian He
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Xu Yan, ; Ruoyu Yang,
| | - Ruoyu Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Yan, ; Ruoyu Yang,
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Marcon M, Zanella P. The effect of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in physical exercise: A systematic review of human randomized controlled trials. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Donati Zeppa S, Amatori S, Sisti D, Gervasi M, Agostini D, Piccoli G, Pazienza V, Gobbi P, Rocchi MBL, Sestili P, Stocchi V. Nine weeks of high-intensity indoor cycling training induced changes in the microbiota composition in non-athlete healthy male college students. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:74. [PMID: 34922581 PMCID: PMC8684107 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota constitutes a dynamic microbial system constantly challenged by environmental conditions, including physical exercise. Limited human studies suggest that exercise could play a beneficial role for gut health, increasing microbial diversity, even if the effects of exercise on gut microbial microorganisms depends on its intensity and duration. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nine weeks of high-intensity interval exercise on gut microbiota composition in healthy young adults. Methods The gut microbiota composition of seventeen healthy male college students was analysed before and after nine weeks of high-intensity interval cycling training by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. PERMANOVA for repeated measures was used to test pre-post differences in the relative abundance of all taxonomic levels, and correlations between variations in microbial composition and physical and dietary features were also assessed. Results Physical exercise induced changes in microbiota composition, at all taxonomic levels analysed (phyla: F [1, 32]=3.97, p=0.029; classes: F [1, 32]=3.39, p=0.033, orders: F [1, 32]=3.17, p=0.044, families: F [1, 32]=1.54, p=0.037, genera: F [1, 32]=1.46, p=0.015, species: F [1, 32]=1.38, p=0.007). Conversely, no differences were found between pre and post-training conditions for microbial community richness (Chao1: V=105, p=0.06) or diversity (Shannon index: V=62, p=0.52; Simpson index: V=59, p=0.43). Changes in the relative abundance of eighteen genera were correlated to changes of twenty environmental factors grouped in physical features, sport-related features, and dietary features. Conclusions Nine weeks of high-intensity exercise induced modifications in gut microbiota composition in healthy male college students, shifting the gut microbial population towards a healthier microbiome with benefit to human health in general. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00471-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Deborah Agostini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, del Valle Soto M, Adams DP, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Seco-Calvo J. Impact of Optimal Timing of Intake of Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplements on Sports Performance, Muscular Damage, and Hormonal Behavior across a Ten-Week Training Camp in Elite Cyclists: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:3746. [PMID: 34836002 PMCID: PMC8618318 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-ingredient performance supplements (MIPS), ingested pre- or post-workout, have been shown to increase physiological level effects and integrated metabolic response on exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of pre-and post-training supplementation with its own MIPS, associated with CHO (1 g·kg-1) plus protein (0.3 g·kg-1) on exercise-related benchmarks across a training camp for elite cyclists. Thirty elite male cyclists participated in a randomized non-placebo-controlled trial for ten weeks assigned to one of three groups (n = 10 each): a control group treated with CHO plus protein after training (CG); a group treated with MIPS before training and a CHO plus protein after training, (PRE-MIPS); a group treated with CHO plus protein plus MIPS after training, (POST-MIPS). Performance parameters included (VO2max, peak; median and minimum power (W) and fatigue index (%)); hormonal response (Cortisol; Testosterone; and Testosterone/Cortisol ratio); and muscle biomarkers (Creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Myoglobin (Mb)) were assessed. MIPS administered before or after training (p ≤ 0.05) was significantly influential in attenuating CK, LDH, and MB; stimulating T response and modulating C; and improved on all markers of exercise performance. These responses were greater when MIPS was administered post-workout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Miguel del Valle Soto
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - David P. Adams
- Dual Enrollment Program, Point University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Technical Direction of Pharmaceutical Assistance, Regional Health Management of Castilla y León, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Visiting Researcher of Basque Country University, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain;
