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Armstrong M, Castellanos J, Christie D. Chronic pain as an emergent property of a complex system and the potential roles of psychedelic therapies. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1346053. [PMID: 38706873 PMCID: PMC11066302 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1346053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite research advances and urgent calls by national and global health organizations, clinical outcomes for millions of people suffering with chronic pain remain poor. We suggest bringing the lens of complexity science to this problem, conceptualizing chronic pain as an emergent property of a complex biopsychosocial system. We frame pain-related physiology, neuroscience, developmental psychology, learning, and epigenetics as components and mini-systems that interact together and with changing socioenvironmental conditions, as an overarching complex system that gives rise to the emergent phenomenon of chronic pain. We postulate that the behavior of complex systems may help to explain persistence of chronic pain despite current treatments. From this perspective, chronic pain may benefit from therapies that can be both disruptive and adaptive at higher orders within the complex system. We explore psychedelic-assisted therapies and how these may overlap with and complement mindfulness-based approaches to this end. Both mindfulness and psychedelic therapies have been shown to have transdiagnostic value, due in part to disruptive effects on rigid cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns as well their ability to promote neuroplasticity. Psychedelic therapies may hold unique promise for the management of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Armstrong
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joel Castellanos
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Devon Christie
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Parthasarathy G. Fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors mitigate the neuropathogenicity of Borrelia burgdorferi or its remnants ex vivo. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1327416. [PMID: 38638441 PMCID: PMC11024320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1327416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we showed that fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) contribute to inflammatory mediator output from primary rhesus microglia in response to live Borrelia burgdorferi. We also demonstrated that non-viable B. burgdorferi can be as pathogenic as live bacteria, if not more so, in both CNS and PNS tissues. In this study we assessed the effect of live and non-viable B. burgdorferi in inducing FGFR expression from rhesus frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissue explants as well as their neuronal/astrocyte localization. Specific FGFR inhibitors were also tested for their ability to attenuate inflammatory output and apoptosis in response to either live or non-viable organisms. Results show that in the FC, FGFR2 was the most abundantly expressed receptor followed by FGFR3 and FGFR1. Non-viable B. burgdorferi significantly upregulated FGFR3 more often than live bacteria, while the latter had a similar effect on FGFR1, although both treatments did affect the expressions of both receptors. FGFR2 was the least modulated in the FC tissues by the two treatments. FGFR1 expression was more prevalent in astrocytes while FGFR2 and FGFR3 showed higher expression in neurons. In the DRG, all three receptor expressions were also seen, but could not be distinguished from medium controls by immunofluorescence. Inhibition of FGFR1 by PD166866 downregulated both inflammation and apoptosis in both FC and DRG in response to either treatment in all the tissues tested. Inhibition of FGFR1-3 by AZD4547 similarly downregulated both inflammation and apoptosis in both FC and DRG in response to live bacteria, while with sonicated remnants, this effect was seen in one of the two FC tissues and 2 of 3 DRG tissues tested. CCL2 and IL-6 were the most downregulated mediators in the FC, while in the DRG it was CXCL8 and IL-6 in response to FGFR inhibition. Downregulation of at least two of these three mediators was observed to downregulate apoptosis levels in general. We show here that FGFR inhibition can be an effective anti-inflammatory treatment in antibiotic refractive neurological Lyme. Alternatively, two biologics may be needed to effectively curb neuroinflammation and pathology in the CNS and PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
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Groth M, Skrzydlewska E, Dobrzyńska M, Pancewicz S, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Redox Imbalance and Its Metabolic Consequences in Tick-Borne Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:870398. [PMID: 35937690 PMCID: PMC9353526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.870398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the growing global health problems are vector-borne diseases, including tick-borne diseases. The most common tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. Taking into account the metabolic effects in the patient's body, tick-borne diseases are a significant problem from an epidemiological and clinical point of view. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key elements in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including tick-borne diseases. In consequence, this leads to oxidative modifications of the structure and function of phospholipids and proteins and results in qualitative and quantitative changes at the level of lipid mediators arising in both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS enzyme-dependent reactions. These types of metabolic modifications affect the functioning of the cells and the host organism. Therefore, links between the severity of the disease state and redox imbalance and the level of phospholipid metabolites are being searched, hoping to find unambiguous diagnostic biomarkers. Assessment of molecular effects of oxidative stress may also enable the monitoring of the disease process and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Groth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Courtier A, Potheret D, Giannoni P. Environmental bacteria as triggers to brain disease: Possible mechanisms of toxicity and associated human risk. Life Sci 2022; 304:120689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Parthasarathy G, Gadila SKG. Neuropathogenicity of non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi ex vivo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:688. [PMID: 35027599 PMCID: PMC8758786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even after appropriate treatment, a proportion of Lyme disease patients suffer from a constellation of symptoms, collectively called Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). Brain PET scan of