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Li S, Yi H, Yuan F, Zhang X, Zhong Y, Huang Y. Oral application of magnesium-L-threonate alleviates radicular pain by inhibiting neuro-inflammation dependent central sensitization of rats. Brain Res 2024; 1839:148910. [PMID: 38604557 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported neuro-inflammation is involved in radicular pain by enhancing the efficiency of pain synaptic transmission in spinal level. Recently, peers' studies have confirmed that magnesium deficiency leads to neuro-inflammation, thus contributes to memory and emotional deficits and pain hypersensitivity in antineoplastic agents treated rats. In this study, we explore the effect of oral application of magnesium-L-threonate (L-TAMS) in radicular pain induced by lumbar disc herniation (LDH) of rats and the possible mechanisms. METHODS Rat model of LDH was induced by autologous nucleus pulposus (NP) implantation. Mechanical and thermal pain thresholds were assessed by von Frey filaments and hotplate test respectively. L-TAMS was applied from drinking water at dosage of 604 mg/kg/day from 2 day before NP implantation and until the end of the experiment. Free Mg2+ content in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured by calmagite chromometry. Synaptic transmission efficiency was determined by C-fiber evoked field potentials recorded by electrophysiologic recording in vivo. The activation of microglia in spinal dorsal horn was displayed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glutamic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (NR2A, NR2B) were assessed by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. RESULTS NP implantation induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, accompanied by decreased Mg2+ concentration in serum and CSF which were both obscured by oral application of L-TAMS. L-TAMS inhibited spinal microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) expression of rats with NP. L-TAMS decreased C-fiber evoked potentials and NR2B protein level in rats with NP, which were rescued by extra intrathecal delivery of TNF-α or IL-6 or IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Oral application of L-TAMS alleviates radicular pain by inhibiting neuro-inflammation dependent central sensitization of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongjian Yi
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fuli Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Yangliang Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Cui X, Bi X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Yan Q, Wang Y, Huang X, Wu X, Jing X, Wang H. MiR-9-enriched mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes prevent cystitis-induced bladder pain via suppressing TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in interstitial cystitis mice. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1140. [PMID: 38415918 PMCID: PMC10836038 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory response of central nervous system is an important component mechanism in the bladder pain of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Exosomes transfer with microRNAs (miRNA) from mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) might inhibit inflammatory injury of the central nervous system. Herein, the purpose of our study was to explore the therapeutic effects by which extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from miR-9-edreched MSCs in IC/BPS and further investigate the potential mechanism to attenuate neuroinflammation. METHODS On the basis of IC/BPS model, we used various techniques including bioinformatics, cell and molecular biology, and experimental zoology, to elucidate the role and molecular mechanism of TLR4 in regulating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in bladder pain of IC/BPS, and investigate the mechanism and feasibility of MSC-EVs enriched with miR-9 in the treatment of bladder pain of IC/BPS. RESULTS The inflammatory responses in systemic and central derived by TLR4 activation were closely related to the cystitis-induced pelvic/bladder nociception in IC/BPS model. Intrathecal injection of miR-9-enreched MSCs derived exosomes were effective in the treatment of cystitis-induced pelvic/bladder nociception by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κb/NLRP3 signal pathway in central nervous system of IC/BPS mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that miR-9-enreched MSCs derived exosomes alleviate neuroinflammaiton and cystitis-induced bladder pain by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κb/NLRP3 signal pathway in interstitial cystitis mice, which is a promising strategy against cystitis-induced bladder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Cui
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The affiliated Children's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Children's Hospital of ShanxiShanxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalTaiyuanChina
| | - Xingyu Bi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The affiliated Children's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Children's Hospital of ShanxiShanxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The affiliated Children's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Children's Hospital of ShanxiShanxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalTaiyuanChina
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The affiliated Children's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Children's Hospital of ShanxiShanxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalTaiyuanChina
| | - Qin Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The affiliated Children's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Children's Hospital of ShanxiShanxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalTaiyuanChina
| | - Yanni Wang
- Clinical LaboratoryShanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xia Huang
- Clinical LaboratoryShanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The affiliated Children's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Children's Hospital of ShanxiShanxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalTaiyuanChina
| | - Xuan Jing
