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Namatame C, Abe Y, Miyasaka Y, Takai Y, Matsumoto Y, Takahashi T, Mashimo T, Misu T, Fujihara K, Yasui M, Aoki M. Humanized-Aquaporin-4-Expressing Rat Created by Gene-Editing Technology and Its Use to Clarify the Pathology of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8169. [PMID: 39125739 PMCID: PMC11311328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional rodent neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) models using patient-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) are potentially affected by the differences between the human and rodent aquaporin-4 (AQP4) extracellular domains (ECDs). We hypothesized that the humanization of AQP4 ECDs would make the rodent model lesions closer to human NMOSD pathology. Humanized-AQP4-expressing (hAQP4) rats were generated using genome-editing technology, and the human AQP4-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) or six patient-derived IgGs were introduced intraperitoneally into hAQP4 rats and wild-type Lewis (WT) rats after immunization with myelin basic protein and complete Freund's adjuvant. Human AQP4-specific mAb induced astrocyte loss lesions specifically in hAQP4 rats. The patient-derived IgGs also induced NMOSD-like tissue-destructive lesions with AQP4 loss, demyelination, axonal swelling, complement deposition, and marked neutrophil and macrophage/microglia infiltration in hAQP4 rats; however, the difference in AQP4 loss lesion size and infiltrating cells was not significant between hAQP4 and WT rats. The patient-derived IgGs bound to both human and rat AQP4 M23, suggesting their binding to the shared region of human and rat AQP4 ECDs. Anti-AQP4 titers positively correlated with AQP4 loss lesion size and neutrophil and macrophage/microglia infiltration. Considering that patient-derived IgGs vary in binding sites and affinities and some of them may not bind to rodent AQP4, our hAQP4 rat is expected to reproduce NMOSD-like pathology more accurately than WT rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Namatame
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Laboratory of Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Takai
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yonezawa Hospital, Yonezawa 992-1202, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis & Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Multiple Sclerosis & Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama 963-8563, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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2
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Salman MM, Kitchen P, Halsey A, Wang MX, Törnroth-Horsefield S, Conner AC, Badaut J, Iliff JJ, Bill RM. Emerging roles for dynamic aquaporin-4 subcellular relocalization in CNS water homeostasis. Brain 2022; 145:64-75. [PMID: 34499128 PMCID: PMC9088512 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at the glia limitans, where it mediates water exchange across the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers (BSCB/BBB), and controls cell volume, extracellular space volume, and astrocyte migration. Perivascular enrichment of AQP4 at the BSCB/BBB suggests a role in glymphatic function. Recently, we have demonstrated that AQP4 localization is also dynamically regulated at the subcellular level, affecting membrane water permeability. Ageing, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic CNS injury, and sleep disruption are established and emerging risk factors in developing neurodegeneration, and in animal models of each, impairment of glymphatic function is associated with changes in perivascular AQP4 localization. CNS oedema is caused by passive water influx through AQP4 in response to osmotic imbalances. We have demonstrated that reducing dynamic relocalization of AQP4 to the BSCB/BBB reduces CNS oedema and accelerates functional recovery in rodent models. Given the difficulties in developing pore-blocking AQP4 inhibitors, targeting AQP4 subcellular localization opens up new treatment avenues for CNS oedema, neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and provides a framework to address fundamental questions about water homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics,
University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Philip Kitchen
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life
Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle,
Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrea Halsey
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical
and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marie Xun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical
and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS-UMR 5536-Centre de Résonance
Magnétique des systèmes Biologiques, Université de
Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jeffrey J Iliff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington
School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and
Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,
USA
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life
Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle,
Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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3