patients with PTLDS have demonstrated likely glial activation indicating persistent neuroinflammatory processes. It is possible that unresolved bacterial remnants can continue to cause neuroinflammation. In previous studies, we have shown that non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi can induce neuroinflammation and apoptosis in an oligodendrocyte cell line. In this follow-up study, we analyze the effect of sonicated remnants of B. burgdorferi on primary rhesus frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants. Five FC and three DRG tissue fragments from rhesus macaques were exposed to sonicated B. burgdorferi and analyzed for 26 inflammatory mediators. Live bacteria and medium alone served as positive and negative control, respectively. Tissues were also analyzed for cell types mediating inflammation and overall apoptotic changes. Non-viable B. burgdorferi induced significant levels of several inflammatory mediators in both FC and DRG, similar to live bacteria. However, the levels induced by non-viable B. burgdorferi was often (several fold) higher than those induced by live ones, especially for IL-6, CXCL8 and CCL2. This effect was also more profound in the FC than in the DRG. Although the levels often differed, both live and dead fragments induced the same mediators, with significant overlap between FC and DRG. In the FC, immunohistochemical staining for several inflammatory mediators showed the presence of multiple mediators in astrocytes, followed by microglia and oligodendrocytes, in response to bacterial remnants. Staining was also seen in endothelial cells. In the DRG, chemokine/cytokine staining was predominantly seen in S100 positive (glial) cells. B. burgdorferi remnants also induced significant levels of apoptosis in both the FC and DRG. Apoptosis was confined to S100 + cells in the DRG while distinct neuronal apoptosis was also detected in most FC tissues in response to sonicated bacteria. Non-viable B. burgdorferi can continue to be neuropathogenic to both CNS and PNS tissues with effects likely more profound in the former. Persistence of remnant-induced neuroinflammatory processes can lead to long term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703, Three rivers Road, Room 109, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Shiva Kumar Goud Gadila
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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6
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Ding Z, Sun L, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Yue P, Xu X, Cao W, Luo L, Chen T, Li L, Ji Z, Jian M, Lu L, Abi ME, Liu A, Bao F. Integrative Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Provide New Insights Into the Interaction Between Live Borrelia burgdorferi and Frontal Cortex Explants of the Rhesus Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:518-529. [PMID: 32196082 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which is neurotropic, can attack the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the development of various neurologic symptoms. The pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) remains poorly understood. Presently, there is a lack of knowledge of the changes in mRNA and proteins in the CNS following early disseminated Lyme disease. Explants from the frontal cortex of 3 rhesus brains were incubated with medium alone or with medium containing live Bb for 6, 12, or 24 hours. Then, we analyzed identified mRNA and proteins in the frontal cortex tissues, allowing for an in-depth view of the transcriptome and proteome for a macroscopic and unbiased understanding of early disseminated Lyme disease in the brain. Through bioinformatics analysis, a complex network of enriched pathways that were mobilized during the progression of Lyme spirochete infection was described. Furthermore, based on the analysis of omics data, translational regulation, glycosaminoglycan/proteoglycan-binding activity in colonization and dissemination to tissues, disease-associated genes, and synaptic function were enriched, which potentially play a role in pathogenesis during the interaction between frontal cortex tissues and spirochetes. These integrated omics results provide unbiased and comprehensive information for the further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ding
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Luyun Sun
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities
| | - Yunfeng Bi
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities
| | - Yu Zhang
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Peng Yue
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Xin Xu
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University
| | - Wenjing Cao
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University
| | - Lisha Luo
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University
| | - Taigui Chen
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Lianbao Li
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Zhenhua Ji
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Miaomiao Jian
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University
| | - Lihong Lu
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities
| | - Manzama-Esso Abi
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Aihua Liu
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Children's Major Diseases Research, The Children's Hospital of Kunming.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Fukai Bao
- From the Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities.,Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Children's Major Diseases Research, The Children's Hospital of Kunming.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
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Dexamethasone does not ameliorate gliosis in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100817. [PMID: 33015377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged neuroinflammation is a driving force for neurodegenerative disease, and agents against inflammatory responses are regarded as potential treatment strategies. Here we aimed to evaluate the prevention effects on gliosis by dexamethasone (DEX), an anti-inflammation drug. We used DEX to treat the nicastrin conditional knockout (cKO) mouse, a neurodegenerative mouse model. DEX (10 mg/kg) was given to 2.5-month-old nicastrin cKO mice, which have not started to display neurodegeneration and gliosis, for 2 months. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting techniques were used to detect changes in neuroinflammatory responses. We found that activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive or ionized calcium binding adapter molecule1 (Iba1) positive cells was not inhibited in nicastrin cKO mice treated with DEX as compared to those treated with saline. These data suggest that DEX does not prevent or ameliorate gliosis in a neurodegenerative mouse model when given prior to neuronal or synaptic loss.