- Clinical LaboratoryShanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Laboratory of HematologySecond Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Fang W, Song Q, Lv T, Lv J, Cai Z, Wang Z, Song X, Ji X, Huang J. Serpina3n/serpina3 alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signal. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:3065-3075. [PMID: 37594700 PMCID: PMC10611603 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Serpina3n/Serpina3 has been identified to be implicated in inflammatory diseases, but its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) remains unknown. Here, we aimed to reveal serpina3n/serpina3 role in IC/BPS in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The IC/BPS model in mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CYP). HE and toluidine blue staining were used for histology assessment. Serpina3n/serpina3 expression in the bladder tissues from IC/BPS patients and mouse models were determined by qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. XAV-939 treatment was applied to inhibit β-catenin activation. Serpina3 role in modulating the growth and apoptosis of HBlEpCs, a human primary bladder epithelial cell line, was assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays. RESULTS Serpina3n/serpina3 expression was decreased in both human and mice bladder tissues with IC/BPS. Upregulation of serpina3n significantly alleviated CYP-induced bladder injury, with decreased mast cells and pro-inflammatory factor levels, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while increased IL-10 level. In addition, serpina3 overexpression inhibited the apoptosis of HBlEpCs, and increased cell growth. In mechanism, we found that serpina3 overexpression promoted the activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling. And, the inhibition of wnt/β-catenin signaling with XAV-939 abolished serpina3n/serpina3 role in protecting bladder tissues from CYP-induced cystitis, as well as inhibiting HBlEpC apoptosis. CONCLUSION Serpina3n/serpina3 expression was decreased in IC/BPS. Overexpression of serpina3n could alleviate CYP-induced IC/BPS by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signal. This study may provide a new therapeutic strategy for IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Fang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Qixiang Song
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201112, China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jianwei Lv
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China.
| | - Zhikang Cai
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, No. 219, Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, China
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lin W, Tang Y, Chen L, Gao Y, Gao G, Luo X, Chen A, Lin C. Role of magnesium-L-Threonate in alleviating skin/muscle incision and retraction induced mechanical allodynia and anxiodepressive-like behaviors in male rats. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148476. [PMID: 37406874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) and its emotional comorbidities poses health burden to patients who have received the surgical treatment. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Emerging studies indicate that magnesium deficiency is associated with neurological diseases, and magnesium supplement confers protection under these disease conditions. In this study, we examined the role and mechanism of magnesium deficiency in the pathology of surgery-induced allodynia and negative emotion using a rat model of skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) and investigated the therapeutic effects of magnesium supplementation by oral magnesium-L-Threonate (L-TAMS) in SMIR-injured rats. In the SMIR model, rats developed mechanical allodynia and anxiodepressive-like behaviors. Further, SMIR caused microglia and astrocyte activation and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Importantly, magnesium ion (Mg2+) levels decreased in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SMIR-injured rats, which exhibited high correlation with pain and emotion behavioral phenotypes in these rats. Repeated oral administration of L-TAMS increased serum and CSF levels of Mg2+ in SMIR-injured rats. Notably, L-TAMS administration reversed SMIR-induced mechanical allodynia and anxiodepressive-like behaviors but did not affect pain and emotional behaviors in sham rats. Moreover, L-TAMS administration suppressed SMIR-caused glial activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the ACC but had no such effect in sham rats. Together, our study demonstrates the contributing role of magnesium deficiency in the pathology of surgery-induced chronic pain and negative emotion. Moreover, we suggest that L-TAMS might be a novel approach to treat CPSP and its emotional comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Guangcheng Gao
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Aiqin Chen
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China.
| | - Chun Lin
- Pain Research Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China.
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Gao Q, Zhao Y, Luo R, Su M, Zhang C, Li C, Liu B, Zhou X. Intrathecal umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells injection alleviates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis rats through the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Life Sci 2023; 331:122045. [PMID: 37634813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) region plays an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS). Oxidative stress is an important etiological factor for inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells UMSCs on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in IC and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg bodyweight) to establish the IC animal model. Additionally, rats were intrathecally injected with a Sirt1-specific agonist (SRT1720; 8 μg/rat) or inhibitor (EX527; 8 μg/rat). Furthermore, rats were intrathecally injected with human UMSCs (hUMSCS; 8 × 105 cells/rat). Rat behavior was examined using the mechanical allodynia test, novel object recognition test, sucrose preference test, and urodynamics analysis. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress the SDH region were examined using western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and commercial kits. KEY FINDINGS The Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was downregulated in IC rats. Sirt1 activation and inhibition differentially affected the behavior of IC rats. hUMSCs effectively mitigated the upregulation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and glial activation in the SDH region. Additionally, hUMSCs suppressed mechanical allodynia, dysregulated urodynamics, memory deficits, and depressive-like behavior in IC rats. hUMSCs exerted therapeutic effects through the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE intrathecal hUMSCs injection alleviated behavioral deficits of IC rats by mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and can be potentially an effective therapeutic strategy for IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruixiang Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China.
