1
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Libera M, Caputo V, Laterza G, Moudoud L, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Diotti RA. The Question of HIV Vaccine: Why Is a Solution Not Yet Available? J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:2147912. [PMID: 38628675 PMCID: PMC11019575 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2147912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever since its discovery, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has remained a significant public health concern. The number of HIV-1 seropositive individuals currently stands at 40.1 million, yet definitive treatment for the virus is still unavailable on the market. Vaccination has proven to be a potent tool in combating infectious diseases, as evidenced by its success against other pathogens. However, despite ongoing efforts and research, the unique viral characteristics have prevented the development of an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. In this review, we aim to provide an historical overview of the various approaches attempted to create an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. Our objective is to explore the reasons why specific methods have failed to induce a protective immune response and to analyze the different modalities of immunogen presentation. This trial is registered with NCT05414786, NCT05471076, NCT04224701, and NCT01937455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Libera
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Caputo
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Laterza
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Louiza Moudoud
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- SC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta A. Diotti
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
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2
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Mbatha LS, Akinyelu J, Maiyo F, Kudanga T. Future prospects in mRNA vaccine development. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:052006. [PMID: 37589309 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aceceb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine development have vastly enhanced their use as alternatives to conventional vaccines in the prevention of various infectious diseases and treatment of several types of cancers. This is mainly due to their remarkable ability to stimulate specific immune responses with minimal clinical side effects. This review gives a detailed overview of mRNA vaccines currently in use or at various stages of development, the recent advancements in mRNA vaccine development, and the challenges encountered in their development. Future perspectives on this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jude Akinyelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria
| | - Fiona Maiyo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Kabarak University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tukayi Kudanga
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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3
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Azizi H, Knapp JP, Li Y, Berger A, Lafrance MA, Pedersen J, de la Vega MA, Racine T, Kang CY, Mann JFS, Dikeakos JD, Kobinger G, Arts EJ. Optimal Expression, Function, and Immunogenicity of an HIV-1 Vaccine Derived from the Approved Ebola Vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050977. [PMID: 37243081 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) remains an attractive platform for a potential HIV-1 vaccine but hurdles remain, such as selection of a highly immunogenic HIV-1 Envelope (Env) with a maximal surface expression on recombinant rVSV particles. An HIV-1 Env chimera with the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) of SIVMac239 results in high expression on the approved Ebola vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV, also harboring the Ebola Virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP). Codon-optimized (CO) Env chimeras derived from a subtype A primary isolate (A74) are capable of entering a CD4+/CCR5+ cell line, inhibited by HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies PGT121, VRC01, and the drug, Maraviroc. The immunization of mice with the rVSV-ZEBOV carrying the CO A74 Env chimeras results in anti-Env antibody levels as well as neutralizing antibodies 200-fold higher than with the NL4-3 Env-based construct. The novel, functional, and immunogenic chimeras of CO A74 Env with the SIV_Env-TMCT within the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine are now being tested in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiva Azizi
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Jason P Knapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Alice Berger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc-Alexandre Lafrance
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jannie Pedersen
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine de la Vega
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Trina Racine
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Chil-Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU Bristol, UK
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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4
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Harris JE. The repeated setbacks of HIV vaccine development laid the groundwork for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100619. [PMID: 35340773 PMCID: PMC8935961 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The decades-long effort to produce a workable HIV vaccine has hardly been a waste of public and private resources. To the contrary, the scientific know-how acquired along the way has served as the critical foundation for the development of vaccines against the novel, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We retell the real-world story of HIV vaccine research – with all its false leads and missteps – in a way that sheds light on the current state of the art of antiviral vaccines. We find that HIV-related R&D had more than a general spillover effect. In fact, the repeated failures of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of HIV vaccine candidates have served as a critical stimulus to the development of successful vaccine technologies today. We rebut the counterargument that HIV vaccine development has been no more than a blind alley, and that recently developed vaccines against COVID-19 are really descendants of successful vaccines against Ebola, MERS, and SARS. These successful vaccines likewise owe much to the vicissitudes of HIV vaccine development. We then discuss how the failures of HIV vaccine development have taught us how adapt SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to immune escape from emerging variants. Finally, we inquire whether recent advances in the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 might in turn further the development of an HIV vaccine - what we describe as a reverse spillover effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Eisner Health, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA
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5
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Singleton EV, Gates CJ, David SC, Hirst TR, Davies JB, Alsharifi M. Enhanced Immunogenicity of a Whole-Inactivated Influenza A Virus Vaccine Using Optimised Irradiation Conditions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761632. [PMID: 34899711 PMCID: PMC8652198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus presents a constant pandemic threat due to the mutagenic nature of the virus and the inadequacy of current vaccines to protect against emerging strains. We have developed a whole-inactivated influenza vaccine using γ-irradiation (γ-Flu) that can protect against both vaccine-included strains as well as emerging pandemic strains. γ-irradiation is a widely used inactivation method and several γ-irradiated vaccines are currently in clinical or pre-clinical testing. To enhance vaccine efficacy, irradiation conditions should be carefully considered, particularly irradiation temperature. Specifically, while more damage to virus structure is expected when using higher irradiation temperatures, reduced radiation doses will be required to achieve sterility. In this study, we compared immunogenicity of γ-Flu irradiated at room temperature, chilled on ice or frozen on dry ice using different doses of γ-irradiation to meet internationally accepted sterility assurance levels. We found that, when irradiating at sterilising doses, the structural integrity and vaccine efficacy were well maintained in all preparations regardless of irradiation temperature. In fact, using a higher temperature and lower radiation dose appeared to induce higher neutralising antibody responses and more effective cytotoxic T cell responses. This outcome is expected to simplify irradiation protocols for manufacturing of highly effective irradiated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Victoria Singleton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chloe Jayne Gates
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shannon Christa David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy Raymond Hirst
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - Justin Bryan Davies
- Irradiations Group, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
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6
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Singleton EV, David SC, Davies JB, Hirst TR, Paton JC, Beard MR, Hemmatzadeh F, Alsharifi M. Sterility of gamma-irradiated pathogens: a new mathematical formula to calculate sterilizing doses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:886-894. [PMID: 32930781 PMCID: PMC7674690 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing advocacy for highly immunogenic gamma-irradiated vaccines, several of which are currently in clinical or pre-clinical trials. Importantly, various methods of mathematical modelling and sterility testing are employed to ensure sterility. However, these methods are designed for materials with a low bioburden, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Consequently, current methods may not be reliable or applicable to estimate the irradiation dose required to sterilize microbiological preparations for vaccine purposes, where bioburden is deliberately high. In this study we investigated the applicability of current methods to calculate the sterilizing doses for different microbes. We generated inactivation curves that demonstrate single-hit and multiple-hit kinetics under different irradiation temperatures for high-titre preparations of pathogens with different genomic structures. Our data demonstrate that inactivation of viruses such as Influenza A virus, Zika virus, Semliki Forest virus and Newcastle Disease virus show single-hit kinetics following exposure to gamma-irradiation. In contrast, rotavirus inactivation shows multiple-hit kinetics and the sterilizing dose could not be calculated using current mathematical methods. Similarly, Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrates multiple-hit kinetics. These variations in killing curves reveal an important gap in current mathematical formulae to determine sterility assurance levels. Here we propose a simple method to calculate the irradiation dose required for a single log10 reduction in bioburden (D10) value and sterilizing doses, incorporating both single- and multiple-hit kinetics, and taking into account the possible existence of a resistance shoulder for some pathogens following exposure to gamma-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve V Singleton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Shannon C David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Justin B Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Mountbatten Park, Yarralumla, ACT, 2600, Australia
- GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Mountbatten Park, Yarralumla, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Mountbatten Park, Yarralumla, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Corresponding author. Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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7
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Laher F, Bekker LG, Garrett N, Lazarus EM, Gray GE. Review of preventative HIV vaccine clinical trials in South Africa. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2439-2452. [PMID: 32797338 PMCID: PMC7426202 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New HIV infections continue relentlessly in southern Africa, demonstrating
the need for a vaccine to prevent HIV subtype C. In South Africa, the country with the
highest number of new infections annually, HIV vaccine research has been ongoing since
2003 with collaborative public-private-philanthropic partnerships. So far, 21 clinical
trials have been conducted in South Africa, investigating seven viral vectors, three DNA
plasmids, four envelope proteins, five adjuvants and three monoclonal antibodies. Active
vaccine candidates have spanned subtypes A, B, C, E and multi-subtype mosaic sequences.