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8
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Wen X, Pan Y, Cheng X, An R, Gao G, Chen HY, Ye D. Responsive Trimodal Probes for In Vivo Imaging of Liver Inflammation by Coassembly and GSH-Driven Disassembly. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:4087069. [PMID: 33029587 PMCID: PMC7520820 DOI: 10.34133/2020/4087069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo imaging of hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels is essential to early diagnosis and prognosis of acute hepatitis. Although GSH-responsive fluorescence imaging probes have been reported for evaluation of hepatitis conditions, the low penetration depth of light in liver tissue has impeded reliable GSH visualization in the human liver. We present a liver-targeted and GSH-responsive trimodal probe (GdNPs-Gal) for rapid evaluation of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute liver inflammation via noninvasive, real-time in vivo imaging of hepatic GSH depletion. GdNPs-Gal are formed by molecular coassembly of a GSH-responsive Gd(III)-based MRI probe (1-Gd) and a liver-targeted probe (1-Gal) at a mole ratio of 5/1 (1-Gd/1-Gal), which shows high r 1 relaxivity with low fluorescence and fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopic (19F-MRS) signals. Upon interaction with GSH, 1-Gd and 1-Gal are cleaved and GdNPs-Gal rapidly disassemble into small molecules 2-Gd, 2-Gal, and 3, producing a substantial decline in r 1 relaxivity with compensatory enhancements in fluorescence and 19F-MRS. By combining in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRI) with ex vivo fluorescence imaging and 19F-MRS analysis, GdNPs-Gal efficiently detect hepatic GSH using three independent modalities. We noninvasively visualized LPS-induced liver inflammation and longitudinally monitored its remediation in mice after treatment with an anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone (DEX). Findings highlight the potential of GdNPs-Gal for in vivo imaging of liver inflammation by integrating molecular coassembly with GSH-driven disassembly, which can be applied to other responsive molecular probes for improved in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xidan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhang P, Cao Y, Chen S, Shao L. Combination of Vinpocetine and Dexamethasone Alleviates Cognitive Impairment in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients following Radiation Injury. Pharmacology 2020; 106:37-44. [PMID: 32294652 DOI: 10.1159/000506777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) originates in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. The most common treatments for NPC rT1-4 are radiotherapy and surgery. The pathogenesis of radiation-induced cognitive impairment is complex and includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuro-inflammation, and even apoptosis and cell death. Principally, toll-like receptors (TLRs) could regulate the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance in patients with radiation-induced brain injury. Vinpocetine has an anti-inflammatory effect as shown in both animal and in vitro studies. Also, dexamethasone is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug. Thus, it is important to test whether addition of vinpocetine could improve the anti-inflammatory properties of dexamethasone for the treatment of NPC patients with radiation-induced brain injuries. METHODS A total of 60 NPC patients with radiation-related brain injury were recruited for this study. All subjects were randomly and blindly assigned to the following groups: the dexamethasone group (D group, n = 30) and the vinpocetine and dexamethasone group (VD group, n = 30). Both medicine treatments were uninterrupted for 14 days of administration. RESULTS Combined administration of vinpocetine and dexamethasone lowered the expression levels of serum inflammatory cytokines, including TLR2, TLR4, interleukin (IL)-20, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein 2, and interferon-induced protein 20, when compared to dexamethasone monotherapy. Notably, combination therapy increased antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and decreased oxidants (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Furthermore, combination therapy significantly increased the Mini Mental State Examination score, when compared to dexamethasone monotherapy. CONCLUSION Administration of a combination of vinpocetine and dexamethasone may enhance the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects when compared to dexamethasone monotherapy, which leads to alleviated cognitive impairment in NPC patients with radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yungang Cao
- Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songfang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
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Zhou C, Liu Q, Zhao W, Yang L, Huang Z, Yang Z. Nrdp1 increases neuron apoptosis via downregulation of Bruce following intracerebral haemorrhage. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31827407 PMCID: PMC6902554 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Neuregulin receptor degradation protein-1 (Nrdp1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, apoptosis and oxidative stress. However, the data regarding its expression and exact mechanism in neuronal injury following ICH has not been well identified. Methods In this study, primary cortical neurons from C57BL/6 mice were subjected to erythrocyte lysates. Nrdp1 expression, cell apoptosis, caspase-3 and BRUCE levels were detected. In addition, inflammatory response, brain edema, and neurological injury in ICH mice were also assessed. Results We found that the expression of Nrdp1 was significantly increased in neuron cells accompanied by up-regulation of active caspase-3 and decreased expression of BRUCE (an inhibitor of apoptosis protein). However, inhibiting Nrdp1 levels of neurons reduced caspase-3 activity but induced up-regulation of BRUCE. In vivo, inhibiting Nrdp1 levels increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, brain edema, and neurological injury following ICH. Conclusions Taken together, the data suggested that Nrdp1 might play a crucial role in neuronal apoptosis via inhibiting BRUCE following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Zhou
