1
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Vuscan P, Kischkel B, Joosten LAB, Netea MG. Trained immunity: General and emerging concepts. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:164-185. [PMID: 38551324 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non-specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen-agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long-term de-facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vuscan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Voshart DC, Oshima T, Jiang Y, van der Linden GP, Ainslie AP, Reali Nazario L, van Buuren-Broek F, Scholma AC, van Weering HRJ, Brouwer N, Sewdihal J, Brouwer U, Coppes RP, Holtman IR, Eggen BJL, Kooistra SM, Barazzuol L. Radiotherapy induces persistent innate immune reprogramming of microglia into a primed state. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113764. [PMID: 38358885 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Over half of patients with brain tumors experience debilitating and often progressive cognitive decline after radiotherapy treatment. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, have been implicated in this decline. In response to various insults, microglia can develop innate immune memory (IIM), which can either enhance (priming or training) or repress (tolerance) the response to subsequent inflammatory challenges. Here, we investigate whether radiation affects the IIM of microglia by irradiating the brains of rats and later exposing them to a secondary inflammatory stimulus. Comparative transcriptomic profiling and protein validation of microglia isolated from irradiated rats show a stronger immune response to a secondary inflammatory insult, demonstrating that radiation can lead to long-lasting molecular reprogramming of microglia. Transcriptomic analysis of postmortem normal-appearing non-tumor brain tissue of patients with glioblastoma indicates that radiation-induced microglial priming is likely conserved in humans. Targeting microglial priming or avoiding further inflammatory insults could decrease radiotherapy-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle C Voshart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takuya Oshima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon P van der Linden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna P Ainslie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luiza Reali Nazario
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur van Buuren-Broek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ayla C Scholma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilmar R J van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Sewdihal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Uilke Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Zhao C, Shi R, Lu X, Yang R, Chen Z, Chen B, Hu W, Ren J, Peng J, Zhu T, Zhu H, Huang C. Obligatory role of microglia-mobilized hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling in the prophylactic effect of β-glucan on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176288. [PMID: 38142848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have reported that pre-stimulation of microglia before stress stimulation is a possible strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are still unclear. Here, we used β-glucan, a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with immunomodulatory activities that cannot elicit pro-inflammatory responses in microglia, to address this issue. Our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan one day before stress exposure dose-dependently prevented the depression-like behaviors triggered by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), which peaked at 20 mg/kg and prevented the impairment of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, a pathological process critical for the progression of depression-like phenotypes. Inhibition of BDNF signaling by infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into the hippocampus, knock-in of the mutant BDNF Val68Met allele, or blockade of the BDNF receptor in the hippocampus abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors. Further analysis showed that cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated increase of BDNF expression in the hippocampus was essential for the prevention of depression-like phenotypes by β-glucan. Pretreatment with minocycline or PLX3397 before β-glucan injection to suppress microglia abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on impaired CREB-BDNF signaling in the hippocampus and depression-like behaviors in CUS mice. These results suggest that an increase in hippocampal BDNF following CREB activation triggered by β-glucan-induced microglia stimulation and subsequent TrkB signaling mediates the preventive effect of β-glucan on depression. β-Glucan may be a more suitable immunostimulant for the prevention of depression due to its inability to promote pro-inflammatory responses in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruiting Shi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Av. Parde Tomas Pereira, Macau, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #666 Shengli Road, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shijidadao, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Zhao C, Chen Z, Lu X, Hu W, Yang R, Lu Q, Chen B, Huang C. Microglia-Dependent Reversal of Depression-Like Behaviors in Chronically Stressed Mice by Administration of a Specific Immuno-stimulant β-Glucan. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:519-531. [PMID: 37962706 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the decline of microglia in the hippocampus has been shown to play a role in the development of depression, and its reversal shows marked antidepressant-like effects. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has numerous beneficial effects on the nervous system, including improving axon regeneration and cognition. Considering its immuno-stimulatory activities in cultured microglia and brain tissues, we hypothesize that β-glucan may be a potential candidate to correct the functional deficiency of microglia and thereby alleviate depression-like behaviors in chronically stressed animals. An expected, our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan 5 h before behavioral tests at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 5 mg/kg, reversed the depression-like behavior induced by chronic stress in mice in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test. The effect of β-glucan (20 mg/kg) also showed time-dependent properties that were statistically significant 5 and 8, but not 3, hours after drug injection and persisted for at least 7 days. Fourteen days after β-glucan injection, no antidepressant-like effect was observed anymore. However, this effect was overcome by a second β-glucan injection (20 mg/kg) 14 days after the first β-glucan injection. Stimulation of microglia appeared to mediate the antidepressant-like effect of β-glucan, because both inhibition of microglia and their depletion prevented the antidepressant-like effect of β-glucan. Based on these effects of β-glucan, β-glucan administration could be developed as a new strategy for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shijidadao, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Meng J, Han L, Xu H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Luo H, Zhang YW. TREM2 regulates microglial phagocytosis of synapses in innate immune tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111445. [PMID: 38147777 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that innate immune cells also possess immunological memory. Microglia are brain-resident innate immune cells and execute inflammatory and phagocytic functions upon environmental stimulation, during which processes triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays an important regulatory role. However, although microglia are known to exhibit innate immune memory related to inflammation when subjected to continuous inflammatory stimuli, whether microglia exhibit innate immune memory related to phagocytosis and whether TREM2 participates in innate immune memory of microglia remain unknown. Herein, we treated WT and Trem2 KO mice with peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce microglial activation or microglial immune tolerance. We found that Tnfα and Il-1β expression levels in the hippocampi were significantly elevated after 1xLPS and then dramatically decreased after 4xLPS in both WT and Trem2 KO mice; and their level changes were indistinguishable between WT and Trem2 KO mice. Moreover, 1xLPS significantly promoted microglial phagocytosis of synapses and caused microglial morphology changes resembling activated status in both WT and Trem2 KO mice. However, 4xLPS significantly reduced synapse phagocytosis and largely reversed morphology changes in WT microglia. While 4xLPS had no effect on reducing synapse phagocytosis in Trem2 KO microglia. RNA-seq analysis revealed that TREM2 deficiency reprogrammed complement and phagosome-related transcriptional landscape during immune tolerance. Our results demonstrate that microglia also exhibit immune tolerance related to phagocytosis of synapses and that TREM2 plays a crucial role in this process possibly through regulating complement system and phagosome-related gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Linkun Han
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lingliang Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhaoji Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Yunqiang Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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6
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Pan H, Shi R, Zhu H, Yang R, Zhang L, Chen B, Zhu T, Lu X, Huang C. Mobilization of the innate immune response by a specific immunostimulant β-glucan confers resistance to chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior by preventing neuroinflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111405. [PMID: 38118316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Pre-stimulation of the innate immune response is an effective strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes in animals. However, the use of conventional immunostimulants may cause adverse effects. Therefore, the search for agents that stimulate the innate immune response but do not induce a pro-inflammatory response could be a new research direction for the prevention of depression. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with unique immunomodulatory activity in microglia without eliciting a pro-inflammatory response that could lead to tissue damage. This suggests that β-glucan may be a suitable drug that can be used to prevent depression-like phenotypes. Our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan 1 day before stress exposure at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg, but notat a dose of 5 mg/kg, prevented depression-like behavior in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). This effect of β-glucan disappeared when the time interval between β-glucan and stress was extended from 1 day or 5 days to 10 days, which was rescued by a second injection 10 days after the first injection or by a repeated injection (4×, once daily) 10 days before stress exposure. A single β-glucan injection (20 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure prevented the CUS-induced increase in brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition of the innate immune response by minocycline (40 mg/kg) abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses. These results suggest that β-glucan may prevent chronic stress-induced depression-like phenotypes and neuroinflammatory responses by stimulating the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiting Shi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Av. Parde Tomas Pereira, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shiji Dadao, Nantong 226007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Chen B, Zhao C, Zhu H, Lu X, Liu H, Lu Q, Zhu T, Huang C. β-glucan, a specific immuno-stimulant, produces rapid antidepressant effects by stimulating ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176161. [PMID: 37939990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A decline in microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has recently been described as an important mechanism for the progression of depression. Reversal of this decline by innate immune system stimulants may represent a novel strategy to ameliorate the depressive phenotype in chronically stressed animals. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can efficiently stimulate microglia without inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, β-glucan could be an ideal drug to ameliorate depressive phenotypes. In the present study, we found that a single injection of β-glucan reversed depression-like behaviors in mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by a reversal of the CUS-induced decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the dentate gyrus. The crucial role of BDNF signaling in the antidepressant effect of β-glucan was demonstrated by experiments showing that infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into dentate gyrus, construction of BDNF-Val68Met allele knock-in mice, or treatment with the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a abolished the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. The increased BDNF signaling induced by β-glucan was mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated BDNF synthesis, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by SL327 was able to abolish the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. Moreover, inhibition or depletion of microglia by minocycline or PLX3397 abolished the reversal effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and CUS-induced impairment of ERK1/2-BDNF signaling. These results suggest that β-glucan exhibits antidepressant effects by stimulating microglia-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Al B, Suen TK, Placek K, Netea MG. Innate (learned) memory. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:551-566. [PMID: 37385546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
With the growing body of evidence, it is now clear that not only adaptive immune cells but also innate immune cells can mount a more rapid and potent nonspecific immune response to subsequent exposures. This process is known as trained immunity or innate (learned) immune memory. This review discusses the different immune and nonimmune cell types of the central and peripheral immune systems that can develop trained immunity. This review highlights the intracellular signaling and metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the formation of innate immune memory. Finally, this review explores the health implications together with the potential therapeutic interventions harnessing trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Al
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Tsz K Suen
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen.
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9
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Lajqi T, Köstlin-Gille N, Bauer R, Zarogiannis SG, Lajqi E, Ajeti V, Dietz S, Kranig SA, Rühle J, Demaj A, Hebel J, Bartosova M, Frommhold D, Hudalla H, Gille C. Training vs. Tolerance: The Yin/Yang of the Innate Immune System. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030766. [PMID: 36979747 PMCID: PMC10045728 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For almost nearly a century, memory functions have been attributed only to acquired immune cells. Lately, this paradigm has been challenged by an increasing number of studies revealing that innate immune cells are capable of exhibiting memory-like features resulting in increased responsiveness to subsequent challenges, a process known as trained immunity (known also as innate memory). In contrast, the refractory state of endotoxin tolerance has been defined as an immunosuppressive state of myeloid cells portrayed by a significant reduction in the inflammatory capacity. Both training as well tolerance as adaptive features are reported to be accompanied by epigenetic and metabolic alterations occurring in cells. While training conveys proper protection against secondary infections, the induction of endotoxin tolerance promotes repairing mechanisms in the cells. Consequently, the inappropriate induction of these adaptive cues may trigger maladaptive effects, promoting an increased susceptibility to secondary infections—tolerance, or contribute to the progression of the inflammatory disorder—trained immunity. This review aims at the discussion of these opposing manners of innate immune and non-immune cells, describing the molecular, metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms involved and interpreting the clinical implications in various inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, GR-41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Esra Lajqi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valdrina Ajeti
- Department of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Europaea—Campus College Rezonanca, XK-10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon A. Kranig
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ardian Demaj
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Tetovo, MK-1200 Tetova, North Macedonia
| | - Janine Hebel
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Frommhold
- Klinik für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, D-87700 Memmingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.G.)