All were well tolerated. Four concepts were investigated for efficacy: rAd5-gag/pol/nef
showed increased HIV acquisition in males, subtype C ALVAC/gp120/MF59 showed no
preventative efficacy, and the trials for the VRC01 monoclonal antibody and
Ad26.Mos4.HIV/subtype C gp140/ aluminum phosphate are ongoing. Future trials are planned
with DNA/viral vector plus protein combinations in concert with pre-exposure
prophylaxis, and sequential immunization studies with transmitted/founder HIV envelope
to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, passive immunization trials are
underway to build on the experience with VRC01, including single and combination
antibody trials with an antibody derived from a subtype-C-infected South African donor.
Future consideration should be given to the evaluation of novel strategies, for example,
inactivated-whole-virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erica M Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Chen F, Seong Seo H, Ji HJ, Yang E, Choi JA, Yang JS, Song M, Han SH, Lim S, Lim JH, Ahn KB. Characterization of humoral and cellular immune features of gamma-irradiated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:485-496. [PMID: 32643515 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1780091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The most widely used influenza vaccines are prepared by chemical inactivation. However, chemical, especially formalin, treatment-induced modifications of the antigenic structure of the virus are frequently associated with adverse effects including low efficacy of protection, unexpected immune responses, or exacerbation of disease. Gamma-irradiation was suggested as an alternative influenza virus inactivation method due to its great features of completely inactivating virus while not damaging the structures of protein antigens, and cross-protective ability against heterologous strains. However, immunological features of gamma radiation-inactivated influenza vaccine have not been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the humoral and cellular immune responses of gamma radiation-inactivated influenza vaccine. The gamma irradiation-inactivated influenza vaccine (RADVAXFluA) showed complete viral inactivation but retained normal viral structure with functional activities of viral protein antigens. Intranasal immunization of RADVAXFluA provided better protection against influenza virus infection than formalin-inactivated influenza virus (FIV) in mice. RADVAXFluA greatly enhanced the production of virus-specific serum IgG and alveolar mucosal IgA, which effectively neutralized HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) activities, and blocked viral binding to the cells, respectively. Further analysis of IgG subclasses showed RADVAXFluA-immunized sera had higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2a than those of FIV-immunized sera. In addition, analysis of cellular immunity found RADVAXFluA induced strong dendritic cells (DC) activation resulting in higher DC-mediated activation of CD8+ T cells than FIV. The results support improved immunogenicity by RADVAXFluA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjia Chen
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ji
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Yang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Choi
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Sciences Unit, International Vaccine Institute , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Ewha Education & Research Center for Infection, Ewha Womans University Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
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9
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Pitisuttithum P, Marovich MA. Prophylactic HIV vaccine: vaccine regimens in clinical trials and potential challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:133-142. [PMID: 31951766 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1718497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Ending the HIV epidemic will likely require an efficacious preventative HIV vaccine. As vaccine development progresses, new challenges emerge in the context of an evolving prevention landscape.Areas covered: The progress in HIV vaccine development including trial regimens, results, and impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) including trial design.Expert opinion: Building upon the modest RV144 efficacy results, a follow-up study was launched in South Africa using modified vaccine constructs, ALVAC-HIV vector and gp120 protein boosts (Clade C strains). An adjuvant, MF59, was used to improve durability. Another Phase 2b regimen using an Adenovirus-26 vector with multivalent mosaic antigen inserts and a Clade C gp140 boost advanced into efficacy testing. Current vaccine efficacy studies enroll participants at risk for HIV, offer robust prevention packages, and notably do not restrict PrEP usage. With increasingly efficacious prevention options, future clinical trial designs become more complex. While formally requiring PrEP in HIV vaccine trials (e.g. PrEP ± Vaccine) may maximize protection, it raises both ethical and incremental efficacy over PrEP. Increasing vaccine complexity may lead to persistent vaccine-induced seropositivity, which presents different challenges. Discussion with the community and broader stakeholder engagement will help create solutions to these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mary Anne Marovich