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- 2Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Wang Zhao
- 2Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Ling Yang
- 2Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Zhongyan Huang
- 2Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Zhao Yang
- 2Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160 China
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11
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De Kleijn KMA, Zuure WA, Peijnenborg J, Heuvelmans JM, Martens GJM. Reappraisal of Human HOG and MO3.13 Cell Lines as a Model to Study Oligodendrocyte Functioning. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091096. [PMID: 31533280 PMCID: PMC6769895 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination of neuronal axons is essential for proper brain functioning and requires mature myelinating oligodendrocytes (myOLs). The human OL cell lines HOG and MO3.13 have been widely used as in vitro models to study OL (dys) functioning. Here we applied a number of protocols aimed at differentiating HOG and MO3.13 cells into myOLs. However, none of the differentiation protocols led to increased expression of terminal OL differentiation or myelin-sheath formation markers. Surprisingly, the applied protocols did cause changes in the expression of markers for early OLs, neurons, astrocytes and Schwann cells. Furthermore, we noticed that mRNA expression levels in HOG and MO3.13 cells may be affected by the density of the cultured cells. Finally, HOG and MO3.13 co-cultured with human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells did not show myelin formation under several pro-OL-differentiation and pro-myelinating conditions. Together, our results illustrate the difficulty of inducing maturation of HOG and MO3.13 cells into myOLs, implying that these oligodendrocytic cell lines may not represent an appropriate model to study the (dys)functioning of human (my)OLs and OL-linked disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M A De Kleijn
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieteke A Zuure
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolien Peijnenborg
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Josje M Heuvelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Neurologic manifestations of nervous system infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii are qualitatively similar, and include lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, radiculoneuritis, and other focal or multifocal mononeuropathies. Parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) infection occurs rarely. Neurobehavioral changes are common, but are rarely evidence of CNS infection. Diagnosis requires likely exposure and a finding with high diagnostic positive predictive value, specifically erythema migrans, or laboratory support, typically positive 2-tiered serologic testing. CNS infection is often evidenced by a cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and intrathecal production of specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Halperin
- Department of Neurosciences, Overlook Medical Center, 99 Beauvoir Avenue, Summit, NJ 07902, USA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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13
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Ding Z, Ma M, Tao L, Peng Y, Han Y, Sun L, Dai X, Ji Z, Bai R, Jian M, Chen T, Luo L, Wang F, Bi Y, Liu A, Bao F. Rhesus Brain Transcriptomic Landscape in an ex vivo Model of the Interaction of Live Borrelia Burgdorferi With Frontal Cortex Tissue Explants. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:651. [PMID: 31316336 PMCID: PMC6610209 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is the most dangerous manifestation of Lyme disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi which can reach the central nervous system most commonly presenting with lymphocytic meningitis; however, the molecular basis for neuroborreliosis is still poorly understood. We incubated explants from the frontal cortex of three rhesus brains with medium alone or medium with added live Borrelia burgdorferi for 6, 12, and 24 h and isolated RNA from each group was used for RNA sequencing with further bioinformatic analysis. Transcriptomic differences between the ex vivo model of live Borrelia burgdorferi with rhesus frontal cortex tissue explants and the controls during the progression of the infection were identified. A total of 2249, 1064, and 420 genes were significantly altered, of which 80.7, 52.9, and 19.8% were upregulated and 19.3, 47.1, 80.2% were downregulated at 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed various pathways related to immune and inflammatory responses during the spirochete infection were enriched which is suggested to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of neurological Lyme disease. Moreover, we propose that the overexpressed FOLR2 which was demonstrated by the real-time PCR and western blotting could play a key role in neuroinflammation of the neuroborreliosis based on PPI analysis for the first time. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide comprehensive information regarding the transcriptomic signatures that occur in the frontal cortex of the brain upon exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, and suggest that FOLR2 is a promising target that is associated with neuroinflammation and may represent a new diagnostic or therapeutic marker in LNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ding
