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Ravizza T, Scheper M, Di Sapia R, Gorter J, Aronica E, Vezzani A. mTOR and neuroinflammation in epilepsy: implications for disease progression and treatment. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:334-350. [PMID: 38531962 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy remains a major health concern as anti-seizure medications frequently fail, and there is currently no treatment to stop or prevent epileptogenesis, the process underlying the onset and progression of epilepsy. The identification of the pathological processes underlying epileptogenesis is instrumental to the development of drugs that may prevent the generation of seizures or control pharmaco-resistant seizures, which affect about 30% of patients. mTOR signalling and neuroinflammation have been recognized as critical pathways that are activated in brain cells in epilepsy. They represent a potential node of biological convergence in structural epilepsies with either a genetic or an acquired aetiology. Interventional studies in animal models and clinical studies give strong support to the involvement of each pathway in epilepsy. In this Review, we focus on available knowledge about the pathophysiological features of mTOR signalling and the neuroinflammatory brain response, and their interactions, in epilepsy. We discuss mitigation strategies for each pathway that display therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical epilepsy. A deeper understanding of these interconnected molecular cascades could enhance our strategies for managing epilepsy. This could pave the way for new treatments to fill the gaps in the development of preventative or disease-modifying drugs, thus overcoming the limitations of current symptomatic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirte Scheper
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:635-657. [PMID: 38265567 PMCID: PMC11127910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures, affecting ~ 65 million worldwide. Evidence in patients with epilepsy and animal models suggests a contribution of neuroinflammation to epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy. Interleukins (ILs), as one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation, are intensively studied for their association and modulatory effects on ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. ILs are commonly divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and therefore are expected to be pathogenic or neuroprotective in epilepsy. However, both protective and destructive effects have been reported for many ILs. This may be due to the complex nature of ILs, and also possibly due to the different disease courses that those ILs are involved in. In this review, we summarize the contributions of different ILs in those processes and provide a current overview of recent research advances, as well as preclinical and clinical studies targeting ILs in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Wu X, Wang K, Wang J, Wei P, Zhang H, Yang Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Shi W, Shan Y, Zhao G. The Interplay Between Epilepsy and Parkinson's Disease: Gene Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01103-y. [PMID: 38453824 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The results of many epidemiological studies suggest a bidirectional causality may exist between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying molecular landscape linking these two diseases remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore this possible bidirectional causality by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each disease as well as their intersection based on two respective disease-related datasets. We performed enrichment analyses and explored immune cell infiltration based on an intersection of the DEGs. Identifying a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between epilepsy and PD, and this network was visualised using Cytoscape software to screen key modules and hub genes. Finally, exploring the diagnostic values of the identified hub genes. NetworkAnalyst 3.0 and Cytoscape software were also used to construct and visualise the transcription factor-micro-RNA regulatory and co-regulatory networks, the gene-microRNA interaction network, as well as gene-disease association. Based on the enrichment results, the intersection of the DEGs mainly revealed enrichment in immunity-, phosphorylation-, metabolism-, and inflammation-related pathways. The boxplots revealed similar trends in infiltration of many immune cells in epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, with greater infiltration in patients than in controls. A complex PPI network comprising 186 nodes and 512 edges were constructed. According to node connection degree, top 15 hub genes were considered the kernel targets of epilepsy and PD. The area under curve values of hub gene expression profiles confirmed their excellent diagnostic values. This study is the first to analyse the molecular landscape underlying the epidemiological link between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. The two diseases are closely linked through immunity-, inflammation-, and metabolism-related pathways. This information was of great help in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases. The present results may provide guidance for further in-depth analysis about molecular mechanisms of epilepsy and PD and novel potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Penghu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Huaqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yanfeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yinchun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenli Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yongzhi Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Zhang L, Huang J, Dai L, Zhu G, Yang XL, He Z, Li YH, Yang H, Zhang CQ, Shen KF, Liang P. Expression profiles of α-synuclein in cortical lesions of patients with FCD IIb and TSC, and FCD rats. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1255097. [PMID: 38020594 PMCID: PMC10662349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1255097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. However, the etiologies related to the development of FCD IIb and TSC are not fully understood. α-synuclein (α-syn) is a member of synucleins family that plays crucial roles in modulating synaptic transmission in central nervous system. Here, we explored the expression profiles and potential pathogenic functions of α-syn in cortical lesions of epileptic patients with FCD IIb and TSC. Methods Surgical specimens from epileptic patients with FCD IIb and TSC, as well as FCD rats generated by in utero X-ray-radiation were adopted in this study and studied with immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation etc. molecular biological techniques. Result Our results showed that α-syn expression was reduced in FCD IIb and TSC lesions. Specifically, α-syn protein was intensely expressed in dysplastic neurons (DNs) and balloon cells (BCs) in FCD IIb lesions, whereas was barely detected in DNs and giant cells (GCs) of TSC lesions. Additionally, p-α-syn, the aggregated form of α-syn, was detected in DNs, BCs, GCs, and glia-like cells of FCD IIb and TSC lesions. We previous showed that the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) was enhanced in FCD rats generated by X-ray-radiation. Here, we found the interaction between α-syn and NMDAR subunits NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B were augmented in cortical lesions of FCD patients and FCD rats. Conclusion These results suggested a potential role of α-syn in the pathogenesis of FCD IIb and TSC by interfering with NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guang Yang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guang Yang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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Yu C, Deng XJ, Xu D. Microglia in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106249. [PMID: 37536386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of most common chronic neurological disorders, and the antiseizure medications developed by targeting neurocentric mechanisms have not effectively reduced the proportion of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Further exploration of the cellular or molecular mechanism of epilepsy is expected to provide new options for treatment. Recently, more and more researches focus on brain network components other than neurons, among which microglia have attracted much attention for their diverse biological functions. As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia have highly plastic transcription, morphology and functional characteristics, which can change dynamically in a context-dependent manner during the progression of epilepsy. In the pathogenesis of epilepsy, highly reactive microglia interact with other components in the epileptogenic network by performing crucial functions such as secretion of soluble factors and phagocytosis, thus continuously reshaping the landscape of the epileptic brain microenvironment. Indeed, microglia appear to be both pro-epileptic and anti-epileptic under the different spatiotemporal contexts of disease, rendering interventions targeting microglia biologically complex and challenging. This comprehensive review critically summarizes the pathophysiological role of microglia in epileptic brain homeostasis alterations and explores potential therapeutic or modulatory targets for epilepsy targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Xue-Jun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