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou 510700, China.
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Zhou X, Li Q, Luo Q, Wang L, Chen J, Xiong Y, Wu G, Chang L, Liu P, Shu H. A single dose of ketamine relieves fentanyl-induced-hyperalgesia by reducing inflammation initiated by the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rat spinal cord neurons. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:279-288. [PMID: 37558466 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of clinical evidence has revealed that ketamine can relieve fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the current study, a single dose of ketamine (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), TAK-242 (3 mg/kg), or saline was intraperitoneally injected into rats 15 min before four subcutaneous injections of fentanyl. Results revealed that pre-administration of ketamine alleviated fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia according to hind paw-pressure and paw-withdrawal tests. High-dose ketamine can reverse the expression of toll-like receptor-dimer (d-TLR4), phospho- nuclear factor kappa-B (p-NF-κB, p-p65), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 1 d after fentanyl injection in the spinal cord. Moreover, fentany-linduced-hyperalgesia and changes in the expression of the aforementioned proteins can be attenuated by TAK-242, an inhibitor of TLR4, as well as ketamine. Importantly, TLR4, p-p65, COX-2, and IL-1β were expressed in neurons but not in glial cells in the spinal cord 1 d after fentanyl injection. In conclusion, results suggested that a single dose of ketamine can relieve fentanyl-induced-hyperalgesia via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in spinal cord neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianyi Li
- Guangzhou Kingmylab Pharmaceutical Research Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou KingMed Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quehua Luo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiyun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haihua Shu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Guerrero-Romero F, Micke O, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Vormann J, Iotti S, Banjanin N, Rosanoff A, Baniasadi S, Pourdowlat G, Nechifor M. Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050735. [PMID: 37237547 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course. As an essential element, Mg plays basic biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles required for cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, and neurological functions. Both low serum and dietary Mg have been associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality; both are also associated with COVID-19 risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma. In addition, populations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization tend to consume diets high in modern processed foods, which are generally low in Mg. In this review, we review the research to describe and consider the possible impact of Mg and Mg status on COVID-19 showing that (1) serum Mg between 2.19 and 2.26 mg/dL and dietary Mg intakes > 329 mg/day could be protective during the disease course and (2) inhaled Mg may improve oxygenation of hypoxic COVID-19 patients. In spite of such promise, oral Mg for COVID-19 has thus far been studied only in combination with other nutrients. Mg deficiency is involved in the occurrence and aggravation of neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, including memory loss, cognition, loss of taste and smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Potential of zinc and/or Mg as useful for increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs is reviewed. Oral Mg trials of patients with COVID-19 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Micke
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Juergen Vormann
- Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolina Banjanin
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Rosanoff
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA
| | - Shadi Baniasadi
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Guitti Pourdowlat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mihai Nechifor
- Department of Pharmacology, Gr. T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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8
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Quan Z, Li H, Quan Z, Qing H. Appropriate Macronutrients or Mineral Elements Are Beneficial to Improve Depression and Reduce the Risk of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7098. [PMID: 37108261 PMCID: PMC10138658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder that seriously affects the quality of life and leads to an increasing global suicide rate. Macro, micro, and trace elements are the main components that maintain normal physiological functions of the brain. Depression is manifested in abnormal brain functions, which are considered to be tightly related to the imbalance of elements. Elements associated with depression include glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and mineral elements such as lithium, zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, and selenium. To explore the relationship between these elements and depression, the main literature in the last decade was mainly searched and summarized on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and other electronic databases with the keywords "depression, sugar, fat, protein, lithium, zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, and selenium". These elements aggravate or alleviate depression by regulating a series of physiological processes, including the transmission of neural signals, inflammation, oxidative stress, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity, which thus affect the expression or activity of physiological components such as neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, receptors, cytokines, and ion-binding proteins in the body. For example, excessive fat intake can