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mingbiao Ma
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lvyan Tao
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Luyun Sun
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiting Dai
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenhua Ji
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruolan Bai
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Miaomiao Jian
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Taigui Chen
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lisha Luo
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunfeng Bi
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Province Integrative Innovation Center for Public Health, Diseases Prevention and Control, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Fukai Bao
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Universities, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Province Integrative Innovation Center for Public Health, Diseases Prevention and Control, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
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14
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Alvarez-Carbonell D, Ye F, Ramanath N, Dobrowolski C, Karn J. The Glucocorticoid Receptor Is a Critical Regulator of HIV Latency in Human Microglial Cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:94-109. [PMID: 29987742 PMCID: PMC6394485 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed models of HIV latency using microglia derived from adult human patient brain cortex and transformed with the SV40 T large and hTERT antigens. Latent clones infected by HIV reporter viruses display high levels of spontaneous HIV reactivation in culture. BrainPhys, a medium highly representative of the CNS extracellular environment, containing low glucose and 1% FBS, reduced, but did not prevent, HIV reactivation. We hypothesized that spontaneous HIV reactivation in culture was due to the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, taking place in the absence of the natural inhibitory signals from astrocytes and neurons. Indeed, expression and secretion of TNF-α is strongly reduced in HIV-latently infected microglia compared to the subset of cells that have undergone spontaneous HIV reactivation. Whereas inhibitors of NF-κB or of macrophage activation only had a short-term silencing effect, addition of dexamethasone (DEXA), a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist and mediator of anti-inflammation, silenced the HIV provirus in a long-term, and shRNA-mediated knock-down of GR activated HIV. DEXA also decreased secretion of a number of cytokines, including TNF-α. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that DEXA strongly increased GR occupancy at the HIV promoter, and reduced histone 3 acetylated levels. Moreover, TNF-α expression inhibitors in combination with DEXA induced further HIV silencing and increased the histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylated epigenetic mark of repression at the HIV promoter region. We conclude that GR is a critical repressor of HIV transcription in microglia, and a novel potential pharmacological target to restrict HIV expression in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Nirmala Ramanath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Curtis Dobrowolski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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15
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Shen CY, Jiang JG, Shi MM, Yang HL, Wei H, Zhu W. Comparison of the Effects and Inhibitory Pathways of the Constituents from Gynostemma pentaphyllum against LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11337-11346. [PMID: 30301351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, the primary phytochemicals contributing to the health properties of G. pentaphyllum were frequently studied. However, compounds responsible for its bioactivities were still poorly understood. The saponin-rich fraction (GPMS), 3- O-[2G-( E)-Coumaroyl-3G- O-β-d-glucosyl-3R- O-β-d-glucosylrutinoside] (KCGG), gypenoside XLVI and gypenoside L were obtained by purification of G. pentaphyllum. The compounds were examined and compared with GPMS for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. GPMS and KCGG differed in their inhibitory capacities against pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. GPMS exhibited strong inhibition on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression but weak inhibition on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β mRNA expression. KCGG was better at inhibiting iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression. GPMS showed similar inhibitory potency on mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, as evidenced by their regulatory effects on LPS-induced P65 phosphorylation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, IκKα/β phosphorylation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, P38 phosphorylation, and COX-2 expression. KCGG was more powerful in inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, suggesting that KCGG might be used in the management of inflammatory-associated diseases in which NF-κB played pivotal roles. Furthermore, KCGG might be mainly responsible for the predominant effects of GPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Shen
- College of Food and Bioengineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Man-Man Shi