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Kagitani-Shimono K, Kato H, Soeda F, Iwatani Y, Mukai M, Ogawa K, Tominaga K, Nabatame S, Taniike M. Extension of microglial activation is associated with epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in Tuberous sclerosis complex: A TSPO-PET study. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 37:103288. [PMID: 36521371 PMCID: PMC9758490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neuroinflammation contributes to the severity of various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a condition that results in the overactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which has been linked to the activation of microglia responsible for neuroinflammation. To clarify the involvement of neuroinflammation in the neuropathophysiology of TSC, we performed a positron emission tomography (PET) study using the translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand, [11C] DPA713, and investigated microglial activation in relation to neurological manifestations, especially epilepsy and cognitive function. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 18 patients with TSC (6 in the no-seizure group, 6 in the refractory seizure group, and 6 in the mTOR-inhibitor [mTOR-i] group). All participants underwent [11C] DPA713-PET. PET results were superimposed with a 3D T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted image (T1WI) to evaluate the location of cortical tubers. Microglial activation was assessed using the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) of DPA713 binding. The volume ratio of the DPA713-positive area to the intracranial volume (volume ratio of DPA713/ICV) was calculated to evaluate the extent of microglial activation. A correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between volume ratio of DPA713/ICV and severity of epilepsy and cognitive function. RESULTS Most cortical tubers with hyperintensity on FLAIR and hypo- or isointensity on T1WI showed microglial activation. The extent of microglial activation was significantly greater in the refractory seizure group than in the no-seizure or mTOR-i groups (p < 0.001). The extent of microglial activation in subjects without mTOR-i treatment correlated positively with epilepsy severity (r = 0.822, P = 0.001) and negatively with cognitive function (r = -0.846, p = 0.001), but these correlations were not present in the mTOR-i group (r = 0.232, P = 0.658, r = 0.371, P = 0.469, respectively). CONCLUSION Neuroinflammation is associated with the severity of epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in brains with TSC. mTOR-i may suppress the extent of neuroinflammation in TSC. Investigating the spread of microglial activation using TSPO-PET in these patients may help to predict the progression of neuropathy by assessing the degree of neuroinflammation and therefore be useful for determining how aggressive the treatment should be and in assessing the effectiveness of such treatment in patients with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Soeda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iwatani
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tominaga
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Nabatame
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Taniike
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Huang K, Wang Z, He Z, Li Y, Li S, Shen K, Zhu G, Liu Z, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Yang X, Liu S. Downregulated formyl peptide receptor 2 expression in the epileptogenic foci of patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e706. [PMID: 36301030 PMCID: PMC9597500 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) show persistent neuroinflammation, which promotes epileptogenesis and epilepsy progression, suggesting that endogenous resolution of inflammation is inadequate to relieve neuronal network hyperexcitability. To explore the potential roles of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), which is a key regulator of inflammation resolution, in epilepsy caused by FCDIIb and TSC, we examined the expression and cellular distribution of FPR2. METHOD The expression of FPR2 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was examined by real-time PCR, western blots, and analyzed via one-way analysis of variance. The distribution of FPR2 was detected using immunostaining. The expression of resolvin D1 (RvD1, the endogenous ligand of FPR2) was observed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between the expression levels of FPR2 and RvD1 and the clinical variants. RESULTS The expression of FPR2 was significantly lower in FCDIIb (p = .0146) and TSC (p = .0006) cortical lesions than in controls, as was the expression of RvD1 (FCDIIb: p = .00431; TSC: p = .0439). Weak FPR2 immunoreactivity was observed in dysmorphic neurons (DNs), balloon cells (BCs), and giant cells (GCs) in FCDIIb and TSC tissues. Moreover, FPR2 was mainly distributed in dysplastic neurons; it was sparse in microglia and nearly absent in astrocytes. The NF-κB pathway was significantly activated in patients with FCDIIb and TSC, and the protein level of NF-κB was negatively correlated with the protein level of FPR2 (FCDIIb: p = .00395; TSC: p = .0399). In addition, the protein level of FPR2 was negatively correlated with seizure frequency in FCDIIb (p = .0434) and TSC (p = .0351) patients. CONCLUSION In summary, these results showed that the expression and specific distribution of FPR2 may be involved in epilepsy caused by FCDIIb and TSC, indicating that downregulation of FPR2 mediated the dysfunction of neuroinflammation resolution in FCDIIb and TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zhongke Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryArmed Police Hospital of ChongqingChongqingChina
| | - Zeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zhonghong Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryArmed Police Hospital of ChongqingChongqingChina
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
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Liu T, Chen F, Zhai F, Liang S. Progress of clinical research studies on tuberous sclerosis complex-related epilepsy in China. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 146:743-751. [PMID: 36000491 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome, with 75.6%-83.5% and 54.1% patients presenting with epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), respectively. Clinical studies on TSC, particularly surgical interventions, have achieved rapid and substantial progress. The TSC-Task Force Committee of the China Association Against Epilepsy (CAAE-TFTSC) was founded in 2012, and annual academic conferences on the surgical treatment of TSC-related epilepsy have been held since 2013. 'China experts' consensus on surgical treatment of TSC-related epilepsy' was published in 2019. This review focuses on surgical treatment, including resective surgery, neuromodulations, corpus callosotomy and mini-invasive ablations, as well as studies on phenotype, genotype and anti-seizure therapies of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, vigabatrin and ketogenic diet in patients with TSC-related DRE in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghong Liu
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Children's Health Center of China, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Children's Health Center of China, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Children's Health Center of China, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Children's Health Center of China, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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9