lead to depression, with possible mechanisms including inflammation, increased oxidative stress, reduced synaptic plasticity, and decreased expression of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD-95), etc. Supplementing mineral elements, such as selenium, zinc, magnesium, or lithium as a psychotropic medication is mostly used as an auxiliary method to improve depression with other antidepressants. In general, appropriate nutritional elements are essential to treat depression and prevent the risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Hughes FM, Odom MR, Cervantes A, Livingston AJ, Purves JT. Why Are Some People with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Depressed? New Evidence That Peripheral Inflammation in the Bladder Causes Central Inflammation and Mood Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2821. [PMID: 36769140 PMCID: PMC9917564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence has long suggested that patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) develop mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, at a higher rate than the general population and recent prospective studies have confirmed this link. Breakthroughs in our understanding of the diseases underlying LUTS have shown that many have a substantial inflammatory component and great strides have been made recently in our understanding of how this inflammation is triggered. Meanwhile, studies on mood disorders have found that many are associated with central neuroinflammation, most notably in the hippocampus. Excitingly, work on other diseases characterized by peripheral inflammation has shown that they can trigger central neuroinflammation and mood disorders. In this review, we discuss the current evidence tying LUTS to mood disorders, its possible bidirectionally, and inflammation as a common mechanism. We also review modern theories of inflammation and depression. Finally, we discuss exciting new animal studies that directly tie two bladder conditions characterized by extensive bladder inflammation (cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis and bladder outlet obstruction) to neuroinflammation and depression. We conclude with a discussion of possible mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation is translated into central neuroinflammation with the resulting psychiatric concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M. Hughes
- Department Urology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3831, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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10
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Meng C, Chen S, He Q, Tan J, Wu J, Zhao J. IKZF3 modulates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109480. [PMID: 36525791 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key mediator to the pathogenic cascades induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. IKZF3, a key zinc finger transcription factor in the Ikaros family, has already been shown to modulate a wide range of cell functions and the production of inflammatory mediators. However, the effects of IKZF3 on inflammation and the potential mechanism after cerebral I/R injury remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of IKZF3 on HT-22 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro and in mice with MACO in vivo. We found that IKZF3 expression peaked at 12 h after MCAO and OGD/R, and there was high expression of IKZF3 in brain tissues and HT-22 cells. IKZF3 knockdown exacerbated the damage by OGD-induced HT-22 cells injury and MCAO-induced brain injury in mice by regulating the production of inflammatory factors, which promoted the phosphorylation and nuclear transfer of NF-ĸB and may bind with NF-ĸB-p65 in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggested that IKZF3 may provide a new target in improve neurological recovery and reducing neuroinflammation after cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junyi Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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11
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Mathew AA, Panonnummal R. A Mini Review on the Various Facets Effecting Brain Delivery of Magnesium and Its Role in Neurological Disorders. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03517-8. [PMID: 36534337 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium is an essential cation present in the body that participates in the regulation of various vital body functions. Maintaining normal level of magnesium is essential for proper brain functions by regulating the activities of numerous neurotransmitters and their receptors. Various studies have been reported that magnesium level is found to be declined in both neurological and psychiatric diseases. Declined magnesium level in the brain initiates various cumbersome effects like excitotoxicity, altered blood-brain permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which may further worsen the disease condition. Shreds of evidence from the experimental and clinical studies proved that exogenous administration of magnesium is useful for correcting disease-induced alterations in the brain. But one of the major limiting factors in the use of magnesium for treatment purposes is its poor blood-brain barrier permeability. Various approaches like the administration of its organic salts as pidolate and threonate forms, and the combination with polyethylene glycol or mannitol have been tried to improve its permeability to make magnesium as a suitable drug for different neurological disorders. These results have shown their experimental efficacy in diseased animal models, but studies regarding the safety and efficacy in human subjects are currently underway. We present a comprehensive review on the role of magnesium in the maintenance of normal functioning of the brain and various approaches for improving its BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ann Mathew
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Rajitha Panonnummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India.
