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Choi JY, Byeon HW, Park SO, Uyangaa E, Kim K, Eo SK. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 enhances resistance to viral neuroinflammation by facilitating M1-polarization of macrophages at the extraneural tissues. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:115. [PMID: 38698374 PMCID: PMC11067137 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a pivotal role in the regulation of Japanese encephalitis (JE), a severe neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) following infection with JE virus (JEV). Macrophages are known for their heterogeneity, polarizing into M1 or M2 phenotypes in the context of various immunopathological diseases. A comprehensive understanding of macrophage polarization and its relevance to JE progression holds significant promise for advancing JE control and therapeutic strategies. METHODS To elucidate the role of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in JE progression, we assessed viral load, M1 macrophage accumulation, and cytokine production in WT and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-deficient mice using murine JE model. Additionally, we employed bone marrow (BM) cell-derived macrophages to delineate ROS-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization by ROS following JEV infection. RESULTS NOX2-deficient mice exhibited increased resistance to JE progression rather than heightened susceptibility, driven by the regulation of macrophage polarization. These mice displayed reduced viral loads in peripheral lymphoid tissues and the CNS, along with diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS, thereby resulting in attenuated neuroinflammation. Additionally, NOX2-deficient mice exhibited enhanced JEV-specific Th1 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses and increased accumulation of M1 macrophages producing IL-12p40 and iNOS in peripheral lymphoid and inflamed extraneural tissues. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NOX2-deficient macrophages displayed a more pronounced differentiation into M1 phenotypes in response to JEV infection, thereby leading to the suppression of viral replication. Importantly, the administration of H2O2 generated by NOX2 was shown to inhibit M1 macrophage polarization. Finally, oral administration of the ROS scavenger, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), bolstered resistance to JE progression and reduced viral loads in both extraneural tissues and the CNS, along with facilitated accumulation of M1 macrophages. CONCLUSION In light of our results, it is suggested that ROS generated by NOX2 play a role in undermining the control of JEV replication within peripheral extraneural tissues, primarily by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, this leads to an augmentation in the viral load invading the CNS, thereby facilitating JE progression. Hence, our findings ultimately underscore the significance of ROS-mediated macrophage polarization in the context of JE progression initiated JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Byeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Patil AM, Choi JY, Park SO, Uyangaa E, Kim B, Kim K, Eo SK. Type I IFN signaling limits hemorrhage-like disease after infection with Japanese encephalitis virus through modulating a prerequisite infection of CD11b +Ly-6C + monocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:136. [PMID: 34130738 PMCID: PMC8204625 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The crucial role of type I interferon (IFN-I, IFN-α/β) is well known to control central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammation caused by neurotrophic flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus. However, an in-depth analysis of IFN-I signal-dependent cellular factors that govern CNS-restricted tropism in JEV infection in vivo remains to be elucidated. Methods Viral dissemination, tissue tropism, and cytokine production were examined in IFN-I signal-competent and -incompetent mice after JEV inoculation in tissues distal from the CNS such as the footpad. Bone marrow (BM) chimeric models were used for defining hematopoietic and tissue-resident cells in viral dissemination and tissue tropism. Results The paradoxical and interesting finding was that IFN-I signaling was essentially required for CNS neuroinflammation following JEV inoculation in distal footpad tissue. IFN-I signal-competent mice died after a prolonged neurological illness, but IFN-I signal-incompetent mice all succumbed without neurological signs. Rather, IFN-I signal-incompetent mice developed hemorrhage-like disease as evidenced by thrombocytopenia, functional injury of the liver and kidney, increased vascular leakage, and excessive cytokine production. This hemorrhage-like disease was closely associated with quick viral dissemination and impaired IFN-I innate responses before invasion of JEV into the CNS. Using bone marrow (BM) chimeric models, we found that intrinsic IFN-I signaling in tissue-resident cells in peripheral organs played a major role in inducing the hemorrhage-like disease because IFN-I signal-incompetent recipients of BM cells from IFN-I signal-competent mice showed enhanced viral dissemination, uncontrolled cytokine production, and increased vascular leakage. IFN-I signal-deficient hepatocytes and enterocytes were permissive to JEV replication with impaired induction of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes, and neuron cells derived from both IFN-I signal-competent and -incompetent mice were vulnerable to JEV replication. Finally, circulating CD11b+Ly-6C+ monocytes infiltrated into the distal tissues inoculated by JEV participated in quick viral dissemination to peripheral organs of IFN-I signal-incompetent mice at an early stage. Conclusion An IFN-I signal-dependent model is proposed to demonstrate how CD11b+Ly-6C+ monocytes are involved in restricting the tissue tropism of JEV to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in Asia and is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus. Although many flaviviruses can cause encephalitis, JEV causes particularly severe neurological manifestations. The virus causes loss of more disability-adjusted life years than any other arthropod-borne virus owing to the frequent neurological sequelae of the condition. Despite substantial advances in our understanding of Japanese encephalitis from in vitro studies and animal models, studies of pathogenesis and treatment in humans are lagging behind. Few mechanistic studies have been conducted in humans, and only four clinical trials of therapies for Japanese encephalitis have taken place in the past 10 years despite an estimated incidence of 69,000 cases per year. Previous trials for Japanese encephalitis might have been too small to detect important benefits of potential treatments. Many potential treatment targets exist for Japanese encephalitis, and pathogenesis and virological studies have uncovered mechanisms by which these drugs could work. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment of Japanese encephalitis and focus on potential new therapeutic strategies, based on repurposing existing compounds that are already suitable for human use and could be trialled without delay. We use our newly improved understanding of Japanese encephalitis pathogenesis to posit potential treatments and outline some of the many challenges that remain in tackling the disease in humans.