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Kan Y, Feng L, Si Y, Zhou Z, Wang W, Yang J. Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3506-3521. [PMID: 35945307 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a malformation of cortical development, is the most common cause of intractable epilepsy in children. However, the causes and underlying molecular events of FCD need further investigation. The microarray dataset GSE62019 and GSE97365 were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. To examine critical genes and signaling pathways, bioinformatics analysis tools such as protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, miRNA-mRNA interaction networks, and immune infiltration in FCD samples were used to fully elucidate the pathogenesis of FCD. A total of 534 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 71 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were obtained. The DEGs obtained were enriched in ribosomal, protein targeting, and pathways of neurodegeneration multiple diseases, whereas the target genes of DEMs were enriched in signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor beta, Wnt, PI3K-Akt, etc. Finally, four hub genes (RPL11, FAU, RPS20, RPL27) and five key miRNAs (hsa-let-7b, hsa-miR-185, hsa-miR-23b, hsa-miR-222 and hsa-miR-92b) were obtained by PPI network, miRNA-mRNA network, and ROC analysis. The immune infiltration results showed that the infiltration levels of five immune cells (MDSC, regulatory T cells, activated CD8+ T cells, macrophage and effector memory CD8+ T cells) were slightly higher in FCD samples than in control samples. Moreover, the gene expressions of RPS19, RPL19, and RPS24 were highly correlated with the infiltration levels and immune characteristics of 28 immune cells. It broadens the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of FCD and enlightens the identification of molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yukun Si
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ziang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jigang Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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10
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Role of the Immune System Elements in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163757. [PMID: 34442052 PMCID: PMC8397145 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a relatively rare disease, but, today, its incidence tends to increase. The severe course of the disease and poor patient survival rate make PAH a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is essential to facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic targets. Research shows that the development of PAH is characterized by a number of abnormalities within the immune system that greatly affect the progression of the disease. In this review, we present key data on the regulated function of immune cells, released cytokines and immunoregulatory molecules in the development of PAH, to help improve diagnosis and targeted immunotherapy.
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11
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Neuroinflammation: A Signature or a Cause of Epilepsy? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136981. [PMID: 34209535 PMCID: PMC8267969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy can be both a primary pathology and a secondary effect of many neurological conditions. Many papers show that neuroinflammation is a product of epilepsy, and that in pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammation, there is a higher probability to develop epilepsy. However, the bidirectional mechanism of the reciprocal interaction between epilepsy and neuroinflammation remains to be fully understood. Here, we attempt to explore and discuss the relationship between epilepsy and inflammation in some paradigmatic neurological and systemic disorders associated with epilepsy. In particular, we have chosen one representative form of epilepsy for each one of its actual known etiologies. A better understanding of the mechanistic link between neuroinflammation and epilepsy would be important to improve subject-based therapies, both for prophylaxis and for the treatment of epilepsy.
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12
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Qiao O, Ji H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu N, Huang L, Liu C, Gao W. New insights in drug development for Alzheimer's disease based on microglia function. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111703. [PMID: 34083109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in drug development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is how to effectively remove deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Recently, the relationship between microglia and Aβ has become a research hotspot. Emerging evidence suggests that Aβ-induced microglia-mediated neuroinflammation further aggravates the decline of cognitive function, while microglia are also involved in the process of Aβ clearance. Hence, microglia have become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of AD. An in-depth understanding of the role played by microglia in the development of AD will help us to broaden therapeutic strategies for AD. In this review, we provide an overview of the dual roles of microglia in AD progression: the positive effect of phagocytosis of Aβ and its negative effect on neuroinflammation after over-activation. With the advantages of novel structure, high efficiency, and low toxicity, small-molecule compounds as modulators of microglial function have attracted considerable attention in the therapeutic areas of AD. In this review, we also summarize the therapeutic potential of small molecule compounds (SMCs) and their structure-activity relationship for AD treatment through modulating microglial phagocytosis and inhibiting neuroinflammation. For example, the position and number of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the B ring are the key to the activity of flavonoids, and the substitution of hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic acids. This review is expected to be useful for developing effective modulators of microglial function from SMCs for the amelioration and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haixia Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- The State Key Laboratories of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
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13
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Tomaszewski M, Grywalska E, Topyła-Putowska W, Błaszczak P, Kurzyna M, Roliński J, Kopeć G. High CD200 Expression on T CD4+ and T CD8+ Lymphocytes as a Non-Invasive Marker of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension-Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050950. [PMID: 33804413 PMCID: PMC7957729 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can develop subsequently to disorganized endothelial cell proliferation within the pulmonary arteriolar layers that provide mechanical limits to the pulmonary vascular bed. Although the actual factor triggering vascular endothelial proliferation remains unknown to date, genetic susceptibility, hypoxia, inflammation, as well as response to drugs and toxins have been proposed as possible contributors. Since inflammation contributes to vascular remodeling, the changed immune response is increasingly considered a plausible cause of this cardiovascular disease. The interaction of a membrane glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 200 (CD200) and its structurally similar receptor (CD200R) plays a crucial role in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Our previous studies have shown that the overexpression of the other negative co-stimulatory molecule (programmed death cell-PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1) is closely related to iPAH and the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation markers. Therefore, we considered it necessary to analyze the different types of PAH in terms of CD200 and CD200R expression and to correlate CD200/CD200R pathway expression with important clinical and laboratory parameters. The CD200/C200R-signaling pathway has not been subject to much research. We included 70 treatment-naïve, newly diagnosed patients with PAH in our study. They were further divided into subsets according to the pulmonary hypertension classification: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) subset, pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH), pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-PAH), and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH). The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers matched for sex and age. The highest percentages of T CD200+CD4+ and T CD200+CD8+ lymphocytes were observed in the group of patients with iPAH and this finding was associated with the presence of EBV DNA in the peripheral blood. Our assessment of the peripheral blood lymphocytes expression of CD200 and CD200R indicates that these molecules act as negative co-stimulators in the induction and persistence of PAH-associated inflammation, especially that of iPAH. Similar results imply that the dysregulation of the CD200/CD200R axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. Our work suggests that CD200 and CD200R expression may serve to distinguish between PAH cases. Thus, CD200 and CD200R might be useful as markers in managing PAH and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (W.T.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81448-6420
| | - Weronika Topyła-Putowska
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (W.T.-P.)