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Lopez JA, Denkova M, Ramanathan S, Dale RC, Brilot F. Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1316. [PMID: 34336206 PMCID: PMC8312887 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of demyelination. Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) are now recognised as separate disease entities under the amalgam of human central nervous system demyelinating disorders. While these disorders share inherent similarities, investigations into their distinct clinical presentations and lesion pathologies have aided in differential diagnoses and understanding of disease pathogenesis. An interplay of various genetic and environmental factors contributes to each disease, many of which implicate an autoimmune response. The pivotal role of the adaptive immune system has been highlighted by the diagnostic autoantibodies in NMOSD and MOGAD, and the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes in MS lesions. While a number of autoantigens have been proposed in MS, recent emphasis on the contribution of B cells has shed new light on the well‐established understanding of T cell involvement in pathogenesis. This review aims to synthesise the clinical characteristics and pathological findings, discuss existing and emerging hypotheses regarding the aetiology of demyelination and evaluate recent pathogenicity studies involving T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies and their implications in human demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lopez
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Martina Denkova
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Department of Neurology Concord Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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4
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Hofer LS, Ramberger M, Gredler V, Pescoller AS, Rostásy K, Sospedra M, Hegen H, Berger T, Lutterotti A, Reindl M. Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Responses to Aquaporin-4 and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in Inflammatory Demyelinating Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1188. [PMID: 32625206 PMCID: PMC7311656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Ab) are associated with rare central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases like neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Previous studies have shown that not only antibodies, but also autoreactive T-cell responses against AQP4 are present in NMOSD. However, no study has yet analyzed the presence of MOG reactive T-cells in patients with MOG antibodies. Therefore, we compared AQP4 and MOG specific peripheral T-cell response in individuals with AQP4-Ab (n = 8), MOG-Ab (n = 10), multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 8), and healthy controls (HC, n = 14). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures were stimulated with eight AQP4 and nine MOG peptides selected from previous studies and a tetanus toxoid peptide mix as a positive control. Antigen-specific T-cell responses were assessed using the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester proliferation assay and the detection of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-ɤ and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-17A in cell culture supernatants. Additionally, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ and HLA-DR genotyping of all participants was performed. We classified a T-cell response as positive if proliferation (measured by a cell division index ≥3) was confirmed by the secretion of at least one cytokine. Reactivity against AQP4 peptides was observed in many groups, but the T-cell response against AQP4 p156-170 was present only in patients with AQP4-Ab (4/8, 50%) and absent in patients with MOG-Ab, MS and HC (corrected p = 0.02). This AQP4 p156-170 peptide specific T-cell response was significantly increased in participants with AQP4-Ab compared to those without [Odds ratio (OR) = 59.00, 95% confidence interval-CI 2.70–1,290.86]. Moreover, T-cell responses against at least one AQP4 peptide were also more frequent in participants with AQP4-Ab (OR = 11.45, 95% CI 1.24–106.05). We did not observe any significant differences for the other AQP4 peptides or any MOG peptide. AQP4-Ab were associated with HLA DQB1*02 (OR = 5.71, 95% CI 1.09–30.07), DRB1*01 (OR = 9.33, 95% CI 1.50–58.02) and DRB1*03 (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.19–38.41). Furthermore, HLA DRB1*01 was also associated with the presence of AQP4 p156-170 reactive T-cells (OR = 31.67, 95% CI 1.30–772.98). To summarize, our findings suggest a role of AQP4-specific, but not MOG-specific T-cells, in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Sophie Hofer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Ramberger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Viktoria Gredler
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Sophie Pescoller
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Department of Neuroimmunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Hegen
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Department of Neuroimmunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Duan T, Verkman AS. Experimental animal models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress and shortcomings. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:13-25. [PMID: 31587392 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a heterogeneous group of neuroinflammatory conditions associated with demyelination primarily in spinal cord and optic nerve, and to a lesser extent in brain. Most NMOSD patients are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), the principal water channel in astrocytes. There has been interest in establishing experimental animal models of seropositive NMOSD (herein referred to as NMO) in order to elucidate NMO pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate drug candidates. An important outcome of early NMO animal models was evidence for a pathogenic role of AQP4-IgG. However, available animal models of NMO, based largely on passive transfer to rodents of AQP4-IgG or transfer of AQP4-sensitized T cells, often together with pro-inflammatory maneuvers, only partially recapitulate the clinical and pathological features of human NMO, and are inherently biased toward humoral or cellular immune mechanisms. This review summarizes current progress and shortcomings in experimental animal models of seropositive NMOSD, and opines on the import of advancing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Duan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143.,Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
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6