- College of Food and Bioengineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Hui-Ling Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120 , China
| | - Hong Wei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120 , China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120 , China
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16
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Jarosz AC, Badawi A. Metabolites of prostaglandin synthases as potential biomarkers of Lyme disease severity and symptom resolution. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:7-17. [PMID: 30121835 PMCID: PMC6314976 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the commonest vector-borne disease in the North America. It is an inflammatory disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The role of the inflammatory processes mediated by prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes and leukotrienes (LTs) in LB severity and symptoms resolution is yet to be elucidated. Objectives We aim to systematically review and evaluate the role of PGs and related lipid mediators in the induction and resolution of inflammation in LB. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE(R), Embase and Embase Classic to identify cell-culture, animal and human studies reporting the changes in PGs and related lipid mediators of inflammation during the course of LB. Results We identified 18 studies to be included into this systematic review. The selected reports consisted of seven cell-culture studies, seven animal studies, and four human studies (from three patient populations). Results from cell-culture and animal studies suggest that PGs and other lipid mediators of inflammation are elevated in LB and may contribute to disease development. The limited number of human studies showed that subjects with Lyme meningitis, Lyme arthritis (LA) and antibiotic-refractory LA had increased levels of an array of PGs and lipid mediators (e.g., LTB4, 8-isoPGF2α, and phospholipases A2 activity). Levels of these markers were significantly reduced following the treatment with antibiotics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Conclusion Dysregulation of prostaglandins and related lipid mediators may play a role in the etiology of LB and persistence of inflammation that may lead to long-term complications. Further investigation into the precise levels of a wide range of PGs and related factors is critical as it may propose novel markers that can be used for early diagnosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-018-1180-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Caroline Jarosz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3E2, Canada.
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, 180 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M5V 3L7, Canada.
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17
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Landucci E, Llorente IL, Anuncibay-Soto B, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Fernández-López A. Bicuculline Reverts the Neuroprotective Effects of Meloxicam in an Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation (OGD) Model of Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Neuroscience 2018; 386:68-78. [PMID: 29949743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam has neuroprotective effects in an oxygen and glucose deprivation model (OGD) of rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. We wondered if GABAergic transmission changed the neuroprotective effects of meloxicam and if meloxicam was able to modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in this model. Mortality was measured using propidium iodide. Western blot assays were performed to measure levels of cleaved and non-cleaved caspase-3 to quantify apoptosis, while levels of GRP78, GRP94 and phosphorylated eIF2α were used to detect unfolded protein response (UPR). Transcript levels of GRP78, GRP94 and GABAergic receptor α, β, and γ subunits were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the present study, we show that the presence of meloxicam in a 30 min OGD assay, followed by 24 h of normoxic conditions, presented an antiapoptotic effect. The simultaneous presence of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, in combination with meloxicam blocked the neuroprotective effect provided by the latter. However, in light of its effects on caspase 3 and PARP, bicuculline did not seem to promote the apoptotic pathway. Our results also showed that meloxicam modified the unfolded protein response (UPR), as well as the transcriptional response of different genes, including the GABAA receptor, alpha1, beta3 and gamma2 subunits. We concluded that meloxicam has a neuroprotective anti-apoptotic action, is able to enhance the UPR independently of the systemic anti-inflammatory response and its neuroprotective effect can be inhibited by blocking GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Landucci
- Sezione di Farmacologia Clinica e Oncologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Irene L Llorente
- Neurology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Berta Anuncibay-Soto
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación, Local B14, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Domenico E Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Sezione di Farmacologia Clinica e Oncologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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18