| | - Piotr Błaszczak
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kurzyna
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Thromboembolic Diseases and Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, European Health Centre Otwock, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Kopeć
- Pulmonary Circulation Center, Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Centre for Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
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14
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Wang Z, Huang K, Yang X, Shen K, Yang L, Ruan R, Shi X, Wang M, Zhu G, Yang M, Zhang C, Lv S, Yang H, Fan X, Liu S. Downregulated GPR30 expression in the epileptogenic foci of female patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex is correlated with 18 F-FDG PET-CT values. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:346-364. [PMID: 33314369 PMCID: PMC8018162 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are typical causes of developmental delay and refractory epilepsy. G‐protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is a specific estrogen receptor that is critical in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and neuronal excitability, suggesting that it plays a potential role in the epilepsy of patients with FCDIIb and TSC. Therefore, we investigated the role of GPR30 in patients with FCDIIb and TSC. We found that the expression of GPR30 and its downstream protein kinase A (PKA) pathway were decreased and negatively correlated with seizure frequency in female patients with FCDIIb and TSC, but not in male patients. GPR30 was widely distributed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and its downregulation was especially notable in microglia. The GPR30 agonist G‐1 increased the expression of PKA and p‐PKA in cultured cortical neurons, and the GPR30 antagonist G‐15 exhibited the opposite effects of G‐1. The NF‐κB signaling pathway was also activated in the specimens of female patients with FCDIIb and TSC, and was regulated by G‐1 and G‐15 in cultured cortical neurons. We also found that GPR30 regulated cortical neuronal excitability by altering the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and the expression of NR2A/B. Further, the relationship between GPR30 and glycometabolism was evaluated by analyzing the correlations between GPR30 and 18F‐FDG PET‐CT values (standardized uptake values, SUVs). Positive correlations between GPR30 and SUVs were found in female patients, but not in male patients. Intriguingly, GPR30 expression and SUVs were significantly decreased in the epileptogenic tubers of female TSC patients, and ROC curves indicated that SUVs could predict the localization of epileptogenic tubers. Taken together, our results suggest a potential protective effect of GPR30 in the epileptogenesis of female patients with FCDIIb and TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongke Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ruotong Ruan
- Department of Basic Medical College, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Shi
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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15
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Gomes-Duarte A, Bauer S, Venø MT, Norwood BA, Henshall DC, Kjems J, Rosenow F, Vangoor VR, Pasterkamp RJ. Enrichment of Circular RNA Expression Deregulation at the Transition to Recurrent Spontaneous Seizures in Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Genet 2021; 12:627907. [PMID: 33584828 PMCID: PMC7876452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a common form of epilepsy and is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures originating from the temporal lobe. The majority of mTLE patients develop pharmacoresistance to available anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) while exhibiting severe pathological changes that can include hippocampal atrophy, neuronal death, gliosis and chronic seizures. The molecular mechanisms leading to mTLE remain incompletely understood, but are known to include defects in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation, including in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of recently rediscovered ncRNAs with high levels of expression in the brain and proposed roles in diverse neuronal processes. To explore a potential role for circRNAs in epilepsy, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on hippocampal tissue from a rat perforant pathway stimulation (PPS) model of TLE at different post-stimulation time points. This analysis revealed 218 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs. Remarkably, the majority of these circRNAs were changed at the time of the occurrence of the first spontaneous seizure (DOFS). The expression pattern of two circRNAs, circ_Arhgap4 and circ_Nav3, was further validated and linked to miR-6328 and miR-10b-3p target regulation, respectively. This is the first study to examine the regulation of circRNAs during the development of epilepsy. It reveals an intriguing link between circRNA deregulation and the transition of brain networks into the state of spontaneous seizure activity. Together, our results provide a molecular framework for further understanding the role and mechanism-of-action of circRNAs in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes-Duarte
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Morten T. Venø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Omiics ApS, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Braxton A. Norwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Expesicor Inc., Kalispell, MT, United States
- Diagnostics Development, FYR Diagnostics, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vamshidhar R. Vangoor
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Affiliated Partner of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Zimmer TS, Broekaart DWM, Gruber VE, van Vliet EA, Mühlebner A, Aronica E. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex as Disease Model for Investigating mTOR-Related Gliopathy During Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1028. [PMID: 33041976 PMCID: PMC7527496 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) represents the prototypic monogenic disorder of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway dysregulation. It provides the rational mechanistic basis of a direct link between gene mutation and brain pathology (structural and functional abnormalities) associated with a complex clinical phenotype including epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. So far, research conducted in TSC has been largely neuron-oriented. However, the neuropathological hallmarks of TSC and other malformations of cortical development also include major morphological and functional changes in glial cells involving astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, NG2 glia, and microglia. These cells and their interglial crosstalk may offer new insights into the common neurobiological mechanisms underlying epilepsy and the complex cognitive and behavioral comorbidities that are characteristic of the spectrum of mTOR-associated neurodevelopmental disorders. This review will focus on the role of glial dysfunction, the interaction between glia related to mTOR hyperactivity, and its contribution to epileptogenesis in TSC. Moreover, we will discuss how understanding glial abnormalities in TSC might give valuable insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms that could help to develop novel therapeutic approaches for TSC or other pathologies characterized by glial dysfunction and acquired mTOR hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Zimmer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diede W M Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
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17
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Zhang J, Tan SB, Guo ZG. CD47 decline in pancreatic islet cells promotes macrophage-mediated phagocytosis in type I diabetes. World J Diabetes 2020; 11:239-251. [PMID: 32547698 PMCID: PMC7284019 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i6.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I diabetes (T1D) is characterized by insulin loss caused by inflammatory cells that excessively infiltrate and destroy the pancreas, resulting in dysregulation of tissue homeostasis, mechanobiological properties, and the immune response. The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model exhibits multiple features of human T1D and enables mechanistic analysis of disease progression. However, the relationship between the mechanochemical signaling regulation of STZ-induced T1D and macrophage migration and phagocytosis is unclear.