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Tea F, Lopez JA, Ramanathan S, Merheb V, Lee FXZ, Zou A, Pilli D, Patrick E, van der Walt A, Monif M, Tantsis EM, Yiu EM, Vucic S, Henderson APD, Fok A, Fraser CL, Lechner-Scott J, Reddel SW, Broadley S, Barnett MH, Brown DA, Lunemann JD, Dale RC, Brilot F. Characterization of the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody response in demyelination. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:145. [PMID: 31481127 PMCID: PMC6724269 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, human autoantibodies targeting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG Ab) have been associated with monophasic and relapsing central nervous system demyelination involving the optic nerves, spinal cord, and brain. While the clinical relevance of MOG Ab detection is becoming increasingly clear as therapeutic and prognostic differences from multiple sclerosis are acknowledged, an in-depth characterization of human MOG Ab is required to answer key challenges in patient diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Herein, we investigated the epitope, binding sensitivity, and affinity of MOG Ab in a cohort of 139 and 148 MOG antibody-seropositive children and adults (n = 287 patients at baseline, 130 longitudinal samples, and 22 cerebrospinal fluid samples). MOG extracellular domain was also immobilized to determine the affinity of MOG Ab. MOG Ab response was of immunoglobulin G1 isotype, and was of peripheral rather than intrathecal origin. High affinity MOG Ab were detected in 15% paediatric and 18% adult sera. More than 75% of paediatric and adult MOG Ab targeted a dominant extracellular antigenic region around Proline42. MOG Ab titers fluctuated over the progression of disease, but affinity and reactivity to Proline42 remained stable. Adults with a relapsing course intrinsically presented with a reduced immunoreactivity to Proline42 and had a more diverse MOG Ab response, a feature that may be harnessed for predicting relapse. Higher titers of MOG Ab were observed in more severe phenotypes and during active disease, supporting the pathogenic role of MOG Ab. Loss of MOG Ab seropositivity was observed upon conformational changes to MOG, and this greatly impacted the sensitivity of the detection of relapsing disorders, largely considered as more severe. Careful consideration of the binding characteristics of autoantigens should be taken into account when detecting disease-relevant autoantibodies.
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Hillebrand S, Schanda K, Nigritinou M, Tsymala I, Böhm D, Peschl P, Takai Y, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Misu T, Reindl M, Lassmann H, Bradl M. Circulating AQP4-specific auto-antibodies alone can induce neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:467-485. [PMID: 30564980 PMCID: PMC6514074 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the binding of pathogenic aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific autoantibodies to astrocytes may initiate a cascade of events culminating in the destruction of these cells and in the formation of large tissue-destructive lesions typical for patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). To date, not a single experimental study has shown that the systemic presence of the antibody alone can induce any damage to the central nervous system (CNS), while pathological studies on brains of NMOSD patients suggested that there might be ways for antibody entry and subsequent tissue damage. Here, we systemically applied a highly pathogenic, monoclonal antibody with high affinity to AQP4 over prolonged period of time to rats, and show that AQP4-abs can enter the CNS on their own, via circumventricular organs and meningeal or parenchymal blood vessels, that these antibodies initiate the formation of radically different lesions with AQP4 loss, depending on their mode and site of entry, and that lesion formation is much more efficient in the presence of encephalitogenic T-cell responses. We further demonstrate that the established tissue-destructive lesions trigger the formation of additional lesions by short and far reaching effects on blood vessels and their branches, and that AQP4-abs have profound effects on the AQP4 expression in peripheral tissues which counter-act possible titer loss by antibody absorption outside the CNS. Cumulatively, these data indicate that directly induced pathological changes caused by AQP4-abs inside and outside the CNS are efficient drivers of disease evolution in seropositive organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hillebrand
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalini Nigritinou
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Tsymala
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Böhm
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yoshiki Takai
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakashima
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Pisani F, Simone L, Mola MG, De Bellis M, Mastrapasqua M, Ruggieri M, Trojano M, Nicchia GP, Svelto M, Frigeri A. Host-Cell Type Dependent Features of Recombinant Human Aquaporin-4 Orthogonal Arrays of Particles-New Insights for Structural and Functional Studies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020119. [PMID: 30717425 PMCID: PMC6406603 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CNS plasma-membrane water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is expressed as two major isoforms able to aggregate into supramolecular assemblies known as ‘orthogonal arrays of particles’ (OAPs). OAP subnanometric features are largely unknown mainly because a method for the expression, isolation, and crystallization of integral human OAPs has not been developed. Here, the human OAP-forming isoform M23-AQP4 was expressed in insect and mammalian cell lines and AQP4 and OAP features evaluated. Native size exclusion chromatography was employed to isolate and analyze authentically folded OAPs, and neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-specific sandwich ELISA was developed to test OAP-integrity. The results demonstrate that in insect cells most AQP4 remains intracellular and unfolded and that OAPs are largely disassembled after the detergent extraction step. In mammalian cells, AQP4 showed regular plasma membrane targeting and OAPs exhibited strong post-extraction stability. Starting from the mammalian cell expression system, we isolated authentically folded OAPs. Together these data suggest a new strategy for expressing and isolating integral recombinant human OAPs and providing new insights into the cell-type dependent OAP-assembly and post-extraction stability, potentially useful to design new approaches for structural and functional studies of OAP and for other plasma membrane proteins organized into supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisani
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutic, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Laura Simone
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Cancer Stem Cells Unit, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutic, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Manuela De Bellis
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutic, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Mastrapasqua
- School of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Ruggieri
- School of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Trojano
- School of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutic, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutic, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- School of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Univ. of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
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9
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Gao M, Yao X, Ding J, Hong R, Wu Y, Huang H, Zhuang L, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guan Y. Low levels of vitamin D and the relationship between vitamin D and Th2 axis-related cytokines in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 61:22-27. [PMID: 30692037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of vitamin D have been studied in neuroinflammation disorders, and as the newly discovered Th2-related cytokines, IL-25, IL-31 and IL-33 may also play important roles in the lesions of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). This study sought to investigate the clinical profiles of vitamin D and Th2 axis-related cytokines and their relationships in patients with NMOSD. METHODS Eighty-four NMOSD patients and 84 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated for serum levels of the total vitamin D [25(OH)D], 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] by means of high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Meanwhile, serum AQP4-IgG (n = 84) were detected by an AQP4-transfected cell-based assay (CBA) and IL-25, IL-31, IL-33 (n = 32) were performed using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The serum levels of 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 were significantly lower in NMOSD group as compared to HC group. There were also significant differences in serum vitamin D levels between the acute phase group and remission group except the 25(OH)D2 levels (p = 0.070). No correlations were detected between vitamin D and disease activity or vitamin D and disease disability. Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 levels were not correlated with serum IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33 levels, the location of lesions and the number of lesion locations. CONCLUSION Our result showed hypovitaminosis D in NMOSD patients. The activity of 25(OH)D3 seemed to be closer to 25(OH)D than 25(OH)D2. Low levels of 25(OH)D/25(OH)D3 might represent a risk factor for the disease activity in patients with NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Gao
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Yao
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Hong
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Meng Q, Valentini D, Rao M, Moro CF, Paraschoudi G, Jäger E, Dodoo E, Rangelova E, Del Chiaro M, Maeurer M. Neoepitope targets of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:97-108. [PMID: 30377343 PMCID: PMC6325142 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer exhibits a poor prognosis and often presents with metastasis at diagnosis. Immunotherapeutic approaches targeting private cancer mutations (neoantigens) are a clinically viable option to improve clinical outcomes. METHODS 3/40 TIL lines (PanTT26, PanTT39, PanTT77) were more closely examined for neoantigen recognition. Whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify non-synonymous somatic mutations. Mutant peptides were synthesised and assessed for antigen-specific IFN-γ production and specific tumour killing in a standard Cr51 assay. TIL phenotype was tested by flow cytometry. Lymphocytes and HLA molecules in tumour tissue were visualised by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PanTT26 and PanTT39 TILs recognised and killed the autologous tumour cells. PanTT26 TIL recognised the KRASG12v mutation, while a PanTT39 CD4+ TIL clone recognised the neoepitope (GLLRYWRTERLF) from an aquaporin 1-like protein (gene: K7N7A8). Repeated stimulation of TILs with the autologous tumour cells line lead to focused recognition of several mutated targets, based on IFN-γ production. TILs and corresponding PBMCs from PanTT77 showed shared as well as mutually exclusively tumour epitope recognition (TIL-responsive or PBMC-responsive). CONCLUSION This study provides methods to robustly screen T-cell targets for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is immunogenic and immunotherapeutic approaches can be used to develop improved, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Fernández Moro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Paraschoudi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elke Jäger
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, Division of Oncology and Haematology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rangelova