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10
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Cui Z, Gong Y, Luo X, Zheng N, Tan S, Liu S, Li Y, Wang Q, Sun F, Hu M, Pan W, Yang X. β-Glucan alleviates goal-directed behavioral deficits in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:65. [PMID: 36782332 PMCID: PMC9926625 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a neuroinvasive parasite causing neuroinflammation, which in turn is associated with a higher risk for several psycho-behavioral disorders. There is an urgent need to identify drugs capable of improving cognitive deficits induced by T. gondii infection. β-Glucan, an active ingredient in mushrooms, could significantly enhance immunity. However, the effects of β-glucan against neuroinflammation and cognitive decline induced by T. gondii infection remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of β-glucan on goal-directed behavior of mice chronically infected by T. gondii Wh6 strain. METHODS A mice model of chronic T. gondii Wh6 infection was established by infecting mice by oral gavage with 10 cysts of T. gondii Wh6. Intraperitoneal injection of β-glucan was manipulated 2 weeks before T. gondii infection. Performance of the infected mice on the Y-maze test and temporal order memory (TOM) test was used to assess the goal-directed behavior. Golgi-Cox staining, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to detect prefrontal cortex-associated pathological change and neuroinflammation. RESULTS The administration of β-glucan significantly prevented T. gondii Wh6-induced goal-directed behavioral impairment as assessed behaviorally by the Y-maze test and TOM test. In the prefrontal cortex, β-glucan was able to counter T. gondii Wh6-induced degeneration of neurites, impairment of synaptic ultrastructure and decrease of pre- and postsynaptic protein levels. Also, β-glucan significantly prevented the hyperactivation of pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes, as well as the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines caused by chronic T. gondii Wh6 infection. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that β-glucan prevents goal-directed behavioral impairment induced by chronic T. gondii infection in mice. These findings suggest that β-glucan may be an effective drug candidate to prevent T. gondii-associated psycho-behavioral disorders including goal-directed behavioral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cui
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuying Gong
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaotong Luo
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Niuyi Zheng
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Shimin Tan
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Shuxi Liu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Youwei Li
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Qingling Wang
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Minmin Hu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Reemst K, Kracht L, Kotah JM, Rahimian R, van Irsen AAS, Congrains Sotomayor G, Verboon LN, Brouwer N, Simard S, Turecki G, Mechawar N, Kooistra SM, Eggen BJL, Korosi A. Early-life stress lastingly impacts microglial transcriptome and function under basal and immune-challenged conditions. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:507. [PMID: 36481769 PMCID: PMC9731997 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) leads to increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders including depression later in life. Neuroinflammatory processes have been implicated in ELS-induced negative health outcomes, but how ELS impacts microglia, the main tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, is unknown. Here, we determined the effects of ELS-induced by limited bedding and nesting material during the first week of life (postnatal days [P]2-9) on microglial (i) morphology; (ii) hippocampal gene expression; and (iii) synaptosome phagocytic capacity in male pups (P9) and adult (P200) mice. The hippocampus of ELS-exposed adult mice displayed altered proportions of morphological subtypes of microglia, as well as microglial transcriptomic changes related to the tumor necrosis factor response and protein ubiquitination. ELS exposure leads to distinct gene expression profiles during microglial development from P9 to P200 and in response to an LPS challenge at P200. Functionally, synaptosomes from ELS-exposed mice were phagocytosed less by age-matched microglia. At P200, but not P9, ELS microglia showed reduced synaptosome phagocytic capacity when compared to control microglia. Lastly, we confirmed the ELS-induced increased expression of the phagocytosis-related gene GAS6 that we observed in mice, in the dentate gyrus of individuals with a history of child abuse using in situ hybridization. These findings reveal persistent effects of ELS on microglial function and suggest that altered microglial phagocytic capacity is a key contributor to ELS-induced phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Laura Kracht
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M. Kotah
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Reza Rahimian
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Astrid A. S. van Irsen