AIM To study the mechanochemical regulation of STZ-induced macrophage response on pancreatic beta islet cells to gain a clearer understanding of T1D.
METHODS We performed experiments using different methods. We stimulated isolated pancreatic beta islet cells with STZ and then tested the macrophage migration and phagocytosis.
RESULTS In this study, we discovered that the integrin-associated surface factor CD47 played a critical role in immune defense in the STZ-induced T1D model by preventing pancreatic beta islet inflammation. In comparison with healthy mice, STZ-treated mice showed decreased levels of CD47 on islet cells and reduced interaction of CD47 with signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), which negatively regulates macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. This resulted in weakened islet cell immune defense and promoted macrophage migration and phagocytosis of target inflammatory cells. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide-activated human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells also exhibited enhanced phagocytosis in the STZ-treated islets, and the aggressive attack of the inflammatory islets correlated with impaired CD47-SIRPα interactions. In addition, CD47 overexpression rescued the pre-labeled targeted cells.
CONCLUSION This study indicates that CD47 deficiency promotes the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages and provides mechanistic insights into T1D by associating the interactions between membrane structures and inflammatory disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Su-Bee Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Yue J, Wei YJ, Yang XL, Liu SY, Yang H, Zhang C‐Q. NLRP3 inflammasome and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy: molecular insights into their interdependence. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:770-785. [PMID: 32311777 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Y. J. Wei
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - X. L. Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - S. Y. Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - H. Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - C. ‐Q. Zhang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA Department of Neurosurgery Xinqiao Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
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19
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells and professional phagocytes of the central nervous system. However, little is known about the contribution of their phagocytic signaling to the neuropathology and pathophysiology of epilepsy. Here, we summarize and discuss the implications of recent evidence supporting that aberrant microglia phagocytic activity and alterations in phagocytosis signaling molecules occur in association with microglia-neuronal contacts, neuronal/synaptic loss, and spontaneous recurrent seizures in human and preclinical models of epilepsy. This body of evidence provides strong support that the microglial contribution to epileptogenic networks goes beyond inflammation, and suggests that phagocytic signaling molecules may be novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy L. Brewster
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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20
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Comella Bolla A, Valente T, Miguez A, Brito V, Gines S, Solà C, Straccia M, Canals JM. CD200 is up-regulated in R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224901. [PMID: 31790427 PMCID: PMC6886799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD), striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are particularly sensitive to the presence of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. However, there are many evidences that cells from the peripheral immune system and central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, namely microglia, play an important role in the etiology and the progression of HD. However, it remains unclear whether MSNs neurodegeneration is mediated by a non-cell autonomous mechanism. The homeostasis in the healthy CNS is maintained by several mechanisms of interaction between all brain cells. Neurons can control microglia activation through several inhibitory mechanisms, such as the CD200-CD200R1 interaction. Due to the complete lack of knowledge about the CD200-CD200R1 system in HD, we determined the temporal patterns of CD200 and CD200R1 expression in the neocortex, hippocampus and striatum in the HD mouse models R6/1 and HdhQ111/7 from pre-symptomatic to manifest stages. In order to explore any alteration in the peripheral immune system, we also studied the levels of expression of CD200 and CD200R1 in whole blood. Although CD200R1 expression was not altered, we observed and increase in CD200 gene expression and protein levels in the brain parenchyma of all the regions we examined, along with HD pathogenesis in R6/1 mice. Interestingly, the expression of CD200 mRNA was also up-regulated in blood following a similar temporal pattern. These results suggest that canonical neuronal-microglial communication through CD200-CD200R1 interaction is not compromised, and CD200 up-regulation in R6/1 brain parenchyma could represent a neurotrophic signal to sustain or extend neuronal function in the latest stages of HD as pro-survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Comella Bolla
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB–CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andres Miguez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Brito
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Gines
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB–CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Frigerio F, Pasqualini G, Craparotta I, Marchini S, van Vliet EA, Foerch P, Vandenplas C, Leclercq K, Aronica E, Porcu L, Pistorius K, Colas RA, Hansen TV, Perretti M, Kaminski RM, Dalli J, Vezzani A. n-3 Docosapentaenoic acid-derived protectin D1 promotes resolution of neuroinflammation and arrests epileptogenesis. Brain 2019; 141:3130-3143. [PMID: 30307467 PMCID: PMC6202571 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy therapy is based on drugs that treat the symptoms rather than the underlying mechanisms of the disease (epileptogenesis). There are no treatments for preventing seizures or improving disease prognosis, including neurological comorbidities. The search of pathogenic mechanisms of epileptogenesis highlighted that neuroinflammatory cytokines [i.e. interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α)] are induced in human and experimental epilepsies, and contribute to seizure generation in animal models. A major role in controlling the inflammatory response is played by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators acting on specific G-protein coupled receptors. Of note, the role that these pathways have in epileptogenic tissue remains largely unexplored. Using a murine model of epilepsy, we show that specialized pro-resolving mechanisms are activated by status epilepticus before the onset of spontaneous seizures, but with a marked delay as compared to the neuroinflammatory response. This was assessed by measuring the time course of mRNA levels of 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5) and 15-lipoxygenase (Alox15), the key biosynthetic enzymes of pro-resolving lipid mediators, versus Il1b and Tnfa transcripts and proteins. In the same hippocampal tissue, we found a similar delayed expression of two main pro-resolving receptors, the lipoxin A4 receptor/formyl peptide receptor 2 and the chemerin receptor. These receptors were also induced in the human hippocampus after status epilepticus and in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the neuroinflammatory response is sustained by a failure to engage pro-resolving mechanisms during epileptogenesis. Lipidomic LC-MS/MS analysis showed that lipid mediator levels apt to resolve the neuroinflammatory response were also significantly altered in the hippocampus during epileptogenesis with a shift in the biosynthesis of several pro-resolving mediator families including the n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)-derived protectin D1. Of note, intracerebroventricular injection of this mediator during epileptogenesis in mice dose-dependently reduced the hippocampal expression of both Il1b and Tnfa mRNAs. This effect was associated with marked improvement in mouse weight recovery and rescue of cognitive deficit in the novel object recognition test. Notably, the frequency of spontaneous seizures was drastically reduced by 2-fold on average and the average seizure duration was shortened by 40% after treatment discontinuation. As a result, the total time spent in seizures was reduced by 3-fold in mice treated with n-3 DPA-derived protectin D1. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate that epilepsy is characterized by an inadequate engagement of resolution pathways. Boosting endogenous resolution responses significantly improved disease outcomes, providing novel treatment avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Frigerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCSS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasqualini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCSS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Craparotta
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCSS, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCSS, Milano, Italy
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Porcu
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCSS, Milano, Italy
| | - Kimberly Pistorius
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Romain A Colas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Trond V Hansen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Correspondence regarding lipid mediators to: Jesmond Dalli, PhD Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK E-mail:
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCSS, Milano, Italy
- Correspondence regarding epileptogenesis to: Annamaria Vezzani, PhD Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy E-mail:
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22
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Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:459-472. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Chicharro P, Llamas-Velasco M, Cibrian D, Trigo-Torres L, Vara A, Jiménez-Fernández M, Sevilla-Montero J, Calzada MJ, Sánchez-Madrid F, de la Fuente H, Daudén E. Thrombospondin-1/CD47 Interaction Regulates Th17 and Treg Differentiation in Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1268. [PMID: 31214201 PMCID: PMC6558197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence on the role of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in the immune response has emerged during the last years. In spite of the importance of TSP-1 not only as anti-angiogenic factor but also as an immunomodulatory molecule, studies on the role of TSP-1 in psoriasis have been neglected. TSP-1 and CD47 expression were analyzed in skin samples from psoriasis patients and control subjects using RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Expression of these molecules was also evaluated in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, moDCs, and circulating primary DCs. The functional role of TSP-1/CD47 signaling axis in psoriasis was assessed in Th17 and Treg differentiation assays. Additionally, small interfering RNA assays specific to TSP-1 were performed in CD4+ T cells and monocyte derived DC to specifically evaluate the function of this protein. Lesional skin of psoriasis patients expressed lower TSP-1 and CD47 mRNA levels compared to non-lesional skin or skin from controls. Immunofluorescence staining revealed decreased expression of CD47 in CD45+ dermal cells from psoriasis samples compared to control subjects. Peripheral CD4+ T cells and circulating primary DCs from psoriasis also expressed lower levels of CD47 compared to controls. Although no significant differences were detected in TSP-1 expression in CD4+ T cells and moDCs between patients and controls, TSP-1 expression in psoriasis patients inversely correlated with disease activity evaluated by the Psoriasis Area and Index Activity. Furthermore, exogenous TSP-1 inhibited Th17 differentiation and stimulated the differentiation of CD4+ T cells toward Treg cells. Furthermore, RNA interference specific for TSP-1 confirmed the role of this molecule as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Because of the impact of TSP-1/CD47 signaling axis in Th17 and Treg differentiation, a dysregulated expression of these molecules in the immune cells from psoriasis patients may favor the exacerbated inflammatory response in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Chicharro
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Llamas-Velasco
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Trigo-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Vara
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jiménez-Fernández
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sevilla-Montero
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Calzada
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Institututo de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Institututo de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Daudén
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Sun Y, Ma J, Li D, Li P, Zhou X, Li Y, He Z, Qin L, Liang L, Luo X. Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-1β production and inflammasome activation of microglia in epileptic seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:66. [PMID: 30922332 PMCID: PMC6437919 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are important for secreting chemical mediators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1β secreted by glial cells support neuronal functions, but the related mechanisms remain vague. Our goal was to demonstrate the efficacy of IL-10 in suppressing IL-1β and in inflammasome activation in mice with epileptic seizure based on an epileptic-seizure mouse model. METHODS In this study, mice in which epileptic seizures were induced by administering picrotoxin (PTX) were used as a case group, and mice injected with saline were employed as the control group. The expression of nucleic acids, cytokines, or signaling pathways was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and Western blotting. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that IL-10 inhibits IL-1β production through two distinct mechanisms: (1) Treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) results in IL-10 overexpression in microglia and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thus inhibiting caspase-1-related IL-1β maturation; (2) next, autocrine IL-10 was found to subsequently promote signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), reducing amounts of pro-IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IL-10 is potentially effective in the treatment of inflammation encephalopathy, and suggest the potential usefulness of IL-10 for treating autoimmune or inflammatory ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiangjun Ma
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pinggan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhanwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liyang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangyang Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Pediatric, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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25