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Doma K, Singh U, Boullosa D, Connor JD. The effect of branched-chain amino acid on muscle damage markers and performance following strenuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1303-1313. [PMID: 34612716 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis determined whether the ergogenic effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ameliorated markers of muscle damage and performance following strenuous exercise. In total, 25 studies were included, consisting of 479 participants (age 24.3 ± 8.3 years, height 1.73 ± 0.06 m, body mass 70.8 ± 9.5 kg, females 26.3%). These studies were rated as fair to excellent following the PEDro scale. The outcome measures were compared between the BCAA and placebo conditions at 24 and 48 hours following muscle-damaging exercises, using standardised mean differences and associated p-values via forest plots. Our meta-analysis demonstrated significantly lower levels of indirect muscle damage markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin) at 48 hours post-exercise (standardised mean difference [SMD] = -0.41; p < 0.05) for the BCAA than placebo conditions, whilst muscle soreness was significant at 24 hours post-exercise (SMD = -0.28 ≤ d ≤ -0.61; p < 0.05) and 48 hours post-exercise (SMD = -0.41 ≤ d≤ -0.92; p < 0.01). However, no significant differences were identified between the BCAA and placebo conditions for muscle performance at 24 or 48 hours post-exercise (SMD = 0.08 ≤ d ≤ 0.21; p > 0.05). Overall, BCAA reduced the level of muscle damage biomarkers and muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercises. However, the potential benefits of BCAA for muscle performance recovery is questionable and warrants further investigation to determine the practicality of BCAA for ameliorating muscle damage symptoms in diverse populations. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020191248. Novelty: BCAA reduces the level of creatine kinase and muscle soreness following strenuous exercise with a dose-response relationship. BCAA does not accelerate recovery for muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports Dynamix Private Limited, Chennai, Nadu, India
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.,INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Douglas Connor
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
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Mazzilli M, Macaluso F, Zambelli S, Picerno P, Iuliano E. The Use of Dietary Supplements in Fitness Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Observation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095005. [PMID: 34065071 PMCID: PMC8125933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of use of dietary supplements (DSs) among gym users and gym instructors involved in body shaping-oriented fitness training. Furthermore, this study aimed to verify whether differences existed in the prevalence and in the types of DSs used in both gym users and gym instructors involved in body shaping-oriented fitness competitions vs. those not involved in fitness competitions. A survey was distributed to 316 participants, composed of 89 gym instructors and 227 gym users of both genders aged 27.3 ± 7.7. Among these participants, 52 were involved in competitions and 248 were not, while 16 participants did not specify either way. The results showed a high prevalence in the use of DSs in the population considered, with 85.4% of the participants declaring they used DSs, with high heterogeneity in the numbers and in the combinations used. No differences were found between gym instructors and gym users, or between participants involved and those not involved in competitions. The results indicate that DSs are widely used by persons involved in body shaping-oriented fitness training. The results also suggest that the majority of the participants decided individually which DSs to use.
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12
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A Survey on Dietary Supplement Consumption in Amateur and Professional Rugby Players. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010007. [PMID: 33375061 PMCID: PMC7822035 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: the aim of the present study was to analyse the pattern of dietary supplements (DS) consumption on federated rugby players, including the analysis of differences based on the sex and competitive level (professional vs. amateurs). Material and methods: 144 rugby players (83 male and 61 female), of whom 69 were professionals and 75 amateurs, were recruited for the study. All the participants filled out a specific questionnaire about DS consumption including questions related to the consumption of DS and their effects on sport performance and health status. Results: 65.3% of participants declared consuming at least one DS, with a higher prevalence in males than females (77.1% vs. 49.2%) and in professionals thanin amateur players (79.7% vs. 52.0%). The main reason for consumption was to enhance sport performance (62.3%) with differences only based on sex (74.3% males vs. 43.2% females). The most common purchase sites were the Internet (45.6%) and specialised stores (39.8%). As to the moment of ingestion, professionals did this most frequently during competition and training (56.4% vs. 28.2%), whereas amateur players did so only during competition (20.5% vs. 3.6%). Moreover, professional player intake most frequently in post-exercise (65.5% vs. 35.9%), whereas amateur during pre-exercise (30.8% vs. 5.5%). The DS most consumed included whey protein (44%), caffeine (42%), sports drinks (38%), energy bars (34%) and creatine monohydrate (31%), with a higher prevalence in male and professional players of whey protein and creatine monohydrate. Conclusions: The main reason for DS consumption is for enhancing sports performance). Professional players more frequently purchase them on the Internet and consume DS during training and competition period and in the post-exercise, whereas amateur players consume during competition and pre-exercise. Related to the main form of DS consumption, it is observed that a moderate consumption of DS could be considered ergogenic, such as whey protein, sport bar and creatine, while an absence of other DS could be considered ergogenic.