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Divers TJ, Gardner RB, Madigan JE, Witonsky SG, Bertone JJ, Swinebroad EL, Schutzer SE, Johnson AL. Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Lyme Disease in North American Horses: A Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:617-632. [PMID: 29469222 PMCID: PMC5866975 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses living in Lyme endemic areas and the geographic range for exposure is increasing. Morbidity after B. burgdorferi infection in horses is unknown. Documented, naturally occurring syndromes attributed to B. burgdorferi infection in horses include neuroborreliosis, uveitis, and cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Although other clinical signs such as lameness and stiffness are reported in horses, these are often not well documented. Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on exposure to B. burgdorferi, cytology or histopathology of infected fluid or tissue and antigen detection. Treatment of Lyme disease in horses is similar to treatment of humans or small animals but treatment success might not be the same because of species differences in antimicrobial bioavailability and duration of infection before initiation of treatment. There are no approved equine label Lyme vaccines but there is strong evidence that proper vaccination could prevent infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - J E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California - Davis, CA
| | - S G Witonsky
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Region CVM, Blacksburg, VA
| | - J J Bertone
- CVMm Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | | | - S E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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19
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Shen CY, Jiang JG, Huang CL, Zhu W, Zheng CY. Polyphenols from Blossoms of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. Show Significant Anti-Complement and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9061-9068. [PMID: 28942652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. (CAVA) was traditionally used as a digestant or expectorant in China. Crude polyphenols (CAVAP-W) extracted from blossoms of CAVA were mainly composed of eriocitrin/neoeriocitrin, eriocitrin/neoeriocitrin, rhoifolin, hesperidin, naringin, rutin, veronicastroside, neohesperidin, and hesperetin by LC-MS analysis. CAVAP-W showed significant anticomplement and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to the close relationship between anticomplement and anti-inflammatory activity, the anti-inflammatory effect was further investigated and the results showed that CAVAP-W significantly suppressed production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, CAVAP-W inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and NF-κB activation through suppressing nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) P65, degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα, phosphorylation of IκKα/ß, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and P38, and activation of COX-2, thereby exerting the anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Shen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chun-Ling Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120, China
- Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chao-Yang Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510120, China
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20
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Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED. Dexamethasone, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Rituximab Combination Immunotherapy for Pediatric Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 73:48-56. [PMID: 28651977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pulse-dose dexamethasone is increasingly favored for treating pediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS), and multimodal immunotherapy is associated with improved clinical response, there have been no neuroimmunologic studies of dexamethasone-based multimodal disease-modifying therapy. METHODS In this observational retrospective study, 19 children with OMS (with or without associated neuroblastoma) underwent multibiomarker evaluation for neuroinflammation. Nine children of varying OMS severity, duration, and treatment status were treated empirically with pulse dexamethasone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), and rituximab combination immunotherapy (DEXIR-CI). Another 10 children on dexamethasone alone or with IVIg at initial evaluation only provided a comparison group. Motor severity (total score) was scored rater-blinded via videotapes using the validated OMS Evaluation Scale. RESULTS DEXIR-CI was associated with a 69% reduction in group total score (P = 0.004) and was clinically well tolerated. Patients given the dexamethasone combination exhibited significantly lowered B cell frequencies in cerebrospinal fluid (-94%) and blood (-76%), normalizing the cerebrospinal fluid B cell percentage. The number of patients with positive inflammatory markers dropped 87% (P = 0.002) as did the number of markers. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands were positive in four of nine pretreatment patients but zero of six post-treatment patients. In the comparison group, partial response to dexamethasone alone or with IVIg was associated with multiple positive markers for neuroinflammation despite an average of seven months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Multimechanistic dexamethasone-based combination immunotherapy increases the therapeutic armamentarium for OMS, providing a viable option for less severely affected individuals. Partial response to dexamethasone with or without IVIg is indicative of ongoing neuroinflammation and should be treated promptly and accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Pranzatelli
- National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc, Orlando, Florida.
| | - Elizabeth D Tate
- National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc, Orlando, Florida
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