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Congrains Sotomayor
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Laura N. Verboon
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Simard
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Susanne M. Kooistra
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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12
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Zhen-Gang L, Fan Y, Jingwei S, Pengyu C, Shengman Y, Bo-Yin Z. Revisiting the immune landscape post spinal cord injury: More than black and white. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:963539. [PMID: 36570540 PMCID: PMC9768195 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.963539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induced catastrophic neurological disability is currently incurable, especially in elderly patients. Due to the limited axon regeneration capacity and hostile microenvironment in the lesion site, essential neural network reconstruction remains challenging. Owing to the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) created immune cells and cytokines isolation, the immune elements were incorrectly recognized as innocent bystanders during the SCI pathological process traditionally. Emerging evidence demonstrated that the central nervous system (CNS) is an "immunological quiescent" rather than "immune privileged" area, and the CNS-associated immune response played mixed roles which dedicate beneficial and detrimental contributions throughout the SCI process. Consequently, coordinating double-edged immunomodulation is vital to promote tissue repair and neurological recovery post-SCI. The comprehensive exploration and understanding of the immune landscape post-SCI are essential in establishing new avenues for further basic and clinical studies. In this context, this review summarizes the recent significant breakthroughs in key aspects of SCI-related immunomodulation, including innate and adaptive immune response, immune organ changes, and holistic immune status modification. Moreover, the currently existing immune-oriented therapies for SCI will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhen-Gang
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi Jingwei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Pengyu
- Radiotherapy Department, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Shengman
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhang Bo-Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Zhang Bo-Yin
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13
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Three-in-one customized bioink for islet organoid: GelMA/ECM/PRP orchestrate pro-angiogenic and immunoregulatory function. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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The nonopioid cholinergic agonist GTS-21 mitigates morphine-induced aggravation of burn injury pain together with inhibition of spinal microglia activation in young rats. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:959-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Finkelman MA, Chancharoenthana W, Leelahavanichkul A. More Prominent Inflammatory Response to Pachyman than to Whole-Glucan Particle and Oat-β-Glucans in Dextran Sulfate-Induced Mucositis Mice and Mouse Injection through Proinflammatory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074026. [PMID: 35409384 PMCID: PMC8999416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1→3)-β-D-glucans (BG) (the glucose polymers) are recognized as pathogen motifs, and different forms of BGs are reported to have various effects. Here, different BGs, including Pachyman (BG with very few (1→6)-linkages), whole-glucan particles (BG with many (1→6)-glycosidic bonds), and Oat-BG (BG with (1→4)-linkages), were tested. In comparison with dextran sulfate solution (DSS) alone in mice, DSS with each of these BGs did not alter the weight loss, stool consistency, colon injury (histology and cytokines), endotoxemia, serum BG, and fecal microbiome but Pachyman-DSS-treated mice demonstrated the highest serum cytokine elicitation (TNF-α and IL-6). Likewise, a tail vein injection of Pachyman together with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the highest levels of these cytokines at 3 h post-injection than LPS alone or LPS with other BGs. With bone marrow-derived macrophages, BG induced only TNF-α (most prominent with Pachyman), while LPS with BG additively increased several cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10); inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, Syk, and NF-κB); and cell energy alterations (extracellular flux analysis). In conclusion, Pachyman induced the highest LPS proinflammatory synergistic effect on macrophages, followed by WGP, possibly through Syk-associated interactions between the Dectin-1 and TLR-4 signal transduction pathways. Selection of the proper form of BGs for specific clinical conditions might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Tropical Nephrology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +66-2256-4132 (W.C.); Fax: +66-2252-5952 (W.C.)
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +66-2256-4132 (W.C.); Fax: +66-2252-5952 (W.C.)