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12
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Liu XG. Normalization of Neuroinflammation: A New Strategy for Treatment of Persistent Pain and Memory/Emotional Deficits in Chronic Pain. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5201-5233. [PMID: 36110505 PMCID: PMC9469940 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s379093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain, which affects around 1/3 of the world population and is often comorbid with memory deficit and mood depression, is a leading source of suffering and disability. Studies in past decades have shown that hyperexcitability of primary sensory neurons resulting from abnormal expression of ion channels and central sensitization mediated pathological synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation in spinal dorsal horn, underlie the persistent pain. The memory/emotional deficits are associated with impaired synaptic connectivity in hippocampus. Dysregulation of numerous endogenous proteins including receptors and intracellular signaling molecules is involved in the pathological processes. However, increasing knowledge contributes little to clinical treatment. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the neuroinflammation, characterized by overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glial activation, is reliably detected in humans and animals with chronic pain, and is sufficient to induce persistent pain and memory/emotional deficits. The abnormal expression of ion channels and pathological synaptic plasticity in spinal dorsal horn and in hippocampus are resulting from neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammation is initiated and maintained by the interactions of circulating monocytes, glial cells and neurons. Obviously, unlike infectious diseases and cancer, which are caused by pathogens or malignant cells, chronic pain is resulting from alterations of cells and molecules which have numerous physiological functions. Therefore, normalization (counterbalance) but not simple inhibition of the neuroinflammation is the right strategy for treating neuronal disorders. Currently, no such agent is available in clinic. While experimental studies have demonstrated that intracellular Mg2+ deficiency is a common feature of chronic pain in animal models and supplement Mg2+ are capable of normalizing the neuroinflammation, activation of upregulated proteins that promote recovery, such as translocator protein (18k Da) or liver X receptors, has a similar effect. In this article, relevant experimental and clinical evidence is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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El-Gamal R, Abdelrahim M, El-Sherbiny M, Enan ET, El-Nablaway M. Gasdermin D: A potential mediator and prognostic marker of bladder cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:972087. [PMID: 36120543 PMCID: PMC9474890 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.972087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is considered one of the commonest widespread cancers, its presentation ranges from non-muscle invasive form to being muscle-invasive. The gasdermin family of proteins consists of six proteins. Members of gasdermin family are involved in pyroptosis; which is considered as type of inflammatory apoptosis via participation of gasdermin D and inflammatory caspases. Purpose: The goal of this research was to look into the potential involvement of gasdermin D in pathogenesis of bladder cancer, In addition, to investigate its potential role as a prognostic marker of bladder cancer. Methods: Gasdermin D gene and protein expression was examined in fresh frozen 80 bladder cancer specimens (30 NMIBC, and 50 MIBC) and the matching 80 control tissue samples utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Furthermore, the immunoreactivity of gasdermin D protein was also detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Gasdermin D gene and protein expression showed a highly significant difference between the control and the two bladder cancer groups (p < 0.001), as demonstrated by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards regression models showed that lower gasdermin D gene expression in cancer patients (≤1.58-fold), and younger age (≤53 years) were linked with a higher risk of local tumor recurrence. Moreover, higher gasdermin D gene expression (>2.18-fold), and lymph nodes’ involvement were associated with an increased mortality. Conclusion: Gasdermin D is involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and muscle invasion, in addition, tissue gasdermin D expression may be used as useful tool to predict local tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Randa El-Gamal, ,
| | - Mona Abdelrahim
- Consultant of Pathology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anatomy Unit, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman T. Enan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Treatment with cyclophosphamide in post-weaning mice causes prolonged suppression of neural stem cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Brain Res 2022; 1796:148108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Long M, Zhu X, Wei X, Zhao D, Jiang L, Li C, Jin D, Miao C, Du Y. Magnesium in renal fibrosis. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:1881-1889. [PMID: 35060008 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal fibrosis (RF) is the main pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main focus of research on treatment for CKD is to develop strategies that delay or prevent RF from progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Inflammation and oxidative stress occur during all stages of CKD. The magnesium cation (Mg2+) can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, regulate apoptosis, and improve RF, and magnesium-based therapies are promising new treatments that can prevent RF. We reviewed the current evidence on the effects of magnesium in RF and examined the possible mechanism of magnesium in delaying RF. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for articles on magnesium and fibrosis, with a focus on magnesium and RF. RESULTS Inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are related to the occurrence of CKD. Previous research showed that Mg2+ inhibits the differentiation of inflammatory cells, down-regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, reduces inflammation, and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. In addition, Mg2+ also regulates apoptosis and protects renal tubular function. Magnesium may also regulate TRPM6/7, promote the secretion of klotho protein and improve renal fibrosis. Therefore, Mg2+ can protect the kidney from damage and slow down the progression of RF through many molecular and cellular effects. Some of the anti-fibrotic effects of Mg2+ may be related to its antagonism of intracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION Magnesium may prevent the progression of renal fibrosis and delay CKD by reducing renal inflammation and oxidative stress, and by regulating fibrosis-related signaling pathways and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtuan Long