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Lin YN, Tseng TT, Knuiman P, Chan WP, Wu SH, Tsai CL, Hsu CY. Protein supplementation increases adaptations to endurance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3123-3132. [PMID: 33358231 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trials that assessed the impact of protein supplementation on endurance training adaptations have reported conflicting findings. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of protein supplementation during chronic endurance training on aerobic capacity, body composition and exercise performance in healthy and clinical populations. DESIGN A systematic database search was conducted for randomised controlled trials addressing the effects of protein supplementation during endurance training on aerobic capacity, body composition and exercise performance in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Meta-analyses were performed to outline the overall effects of protein supplementation with all studies containing endurance training components. The effects of endurance training and add-on effects of protein supplementation were evaluated by the meta-analyses with endurance training-focused studies. RESULTS Nineteen studies and 1162 participants contributed to the analyses. Compared with the control group, the protein supplementation group demonstrated greater improvements in aerobic capacity measured by mixed peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and peak workload power (Wpeak) (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05 to 0.67), and V̇O2peak (mean difference [MD] = 0.89 mL‧kg-1‧min-1, 95% CI: 0.07 to 1.70); had a greater lean mass gain (MD = 0.32 kg, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.58); and had a greater improvement in time trial performance (MD = -29.1s, 95% CI:-55.3 to -3.0). Secondary analyses showed that, in addition to the substantial improvement in V̇O2peak (MD = 3.67 mL‧kg-1‧min-1, 95% CI: 2.32 to 5.03) attributed to endurance training, protein supplementation provided an additional 26.4% gain in V̇O2peak (MD = 0.97 mL‧kg-1‧min-1, 95% CI: -0.03 to 1.97). CONCLUSION Protein supplementation further increased aerobic capacity, stimulated lean mass gain, and improved time trial performance during chronic endurance training in healthy and clinical populations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: (CRD42020155239).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nung Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Tian Tseng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pim Knuiman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wing P Chan
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hong Wu
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lin Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ergogenic Effect of BCAAs and L-Alanine Supplementation: Proof-of-Concept Study in a Murine Model of Physiological Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082295. [PMID: 32751732 PMCID: PMC7468919 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, valine) account for 35% of skeletal muscle essential amino acids (AAs). As such, they must be provided in the diet to support peptide synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown. Although substantial evidence has been collected about the potential usefulness of BCAAs in supporting muscle function and structure, dietary supplements containing BCAAs alone may not be effective in controlling muscle protein turnover, due to the rate-limiting bioavailability of other AAs involved in BCAAs metabolism. Methods: We aimed to evaluate the in vivo/ex vivo effects of a 4-week treatment with an oral formulation containing BCAAs alone (2:1:1) on muscle function, structure, and metabolism in a murine model of physiological exercise, which was compared to three modified formulations combining BCAAs with increasing concentrations of L-Alanine (ALA), an AA controlling BCAAs catabolism. Results: A preliminary pharmacokinetic study confirmed the ability of ALA to boost up BCAAs bioavailability. After 4 weeks, mix 2 (BCAAs + 2ALA) had the best protective effect on mice force and fatigability, as well as on muscle morphology and metabolic indices. Conclusion: Our study corroborates the use of BCAAs + ALA to support muscle health during physiological exercise, underlining how the relative BCAAs/ALA ratio is important to control BCAAs distribution.
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The effects of human sera conditioned by high-intensity exercise sessions and training on the tumorigenic potential of cancer cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:22-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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High-intensity Interval Training Promotes the Shift to a Health-Supporting Dietary Pattern in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030843. [PMID: 32245173 PMCID: PMC7146399 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy lifestyle is based on a correct diet and regular exercise. Little is known about the effect of different types of exercise on dietary preferences. To address the question of whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could modulate spontaneous food choices, an experimental study was carried out on 32 young, healthy normal-weight subjects. The spontaneous diet of each subject has been monitored over nine weeks of indoor-cycling training, divided into three mesocycles with an incremental pattern: total energy intake, macronutrients and micronutrients have been analysed. A two-way mixed model has been used to assess differences in dietary variables; a principal factor analysis has been performed to identify sample subgroups. An increased energy intake (+17.8% at T3; p < 0.01) has been observed, although macronutrients' proportions did not vary over time, without differences between sexes. An increase of free fat mass was found in the last mesocycle (+3.8%), without an augmentation of body weight, when, despite the increased training load, a stabilization of energy intake occurred. Three different subgroups characterized by different dietary modifications could be identified among participants that showed a common trend towards a healthier diet. Nine weeks of HIIT promoted a spontaneous modulation of food choices and regulation of dietary intake in young normal-weight subjects aged 21-24. Importantly, this life-period is critical to lay the foundation of correct lifestyles to prevent metabolic diseases and secure a healthy future with advancing age.
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