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Choi JY, Kim JH, Hossain FMA, Uyangaa E, Park SO, Kim B, Kim K, Eo SK. Indispensable Role of CX 3CR1 + Dendritic Cells in Regulation of Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation Through Rapid Development of Antiviral Immunity in Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1467. [PMID: 31316515 PMCID: PMC6610490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A coordinated host immune response mediated via chemokine network plays a crucial role in boosting defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections. The speed of Ag presentation and delivery by CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) to cognate T cells in lymphoid tissues may decide the pathological severity of the infection. Here, we investigated the role of CX3CR1 in the neuroinflammation induced by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotrophic virus. Interestingly, CX3CR1 deficiency strongly enhanced susceptibility to JEV only after peripheral inoculation via footpad. By contrast, both CX3CR1+/+ and CX3CR1-/- mice showed comparable susceptibility to JEV following inoculation via intranasal and intraperitoneal routes. CX3CR1-/- mice exhibited lethal neuroinflammation after JEV inoculation via footpad route, showing high mortality, morbidity, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and uncontrolled CNS-infiltration of peripheral leukocytes including Ly-6Chi monocytes and Ly-6Ghi granulocytes. Furthermore, the absence of CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs appeared to enhance susceptibility of CX3CR1-/- mice to JE after peripheral JEV inoculation. CX3CR1 ablation impaired the migration of CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs from JEV-inoculated sites to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), resulting in decreased NK cell activation and JEV-specific CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses. However, CX3CR1-competent mice showed rapid temporal expression of viral Ags in dLNs. Subsequently, JEV was rapidly cleared, with concomitant generation of antiviral NK cell activation and T-cell responses mediated by rapid migration of JEV Ag+CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs. Using biallelic functional CX3CR1 expression system, the functional expression of CX3CR1 on CD11chi DCs appeared to be essentially required for inducing rapid and effective responses of NK cell activation and Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in dLNs. Strikingly, adoptive transfer of CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs was found to completely restore the resistance of CX3CR1-/- recipients to JEV, as corroborated by the rapid delivery of JEV Ags in dLNs and attenuation of neuroinflammation in the CNS. Collectively, these results indicate that CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs play an important role in generating rapid and effective responses of antiviral NK cell activation and Ag-specific T cells after peripheral inoculation with the virus, thereby resulting in conferring resistance to viral infection by reducing the peripheral viral burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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Manet C, Roth C, Tawfik A, Cantaert T, Sakuntabhai A, Montagutelli X. Host genetic control of mosquito-borne Flavivirus infections. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:384-407. [PMID: 30167843 PMCID: PMC7614898 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses, several of which represent emerging or re-emerging pathogens responsible for widespread infections with consequences ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to severe clinical diseases and congenital developmental deficits. This variability is due to multiple factors including host genetic determinants, the role of which has been investigated in mouse models and human genetic studies. In this review, we provide an overview of the host genes and variants which modify susceptibility or resistance to major mosquito-borne flaviviruses infections in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Manet
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claude Roth
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2000-Génomique Evolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2000-Génomique Evolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Group, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- CNRS, UMR 2000-Génomique Evolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Altaf Hossain FM, Husna A, Bari AM, Eo SK. The promise of 4-1BB (CD137) mediated immunomodulation and immunotherapy for viral diseases. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell surface receptor, 4-1BB (CD137), has been of increasing interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule over the last two decades. Ligation of 4-1BB can activate signals in CD8+ T cells and NK cells, resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion, cytolytic function and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Targeting 4-1BB, using a 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or agonistic monoclonal antibodies, has delivered a new strategy to fight against cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In this review, different aspects of 4-1BB mediated antiviral responses, the mechanistic basis of such responses and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masudur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - ATM Badruzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Asmaul Husna
