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Baker SK, Strickland S. A critical role for plasminogen in inflammation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133866. [PMID: 32159743 PMCID: PMC7144526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its active form, plasmin, have diverse functions related to the inflammatory response in mammals. Due to these roles in inflammation, plasminogen has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases with an inflammatory component. In this review, we discuss the functions of plasminogen in inflammatory regulation and how this system plays a role in the pathogenesis of diseases spanning organ systems throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baker
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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Ogura T, Kowata K, Nakajima M, Neki H, Oomori S. Nonsurgical treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus by face-down positioning: Report of four cases. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY-ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND CASE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Constantinescu P, Brown RA, Wyatt AR, Ranson M, Wilson MR. Amorphous protein aggregates stimulate plasminogen activation, leading to release of cytotoxic fragments that are clients for extracellular chaperones. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14425-14437. [PMID: 28710283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding of proteins and their accumulation in extracellular tissue compartments as insoluble amyloid or amorphous protein aggregates are a hallmark feature of many debilitating protein deposition diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, and type II diabetes. The plasminogen activation system is best known as an extracellular fibrinolytic system but was previously reported to also be capable of degrading amyloid fibrils. Here we show that amorphous protein aggregates interact with tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen, via an exposed lysine-dependent mechanism, to efficiently generate plasmin. The insoluble aggregate-bound plasmin is shielded from inhibition by α2-antiplasmin and degrades amorphous protein aggregates to release smaller, soluble but relatively hydrophobic fragments of protein (plasmin-generated protein fragments (PGPFs)) that are cytotoxic. In vitro, both endothelial and microglial cells bound and internalized PGPFs before trafficking them to lysosomes. Clusterin and α2-macroglobulin bound to PGPFs to significantly ameliorate their toxicity. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesize that, as part of the in vivo extracellular proteostasis system, the plasminogen activation system may work synergistically with extracellular chaperones to safely clear large and otherwise pathological protein aggregates from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie Ranson
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Proteostasis and Disease Research Centre, and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Campos Y, Qiu X, Gomero E, Wakefield R, Horner L, Brutkowski W, Han YG, Solecki D, Frase S, Bongiovanni A, d'Azzo A. Alix-mediated assembly of the actomyosin-tight junction polarity complex preserves epithelial polarity and epithelial barrier. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11876. [PMID: 27336173 PMCID: PMC4931029 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of epithelial cell polarity and epithelial barrier relies on the spatial organization of the actin cytoskeleton and proper positioning/assembly of intercellular junctions. However, how these processes are regulated is poorly understood. Here we reveal a key role for the multifunctional protein Alix in both processes. In a knockout mouse model of Alix, we identified overt structural changes in the epithelium of the choroid plexus and in the ependyma, such as asymmetrical cell shape and size, misplacement and abnormal beating of cilia, blebbing of the microvilli. These defects culminate in excessive cell extrusion, enlargement of the lateral ventricles and hydrocephalus. Mechanistically, we find that by interacting with F-actin, the Par complex and ZO-1, Alix ensures the formation and maintenance of the apically restricted actomyosin-tight junction complex. We propose that in this capacity Alix plays a role in the establishment of apical-basal polarity and in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Campos
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elida Gomero
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Randall Wakefield
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Wojciech Brutkowski
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Young-Goo Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - David Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Sharon Frase
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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