- Department of Clinical Science, Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Department of Clinical Science, Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Oncology/Haematology, KHNW, Frankfurt, Germany & ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
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11
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Kim Y, Kim G, Kong BS, Lee JE, Oh YM, Hyun JW, Kim SH, Joung A, Kim BJ, Choi K, Kim HJ. Large-Scale in-House Cell-Based Assay for Evaluating the Serostatus in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Based on New Diagnostic Criteria. J Clin Neurol 2017; 13:175-180. [PMID: 28271642 PMCID: PMC5392460 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The detection of aquaporin 4-IgG (AQP4-IgG) is now a critical diagnostic criterion for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). To evaluate the serostatus of NMOSD patients based on the 2015 new diagnostic criteria using a new in-house cell-based assay (CBA). METHODS We generated a stable cell line using internal ribosome entry site-containing bicistronic vectors, which allow the simultaneous expression of two proteins (AQP4 and green fluorescent protein) separately from the same RNA transcript. We performed in-house CBA using serum from 386 patients: 178 NMOSD patients diagnosed according to the new diagnostic criteria without AQP4-IgG, 63 high risk NMOSD patients presenting 1 of the 6 core clinical characteristics of NMOSD but not fulfilling dissemination in space, and 145 patients with other neurological diseases, including 66 with multiple sclerosis. The serostatus of 111 definite and high risk NMOSD patients were also tested using a commercial CBA kit with identical serum to evaluate the correlation between the 2 methods. All assays were performed by two independent and blinded investigators. RESULTS Our in-house assay yielded a specificity of 100% and sensitivities of 80% (142 of 178) and 76% (48 of 63) when detecting definite- and high risk NMOSD patients, respectively. The comparison with the commercial CBA kit revealed a correlation for 102 of the 111 patients: no correlation was present in 7 patients who were seronegative using the commercial method but seropositive using the in-house method, and in 2 patients who were seropositive using the commercial method but seronegative using the in-house method. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that our in-house CBA is a highly specific and sensitive method for detecting AQP4-IgG in NMOSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Division of Translational and Clinical Research II, Research institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gayoung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Division of Translational and Clinical Research II, Research institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kong
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Division of Translational and Clinical Research II, Research institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Division of Translational and Clinical Research II, Research institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Oh
- Division of Translational and Clinical Research II, Research institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Hyun
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - AeRan Joung
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Division of Translational and Clinical Research II, Research institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
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12
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Sinmaz N, Tea F, Pilli D, Zou A, Amatoury M, Nguyen T, Merheb V, Ramanathan S, Cooper ST, Dale RC, Brilot F. Dopamine-2 receptor extracellular N-terminus regulates receptor surface availability and is the target of human pathogenic antibodies from children with movement and psychiatric disorders. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:126. [PMID: 27908295 PMCID: PMC5134269 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) antibodies have been recently identified in a subgroup of children with autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders, however the epitope(s) and mechanism of pathogenicity remain unknown. Here we report a major biological role for D2R extracellular N-terminus as a regulator of receptor surface availability, and as a major epitope targeted and impaired in brain autoimmunity. In transfected human cells, purified anti-D2R antibody from patients specifically and significantly reduced human D2R surface levels. Next, human D2R mutants modified in their extracellular domains were subcloned, and we analyzed the region bound by 35 anti-D2R antibody-positive patient sera using quantitative flow cytometry on live transfected cells. We found that N-glycosylation at amino acids N5 and/or N17 was critical for high surface expression in interaction with the last 15 residues of extracellular D2R N-terminus. No anti-D2R antibody-positive patient sera bound to the three extracellular loops, but all patient sera (35/35) targeted the extracellular N-terminus. Overall, patient antibody binding was dependent on two main regions encompassing amino acids 20 to 29, and 23 to 37. Residues 20 to 29 contributed to the majority of binding (77%, 27/35), among which 26% (7/27) sera bound to amino acids R20, P21, and F22, 37% (10/27) patients were dependent on residues at positions 26 and 29, that are different between humans and mice, and 30% (8/27) sera required R20, P21, F22, N23, D26, and A29. Seven patient sera bound to the region 23 to 37 independently of D26 and A29, but most sera exhibited N-glycosylation-independent epitope recognition at N23. Interestingly, no evident segregation of binding pattern according to patient clinical phenotype was observed. D2R N-terminus is a central epitope in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders and this knowledge could help the design of novel specific immune therapies tailored to improve patient outcome.