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Die Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiu Miao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Brandolini L, Aramini A, Bianchini G, Ruocco A, Bertini R, Novelli R, Angelico P, Valsecchi AE, Russo R, Castelli V, Cimini A, Allegretti M. Inflammation-Independent Antinociceptive Effects of DF2755A, a CXCR1/2 Selective Inhibitor: A New Potential Therapeutic Treatment for Peripheral Neuropathy Associated to Non-Ulcerative Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854238. [PMID: 35571079 PMCID: PMC9096165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic bladder disease of unknown etiology characterized by urinary frequency and episodic and chronic pain. Analgesic treatments for IC/BPS are limited, especially for patients with non-Hunner (non-ulcerative) type IC who usually have poor overall outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that oral treatment with DF2755A, a potent and selective inhibitor of chemokine receptors CXCR1/2, can prevent and reverse peripheral neuropathy associated to non-Hunner IC/BPS by directly inhibiting chemokine-induced excitation of sensory neurons. We tested DF2755A antinociceptive effects in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced non-ulcerative IC rat model characterized by severe peripheral neuropathy in the absence of bladder inflammatory infiltrate, urothelial hyperplasia, and hemorrhage. Treatment with DF2755A prevented the onset of peripheral neuropathy and reversed its development in CYP-induced IC rats, showing a strong and long-lasting anti-hyperalgesic effect. Ex vivo and in vitro studies showed that DF2755A treatment strongly inhibited the expression of CXCR2 agonists, CXCL1/KC, and CXCL5 and of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) compared to vehicle, suggesting that its effects can be due to the inhibition of the nociceptive signaling passing through the CXCL1/CXCR1-2 axis and TRPV1. In conclusion, our results highlight the key pathophysiological role played by the CXCL1/CXCR1-2 axis and TRPV1 in the onset and development of peripheral neuropathy in non-Hunner IC and propose DF2755A as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of not only inflammatory painful conditions but also neuropathic ones and in particular non-Hunner IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brandolini
- Research and Early Development, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Research and Early Development, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bianchini
- Research and Early Development, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Ruocco
- Research and Early Development, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rubina Novelli
- Research and Early Development, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marcello Allegretti
- Research and Early Development, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marcello Allegretti,
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Abstract
Joint pain is the hallmark symptom of osteoarthritis (OA) and the main reason for patients to seek medical assistance. OA pain greatly contributes to functional limitations of joints and reduced quality of life. Although several pain-relieving medications are available for OA treatment, the current intervention strategy for OA pain cannot provide satisfactory pain relief, and the chronic use of the drugs for pain management is often associated with significant side effects and toxicities. These observations suggest that the mechanisms of OA-related pain remain undefined. The current review mainly focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of OA pain. We evaluate pathways associated with OA pain, such as nerve growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), C–C motif chemokine ligands 2 (CCL2)/chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, animal models currently used for OA pain studies and emerging preclinical studies are discussed. Understanding the multifactorial components contributing to OA pain could provide novel insights into the development of more specific and effective drugs for OA pain management.
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18
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Zhang C, Huang Y, Ouyang F, Su M, Li W, Chen J, Xiao H, Zhou X, Liu B. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells alleviate neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in interstitial cystitis rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:80. [PMID: 35387668 PMCID: PMC8988382 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation in spinal dorsal horn (SDH) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) exert potent anti-inflammatory activities in the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs on IC and furtherly investigate the potential mechanism to attenuate neuroinflammation. Methods Female IC rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, every 3 days for 3 doses). Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome was performed by intraperitoneal injection of MCC950 (10 mg/kg). MSC-EVs were isolated from the culture supernatants of human umbilical cord derived MSCs using ultracentrifugation, and then injected intrathecally into IC rats (20 μg in 10 μl PBS, every other day for 3 doses). Suprapubic mechanical allodynia was assessed using up-down method with von Frey filaments, and micturition frequency was examined by urodynamics. The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3 and Caspase-1), glial cell markers (IBA-1 and GFAP), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway (TLR4, p65 NK-κB and phospho-p65 NK-κB) in L6–S1 SDH was measured by Western blot analysis. The cellular localization of NLRP3 in SDH was detected using immunofluorescence co-staining. Results NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in neurons in SDH of IC rats. NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributed to activation of glial cells and process of spinal neuroinflammation in IC rats, and was related to suprapubic mechanical allodynia and frequent micturition. Intrathecal injection of MSC-EVs alleviated suprapubic mechanical allodynia and frequent micturition in IC rats, restrained activation of glial cells and attenuated neuroinflammation in SDH. In addition, MSC-EV treatment significantly inhibited activation of both NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Conclusions NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in the neuroinflammation of IC. Intrathecal injection of MSC-EVs alleviates neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia in IC by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway may be the potential regulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fubing Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Minzhi Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Lingnan Hospital of the Sun Yat-Sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Road, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Wenbiao Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jialiang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hengjun Xiao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Zhang J, Mai CL, Xiong Y, Lin ZJ, Jie YT, Mai JZ, Liu C, Xie MX, Zhou X, Liu XG. The Causal Role of Magnesium Deficiency in the Neuroinflammation, Pain Hypersensitivity and Memory/Emotional Deficits in Ovariectomized and Aged Female Mice. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6633-6656. [PMID: 34908863 PMCID: PMC8665878 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s330894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Postmenopausal women often suffer from chronic pain, memory decline and mood depression. The mechanisms underlying the neuronal disorders are not fully understood, and effective treatment is still lacking. Methods Oral administration of magnesium-L-threonate was tested to treat the neuronal disorders in ovariectomized and aged female mice. The pain hypersensitivity, memory function and depression-like behaviors were measured with a set of behavioral tests. Western blots, immunochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to assess molecular changes. Results Chronic oral administration of magnesium-L-threonate substantially prevented or reversed the chronic pain and memory/emotional deficits in both ovariectomized and aged female mice. We found that phospho-p65, an active form of nuclear factor-kappaB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta were significantly upregulated in the neurons of dorsal root ganglion, spinal dorsal horn and hippocampus in ovariectomized and aged mice. The microglia and astrocytes were activated in spinal dorsal horn and hippocampus. Calcitonin gene–related peptide, a marker for peptidergic C-fibers, was upregulated in dorsal horn, which is associated with potentiation of C-fiber-mediated synaptic transmission in the model mice. In parallel with neuroinflammation and synaptic potentiation, free Mg2+ levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and in dorsal root ganglion neurons were significantly reduced. Oral magnesium-L-threonate normalized the neuroinflammation, synaptic potentiation and Mg2+ deficiency, but did not affect the estrogen decline in ovariectomized and aged mice. Furthermore, in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, estrogen at physiological concentration elevated intracellular Mg2+, and downregulated phospho-p65, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta exclusively in the presence of extracellular Mg2+. Conclusion Estrogen decline in menopause may cause neuroinflammation by reducing intracellular Mg2+ in neurons, leading to chronic pain, memory/emotional deficits. Supplement Mg2+ by oral magnesium-L-threonate may be a novel approach for treating menopause-related neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Tao Jie
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Zhen Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Xiu Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Notch1 Signaling Contributes to Mechanical Allodynia Associated with Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis by Promoting Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1791222. [PMID: 34646085 PMCID: PMC8505104 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1791222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Notch1 signaling regulates microglia activation, which promotes neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation plays an essential role in various kinds of pain sensation, including bladder-related pain in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). However, the impact of Notch1 signaling on mechanical allodynia in cyclophosphamide- (CYP-) induced cystitis is unclear. This study is aimed at determining whether and how Notch1 signaling modulates mechanical allodynia of CYP-induced cystitis. Methods CYP was peritoneally injected to establish a bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) rat model. A γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, was intrathecally injected to modulate Notch1 signaling indirectly. Mechanical withdrawal threshold in the lower abdomen was measured with von Frey filaments using the up-down method. The expression of Notch1 signaling, Iba-1, OX-42, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the L6-S1 spinal dorsal horn (SDH) was measured with Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Results Notch1 and Notch intracellular domain (NICD) were both upregulated in the SDH of the cystitis group. Moreover, the expression of Notch1 and NICD was negatively correlated with the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the cystitis rats. Furthermore, treatment with DAPT attenuated mechanical allodynia in CYP-induced cystitis and inhibited microglia activation, leading to decreased production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusion Notch1 signaling contributes to mechanical allodynia associated with CYP-induced cystitis by promoting microglia activation and neuroinflammation. Our study showed that inhibition of Notch1 signaling might have therapeutic value for treating pain symptoms in BPS/IC.