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Manchikalapudi AL, Chilakala RR, Kalia K, Sunkaria A. Evaluating the Role of Microglial Cells in Clearance of Aβ from Alzheimer's Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1149-1156. [PMID: 30609357 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever increasing incidence of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) has been reported all over the globe, and practically no drug is currently available for its treatment. In the past 15 years, not a single drug came out of clinical trials. The researchers have yet to discover a drug that could specifically target AD; in fact, the drugs that are about to launch in the global market either belong to natural compounds or are already approved drugs targeting other diseases. So, we need to shift our focus on finding novel targets which are more specific and could either detect or inhibit the disease progression at a very early stage. Microglia are the only resident innate immune cells of the brain that are originated from erythromyeloid progenitors. They migrate to the brain during early embryonic development, although their number is less (∼5 to 10%), but they could act as guardians of the brain. It has been shown that the extracellular deposits of Aβ are continuously phagocytosed by microglia in healthy individuals, but this ability would decrease with age and lead to development of AD. In this review, we have explored the possibility of whether microglial cells could be utilized as an early predictor of the AD progression. Here, we discuss the innate immune response of microglial cells, the factors affecting microglia response, microglial receptors to which Aβ could bind, and microglial phenotype markers. Last, we conclude with a list of available AD therapeutics along with their mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Chilakala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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26
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Manich G, Recasens M, Valente T, Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Role of the CD200-CD200R Axis During Homeostasis and Neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2018; 405:118-136. [PMID: 30367946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are considered to be the resident macrophages of the CNS and main effector of immune brain function. Due to their essential role in the regulation of neuroinflammatory response, microglia constitute an important target for neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. The communication between neurons and microglia contributes to a proper maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS. Research developed in the last decade has demonstrated that this interaction is mediated by "Off-signals" - molecules exerting immune inhibition - and "On signals" - molecules triggering immune activation. Among "Off signals", molecular pair CD200 and its CD200R receptor, expressed mainly in the membrane of neurons and microglia, respectively, have centered our attention due to its unexplored and powerful immunoregulatory functions. In this review, we will offer an updated global view of the CD200-CD200R role in the microglia-neuron crosstalk during homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Specifically, the effects of CD200-CD200R in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory microglial activation will be explained, and their involvement in other functions such as homeostasis preservation, tissue repair, and brain aging, among others, will be pointed out. In addition, we will depict the effects of CD200-CD200R uncoupling in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we will explore how to translate the scientific evidence of CD200-CD200R interaction into possible clinical therapeutic strategies to tackle neuroinflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Manich
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Recasens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Lago N, Pannunzio B, Amo-Aparicio J, López-Vales R, Peluffo H. CD200 modulates spinal cord injury neuroinflammation and outcome through CD200R1. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:416-426. [PMID: 29870752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between CD200 and its receptor CD200R1 is among the central regulators of microglia and macrophage phenotype. However, it remains to be established whether, in the context of a traumatic CNS injury, CD200R1 act as a negative regulator of these particular innate immune cells, and if the exogenous delivery of CD200 may ameliorate neurological deficits. In the present study, we first evaluated whether preventing the local interaction between the pair CD200-CD200R1, by using a selective blocking antibody against CD200R1, has a role on functional and inflammatory outcome after contusion-induced spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The injection of the αCD200R1, but not control IgG1, into the lesioned spinal cord immediately after the SCI worsened locomotor performance and exacerbated neuronal loss and demyelination. At the neuroimmunological level, we observed that microglial cells and macrophages showed increased levels of iNOS and Ly6C upon CD200R1 blockade, indicating that the disruption of CD200R1 drove these cells towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, although CD200R1 blockade had no effect in the initial infiltration of neutrophils into the lesioned spinal cord, it significantly impaired their clearance, which is a key sign of excessive inflammation. Interestingly, intraparenchymal injection of recombinant CD200-His immediately after the injury induced neuroprotection and robust and long-lasting locomotor recovery. In conclusion, this study reveals that interaction of CD200-CD200R1 plays a crucial role in limiting inflammation and lesion progression after SCI, and that boosting the stimulation of this pathway may constitute a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lago
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Bruno Pannunzio
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jesús Amo-Aparicio
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubèn López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hugo Peluffo
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
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28
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Singh V, Kushwaha S, Gera R, Ansari JA, Mishra J, Dewangan J, Patnaik S, Ghosh D. Sneaky Entry of IFNγ Through Arsenic-Induced Leaky Blood-Brain Barrier Reduces CD200 Expression by Microglial pro-Inflammatory Cytokine. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1488-1499. [PMID: 29948949 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that neuronal surface protein CD200 plays a key role in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Previously, we showed that arsenic (0.38 mg/kg body weight) exposure induces microglial activation and consequently IL-6/TNF-α secretion. This result indicated the possibility of alteration in the expression of CD200. Therefore, the present study was focused on checking arsenic-induced alteration in CD200 expression and revealing the underlying mechanism. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to arsenic (vehicle, 0.038 and 0.38 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days, and the expression level of CD200 was found to be decreased which was rescued by minocycline (33 mg/kg body weight) co-administration. Higher CD68 staining, increased level of IL-6/TNF-α, as well as higher level of IFNγ, were observed in in vivo arsenic-exposed groups. Interestingly, in vitro arsenic exposure could not increase IL-6/TNF-α level in the culture supernatant, whereas, supplementation of IFNγ could mimic the in vivo results. However, arsenic could not induce IFNγ production from brain endothelial cells, microglia, and astrocytes, thereby suggesting the entry of IFNγ through the impaired blood-brain barrier. Evans blue fluorescence in the brain confirms altered blood-brain barrier permeability although no changes were observed in the expression level of tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and occludin). Finally, intracerebral injection of anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody in arsenic-exposed brain reduced microglia activation (IL-6 and TNF-α and CD68 expression) and subsequently rescued CD200 level. Taken together, the study showed that arsenic-mediated compromised blood-brain barrier is a major driving force to induce microglial IL-6 and TNF-α production through serum IFNγ leading to CD200 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Singh