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16
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Trained immunity-related vaccines: innate immune memory and heterologous protection against infections. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Immune Memory in Aging: a Wide Perspective Covering Microbiota, Brain, Metabolism, and Epigenetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 63:499-529. [PMID: 34910283 PMCID: PMC8671603 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of pathogens. Adaptive memory is established by memory T and B lymphocytes following the recognition of an antigen. On the other hand, innate immune memory, also called trained immunity, is imprinted in innate cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. However, these mechanisms of memory generation and maintenance are compromised as organisms age. Almost all immune cell types, both mature cells and their progenitors, go through age-related changes concerning numbers and functions. The aging immune system renders the elderly highly susceptible to infections and incapable of mounting a proper immune response upon vaccinations. Besides the increased infectious burden, older individuals also have heightened risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, which have an immunological component. This review discusses how immune function, particularly the establishment and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunological memory, regulates and is regulated by epigenetics, metabolic processes, gut microbiota, and the central nervous system throughout life, with a focus on old age. We explain in-depth how epigenetics and cellular metabolism impact immune cell function and contribute or resist the aging process. Microbiota is intimately linked with the immune system of the human host, and therefore, plays an important role in immunological memory during both homeostasis and aging. The brain, which is not an immune-isolated organ despite former opinion, interacts with the peripheral immune cells, and the aging of both systems influences the health of each other. With all these in mind, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of the aging immune system and its consequences, especially in terms of immunological memory. The review also details the mechanisms of promising anti-aging interventions and highlights a few, namely, caloric restriction, physical exercise, metformin, and resveratrol, that impact multiple facets of the aging process, including the regulation of innate and adaptive immune memory. We propose that understanding aging as a complex phenomenon, with the immune system at the center role interacting with all the other tissues and systems, would allow for more effective anti-aging strategies.
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18
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Marcuzzi A, Melloni E, Zauli G, Romani A, Secchiero P, Maximova N, Rimondi E. Autoinflammatory Diseases and Cytokine Storms-Imbalances of Innate and Adaptative Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11241. [PMID: 34681901 PMCID: PMC8541037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses have a well-known link and represent the distinctive origins of several diseases, many of which may be the consequence of the loss of balance between these two responses. Indeed, autoinflammation and autoimmunity represent the two extremes of a continuous spectrum of pathologic conditions with numerous overlaps in different pathologies. A common characteristic of these dysregulations is represented by hyperinflammation, which is an exaggerated response of the immune system, especially involving white blood cells, macrophages, and inflammasome activation with the hyperproduction of cytokines in response to various triggering stimuli. Moreover, hyperinflammation is of great interest, as it is one of the main manifestations of COVID-19 infection, and the cytokine storm and its most important components are the targets of the pharmacological treatments used to combat COVID-19 damage. In this context, the purpose of our review is to provide a focus on the pathogenesis of autoinflammation and, in particular, of hyperinflammation in order to generate insights for the identification of new therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Arianna Romani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Paola Secchiero
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Natalia Maximova
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Erika Rimondi
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
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19
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de Fraga LS, Tassinari ID, Jantsch J, Guedes RP, Bambini-Junior V. 'A picture is worth a thousand words': The use of microscopy for imaging neuroinflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:325-345. [PMID: 34596237 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), Preston, UK
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Borggrewe M, Kooistra SM, Wesseling EM, Gierschek FL, Brummer ML, Nowak EC, Medeiros-Furquim T, Otto TA, Lee SW, Noelle RJ, Eggen BJL, Laman JD. VISTA regulates microglia homeostasis and myelin phagocytosis, and is associated with MS lesion pathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:91. [PMID: 34006329 PMCID: PMC8130385 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a negative checkpoint regulator (NCR) that is involved in T-cell quiescence, inhibition of T-cell activation, and in myeloid cells regulates cytokine production, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and tolerance induction. In the central nervous system (CNS), VISTA is expressed by microglia, the resident macrophage of the parenchyma, and expression is decreased during neuroinflammation; however, the function of VISTA in microglia is unknown. Here, we extensively analyzed VISTA expression in different MS lesion stages and characterized the function of VISTA in the CNS by deleting VISTA in microglia. VISTA is differentially expressed in distinct MS lesion stages. In mice, VISTA deletion in Cx3Cr1-expressing cells induced a more amoeboid microglia morphology, indicating an immune-activated phenotype. Expression of genes associated with cell cycle and immune-activation was increased in VISTA KO microglia. In response to LPS and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), VISTA KO and WT microglia shared similar transcriptional profiles and VISTA deletion did not affect EAE disease progression or microglia responses. VISTA KO in microglia in vitro decreased the uptake of myelin. This study demonstrates that VISTA is involved in microglia function, which likely affects healthy CNS homeostasis and neuroinflammation.
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