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13
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Long Y, Liang J, Zhong R, Wu L, Qiu W, Lin S, Gao C, Chen X, Zheng X, Yang N, Gao M, Wang Z. Aquaporin-4 antibody in neuromyelitis optica: re-testing study in a large population from China. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:790-799. [PMID: 27838939 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1259226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody sero-positivity is critically important in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). However, the sensitivity of different assays is highly variable. Repeating detection with a highly sensitive assay in a large population is necessary in the case of so-called negative NMO. METHODS Retrospective analysis where AQP4 antibodies were detected by commercial cell-based assay (CBA), in-house M23-CBA and in-house M1-CBA. RESULTS Of the 1011 serum samples, 206 (20.4%) were sero-positive by primary commercial CBA. In the retest, all 206 participants positive by primary commercial CBA also yielded positive results by in-house M23-CBA and the second commercial CBA again, but only 124 positive in in-house M1-CBA. Among the 805 participants negative by primary commercial CBA, 71 participants were positive for in-house M23-CBA, of which 20 participants were positive for the second commercial CBA, and none were positive by in-house M1-CBA. Of the 171 cerebral spinal fluid samples, 75 (43.9%) were positive by primary commercial CBA. All 75 participants positive by primary commercial CBA also yielded positive results by in-house M23-CBA and the second commercial CBA. Forty-nine (65.3%) of these 75 participants were positive by in-house M1-CBA. Among the 96 participants negative by primary commercial CBA, 15 participants were positive for in-house M23-CBA and none were positive by in-house M1-CBA and the second commercial CBA. CONCLUSIONS Different AQP4 isoforms in CBA result in different detection effects, and in-house M23-CBA is the most sensitive method. Some AQP4 antibody-negative NMO may be subject to diagnostic uncertainty due to limitations of the assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Long
- a Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China , Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Junyan Liang
- a Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China , Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Rong Zhong
- a Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China , Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Linzhan Wu
- a Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China , Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Wei Qiu
- c Department of Neurology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shaopeng Lin
- a Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China , Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Cong Gao
- a Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China , Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- d Department of Emergency , The Second Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- e Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Ning Yang
- f Department of Neurology , The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University , GuangZhou , China
| | - Min Gao
- g Department of Neurology , The Second Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhanhang Wang
- h Department of Neurology , Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital , Guangzhou , China
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14
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Sinmaz N, Nguyen T, Tea F, Dale RC, Brilot F. Mapping autoantigen epitopes: molecular insights into autoantibody-associated disorders of the nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:219. [PMID: 27577085 PMCID: PMC5006540 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our knowledge of autoantibody-associated diseases of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems has expanded greatly over the recent years. A number of extracellular and intracellular autoantigens have been identified, and there is no doubt that this field will continue to expand as more autoantigens are discovered as a result of improved clinical awareness and methodological practice. In recent years, interest has shifted to uncover the target epitopes of these autoantibodies. MAIN BODY The purpose of this review is to discuss the mapping of the epitope targets of autoantibodies in CNS and PNS antibody-mediated disorders, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (Lgi1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC), neurofascin (NF), and contactin. We also address the methods used to analyze these epitopes, the relevance of their determination, and how this knowledge can inform studies on autoantibody pathogenicity. Furthermore, we discuss triggers of autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry, ectopic antigen expression, epitope spreading, and potential mechanisms for the rising number of double autoantibody-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS Molecular insights into specificity and role of autoantibodies will likely improve diagnosis and treatment of CNS and PNS neuroimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sinmaz
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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