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, and Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Shaivya Kushwaha
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, and Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Ruchi Gera
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, and Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Jamal Ahmad Ansari
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, and Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Lab, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Satyakam Patnaik
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, 226001, India.,Water Analysis Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics and Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, and Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Al Amrani F, Dudley R, Bello-Espinosa LE, Rosenblatt B, Srour M, Sébire G. Intravenous Immunoglobulin as a Treatment for Intractable Epilepsy Secondary to Focal Cortical Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 76:79-81. [PMID: 28969879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The observation of a dramatic response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) by a child from our center with intractable epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia prompted us to perform a meta-analysis on the efficiency of IVIG in this condition. Focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of intractable epilepsy. Microglial activation and upregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways have been documented in brain specimen from surgically treated patients with intractable epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia. IVIG has been used for decades to treat patients with intractable epilepsy; however, there is little evidence regarding its efficacy, possibly because of the pathophysiological heterogeneity of patients included in most of the published studies. METHODS A search for studies in patients from 0 to 18 years was performed in databases. We found four observational studies-prospective or retrospective-including patients with focal cortical dysplasia with intractable epilepsy treated with IVIG. The primary outcome was a reduction of seizure frequency by more than 50%. RESULTS A total of eight patients were included in this meta-analysis. The intravenous immunoglobulin doses ranged from 0.2 to 1 g/kg/day, repeated three to six times over one to 14 months (median: five months). Intravenous immunoglobulin was associated with reduced seizure frequency in six out of eight patients (P < 0.05). Among these six patients, the reduction of seizure frequency lasted for nine months to nine years (median: 3.7 years). There were either no or mild adverse effects of IVIG infusion including postinfusion paresthesia (n = 1) and a transient increase in temperature (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS Despite obvious limitations, mainly because of the small number of patients, and the selection biases, this study suggests that, based on the available data, IVIG might be effective in the treatment of intractable epilepsy secondary to focal cortical dysplasia. Further therapeutic trials are mandatory to further clarify the efficacy of IVIG in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Al Amrani
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roy Dudley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis E Bello-Espinosa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bernard Rosenblatt
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam Srour
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Kambli L, Bhatt LK, Oza M, Prabhavalkar K. Novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy intervention. Seizure 2017; 51:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Sarnat HB, Scantlebury MH. Novel Inflammatory Neuropathology in Immature Brain: (1) Fetal Tuberous Sclerosis, (2) Febrile Seizures, (3) α-B-crystallin, and (4) Role of Astrocytes. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2017; 24:152-160. [PMID: 29103422 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Though the term "inflammation" is traditionally defined as proliferation or infiltration of lymphatic cells of the lymphatic immune system and macrophages or as immunoreactive proteins including cytokines, interleukins and major histocompatibility complexes, recently recognized reactions to tissue injury also are inflammation, often occurring in the central nervous system in conditions where they previously were not anticipated and where they may play a role in both pathogenesis and repair. We highlight 4 such novel inflammatory conditions revealed by neuropathologic studies: (1) inflammatory markers and cells in the brain of human fetuses with tuberous sclerosis complex and perhaps other disorders of the mechanistic target of rapamycin genetic or metabolic pathway, (2) inflammatory markers in the brain related to febrile seizures of infancy and early childhood, (3) heat-shock protein upregulation in glial cells and neurons at sites of chronic epileptic foci, and (4) the emerging role of astrocytes in the presence of and participation in inflammation. Novel evidence shows that cerebral inflammation plays a role in some genetic diseases as early as midgestation and thus is not always acquired postnatally or in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dishevelled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin (DEP) domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5) is a protein subunit of the GTPase-activating proteins towards Rags 1 (GATOR1) complex. GATOR1 is a recently identified modulator of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. mTOR is a key regulator of cell proliferation and metabolism; disruption of the mTOR pathway is implicated in focal epilepsy, both acquired and genetic. Tuberous sclerosis is the prototypic mTOR genetic syndrome with epilepsy, however GATOR1 gene mutations have recently been shown to cause lesional and non-lesional focal epilepsy. Areas covered: This review summarizes the mTOR pathway, including regulators and downstream effectors, emphasizing recent developments in the understanding of the complex role of the GATOR1 complex. We review the epilepsy types associated with mTOR overactivity, including tuberous sclerosis, polyhydramnios megalencephaly symptomatic epilepsy, cortical dysplasia, non-lesional focal epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy. Currently available mTOR inhibitors are discussed, primarily rapamycin analogs and ATP competitive mTOR inhibitors. Expert opinion: DEPDC5 is an attractive therapeutic target in focal epilepsy, as effects of DEPDC5 agonists would likely be anti-epileptogenic and more selective than currently available mTOR inhibitors. Therapeutic effects might be synergistic with certain existing dietary therapies, including the ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Myers
- a Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine , The University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Flemington , Victoria , Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- a Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine , The University of Melbourne, Austin Health , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Flemington , Victoria , Australia.,c The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia
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