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Feng Z, Shi H, Liang B, Ge T, Cai M, Liu F, Huang K, Wen J, Chen Q, Ge B. Bioinformatics and experimental findings reveal the therapeutic actions and targets of pachymic acid against cystitis glandularis. Biofactors 2021; 47:665-673. [PMID: 33893687 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pachymic acid (PA), a bioactive ingredient isolated from Poria cocos Wolf, is reported with potential benefits of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative actions. It is reasoned that PA may play the potential benefits against cystitis glandularis (CG), an inflammation of the bladder tissue. In this study, we aimed to apply the network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses to reveal concrete anti-CG targets and mechanisms of PA, and then the bioinformatic findings were verified by using clinical and animal samples. The methodological data from network pharmacology approach showed that 303 and 243 reporting targets of CG and PA, and other 31 shared targets of CG and PA were identified. Subsequently, all top targets of PA against CG were screened out, including cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, tumor antigen p53 (TP53), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta, proto-oncogene c-jun. Molecular docking data demonstrated that PA exerted potent bonding capacities with TNF, TP53 proteins in CG. In human study, the findings suggested that overactivated TNF-α expression and suppressed TP53 activation were detected in CG samples. In animal study, PA-treated mice showed reduced intravesical IL-1, IL-6 levels, and lactate dehydrogenase content, downregulated TNF-α and upregulated TP53 proteins in bladder samples. Taken together, our bioinformatics and experimental findings identify the key anti-CG biotargets and mechanisms of PA. More markedly, these pivotal pharmacological targets of PA against CG have been screened out and verified by using computational and experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bojian Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghui Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunping Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Wen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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22
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Crowley EK, Grabrucker S, Long-Smith CM, Stack A, O'Gorman DM, Nolan YM. A Reduction in Behavioral Pattern Separation Is Attenuated by Dietary Supplementation with a Magnesium-Rich Marine Mineral Blend in Middle-Aged Rats. J Med Food 2021; 25:924-929. [PMID: 34185600 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle age is increasingly accepted as a key period during which individuals are susceptible to the effect of environmental and lifestyle factors. Emerging research indicates that dietary factors play a crucial role in brain health and cognitive function, and studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated that dietary interventions can mitigate cognitive impairment. Specifically, magnesium has been shown to enhance learning and memory, and magnesium deficiency is associated with impaired hippocampal-dependent memory formation in animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine if supplementation with a magnesium-rich marine mineral blend (MMB) could alter middle-age-related cognitive impairment. Young and middle-aged rats were given access to a control diet or an experimental diet formulated with an MMB for 4 weeks before undergoing a series of behavioral assessments. Supplementation of MMB to middle-aged rats rescued a deficit in cognitive impairment, specifically a pattern separation paradigm that is sensitive to alterations in a type of brain plasticity called neurogenesis. It had no effect on general activity in the open field or performance on other hippocampal-associated tasks. Changes in cognitive function occur as a predictable consequence of aging. Research into whether modification of dietary factors, such as this MMB, may play a role in the prevention of age-related cognitive impairment warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefanie Grabrucker
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Alice Stack
- Marigot Ltd., Strand Farm, Currabinny, Carrigaline, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Denise M O'Gorman
- Marigot Ltd., Strand Farm, Currabinny, Carrigaline, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Liu C, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H. Magnesium-L-threonate alleviate colonic inflammation and memory impairment in chronic-plus-binge alcohol feeding mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:184-193. [PMID: 34144203 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-l-threonate (MgT) is considered a food supplement. Alcohol-mediated diseases (AMD) are accompanied by inflammation and memory impairment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of MgT in AMD. Hence, chronic-plus-binge alcohol feeding mice model and multiply bioinformatics analysis were performed. Consequently, the expression of inflammatory cytokines downregulated, while the activities of antioxidases decreased in serum, colon, and brain. Interestingly, MgT relieved gut barrier dysfunction and reshaped microbiota. The relative abundance of Akkermansia, Odoribacter, and Blautia were increased, while that of Alloprevotella and Clostridium were decreased. Metabolic analysis elucidated amino acids and glutamate metabolism were enhanced in MgT-treated mice. Furthermore, morris water maze test confirmed memory ability was enhanced. Inflammation cytokines were negatively correlated with Blautia, and Akkermansia. Collectively, MgT relieved inflammation in gut-brain axis of mice, reshaped gut microbiota, and enhanced the amino acids and glutamate metabolism. MgT may be used as a food supplement to prevent inflammation and memory impairment induced by alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China.
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