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Abusaleh Mahfuzul Bari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Choi JY, Kim JH, Patil AM, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Hossain FMA, Eo SK. Exacerbation of Japanese Encephalitis by CD11c hi Dendritic Cell Ablation Is Associated with an Imbalance in Regulatory Foxp3 + and IL-17 +CD4 + Th17 Cells and in Ly-6C hi and Ly-6C lo Monocytes. Immune Netw 2017; 17:192-200. [PMID: 28680381 PMCID: PMC5484650 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is neuroinflammation characterized by uncontrolled infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). We previously demonstrated exacerbation of JE following CD11chi dendritic cell (DC) ablation in CD11c-DTR transgenic mice. Moreover, CD11chi DC ablation led to abnormal differentiation of CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes and enhanced permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in promoting the progression of JE. Here, we examined changes in lymphoid and myeloid-derived leukocyte subpopulations associated with pro- and anti-inflammation during JE progression. The analyses of this study focused on regulatory CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells, and CD11b+Ly-6Chi and Ly-6Clo monocytes. CD11chi DC ablation resulted in the accumulation of IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells in the CNS, thereby leading to lower ratio of Tregs to Th17 cells. This result was corroborated by the higher expression levels of IL-17 and RORγT in CD4+ T cells from the brains of CD11chi DC-ablated mice. In addition, CD11chi DC-ablated mice showed higher frequency and total number of inflammatory CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes, whereas CD11b+Ly-6Clo monocytes were detected with lower frequency and total number in CD11chi DC-ablated mice. Furthermore, CD11chi DC ablation altered the phenotype and function of CD11b+Ly-6Clo monocytes, resulting in lower levels of activation marker and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10 and TGF-β) expression. Collectively, these results indicate that CD11chi DC ablation caused an imbalance in CD4+ Th17/Treg cells and CD11b+Ly-6Chi/Ly-6Clo monocytes in the lymphoid tissue and CNS during JE progression. This imbalanced orchestration of pro- and anti-inflammatory leukocytes following CD11chi DC ablation may contribute to the exacerbation of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Kim JH, Hossain FMA, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim B, Kim K, Eo SK. Ablation of CD11c(hi) dendritic cells exacerbates Japanese encephalitis by regulating blood-brain barrier permeability and altering tight junction/adhesion molecules. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 48:22-32. [PMID: 27638116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), characterized by extensive neuroinflammation following infection with neurotropic JE virus (JEV), is becoming a leading cause of viral encephalitis due to rapid changes in climate and demography. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in restricting neuroinvasion of peripheral leukocytes and virus, thereby regulating the progression of viral encephalitis. In this study, we explored the role of CD11c(hi) dendritic cells (DCs) in regulating BBB integrity and JE progression using a conditional depletion model of CD11c(hi) DCs. Transient ablation of CD11c(hi) DCs resulted in markedly increased susceptibility to JE progression along with highly increased neuro-invasion of JEV. In addition, exacerbated JE progression in CD11c(hi) DC-ablated hosts was closely associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and CC chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CXCL2) in the brain. Moreover, our results revealed that the exacerbation of JE progression in CD11c(hi) DC-ablated hosts was correlated with enhanced BBB permeability and reduced expression of tight junction and adhesion molecules (claudin-5, ZO-1, occluding, JAMs). Ultimately, our data conclude that the ablation of CD11c(hi) DCs provided a subsidiary impact on BBB integrity and the expression of tight junction/adhesion molecules, thereby leading to exacerbated JE progression. These findings provide insight into the secondary role of CD11c(hi) DCs in JE progression through regulation of BBB integrity and the expression of tight junction/adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John-Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Hossain FMA, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. CCL2, but not its receptor, is essential to restrict immune privileged central nervous system-invasion of Japanese encephalitis virus via regulating accumulation of CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) monocytes. Immunology 2016; 149:186-203. [PMID: 27260136 PMCID: PMC5011677 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a re‐emerging zoonotic flavivirus that poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare due to rapid changes in climate and demography. Although the CCR2–CCL2 axis plays an important role in trafficking CD11b+ Ly‐6Chi monocytes to regulate immunopathological diseases, little is known about their role in monocyte trafficking during viral encephalitis caused by JEV infection. Here, we explored the role of CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 in JE caused by JEV infection using CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated murine models. Somewhat surprisingly, the ablation of CCR2 and CCL2 resulted in starkly contrasting susceptibility to JE. CCR2 ablation induced enhanced resistance to JE, whereas CCL2 ablation highly increased susceptibility to JE. This contrasting regulation of JE progression by CCR2 and CCL2 was coupled to central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of Ly‐6Chi monocytes and Ly‐6Ghi granulocytes. There was also enhanced expression of CC and CXC chemokines in the CNS of CCL2‐ablated mice, which appeared to induce CNS infiltration of these cell populations. However, our data revealed that contrasting regulation of JE in CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated mice was unlikely to be mediated by innate natural killer and adaptive T‐cell responses. Furthermore, CCL2 produced by haematopoietic stem cell‐derived leucocytes played a dominant role in CNS accumulation of Ly‐6Chi monocytes in infected bone marrow chimeric models, thereby exacerbating JE progression. Collectively, our data indicate that CCL2 plays an essential role in conferring protection against JE caused by JEV infection. In addition, blockage of CCR2, but not CCL2, will aid in the development of strategies for prophylactics and therapeutics of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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