- Vaccine Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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11
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Ao Z, Wang L, Mendoza EJ, Cheng K, Zhu W, Cohen EA, Fowke K, Qiu X, Kobinger G, Yao X. Incorporation of Ebola glycoprotein into HIV particles facilitates dendritic cell and macrophage targeting and enhances HIV-specific immune responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216949. [PMID: 31100082 PMCID: PMC6524799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against HIV infection remains a global priority. Dendritic cell (DC)-based HIV immunotherapeutic vaccine is a promising approach which aims at optimizing the HIV-specific immune response using primed DCs to promote and enhance both the cellular and humoral arms of immunity. Since the Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (EboGP) has strong DC-targeting ability, we investigated whether EboGP is able to direct HIV particles towards DCs efficiently and promote potent HIV-specific immune responses. Our results indicate that the incorporation of EboGP into non-replicating virus-like particles (VLPs) enhances their ability to target human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Also, a mucin-like domain deleted EboGP (EboGPΔM) can further enhanced the MDDCs and MDMs-targeting ability. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of EboGP on HIV immunogenicity in mice, and the results revealed a significantly stronger HIV-specific humoral immune response when immunized with EboGP-pseudotyped HIV VLPs compared with those immunized with HIV VLPs. Splenocytes harvested from mice immunized with EboGP-pseudotyped HIV VLPs secreted increased levels of macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α (MIP-1α) and IL-4 upon stimulation with HIV Env and/or Gag peptides compared with those harvested from mice immunized with HIV VLPs. Collectively, this study provides evidence for the first time that the incorporation of EboGP in HIV VLPs can facilitate DC and macrophage targeting and induce more potent immune responses against HIV.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL3/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Ebolavirus/chemistry
- Female
- Gene Expression
- HEK293 Cells
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/growth & development
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Primary Cell Culture
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Emelissa J. Mendoza
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Keding Cheng
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eric A. Cohen
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keith Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval/Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (XJY); (GK)
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail: (XJY); (GK)
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12
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Abstract
Efforts in developing an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been challenging as HIV strains are highly variable and exhibit extraordinary mutability. Despite condom usage and pre-exposure prophylaxis as excellent prevention strategies, lack of accessibility in some developing countries and low adherence due to sociocultural factors continue to act as barriers in reducing the HIV epidemic. Microbicides are topical therapies developed to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections during intercourse. Microbicides applied vaginally or rectally are intended to prevent HIV infection at the site of transmission by either inhibiting its entry into immune cells or prevent viral replication. This review will summarize some of the current state-of-the-art microbicide formulations that are in preclinical and clinical stages of development and discuss some of the challenges associated with microbicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick L Traore
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
| | - Yufei Chen
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
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13
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Sahay B, Yamamoto JK. Lessons Learned in Developing a Commercial FIV Vaccine: The Immunity Required for an Effective HIV-1 Vaccine. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050277. [PMID: 29789450 PMCID: PMC5977270 DOI: 10.3390/v10050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccine called Fel-O-Vax® FIV is the first commercial FIV vaccine released worldwide for the use in domestic cats against global FIV subtypes (A⁻E). This vaccine consists of inactivated dual-subtype (A plus D) FIV-infected cells, whereas its prototype vaccine consists of inactivated dual-subtype whole viruses. Both vaccines in experimental trials conferred moderate-to-substantial protection against heterologous strains from homologous and heterologous subtypes. Importantly, a recent case-control field study of Fel-O-Vax-vaccinated cats with outdoor access and ≥3 years of annual vaccine boost, resulted in a vaccine efficacy of 56% in Australia where subtype-A viruses prevail. Remarkably, this protection rate is far better than the protection rate of 31.2% observed in the best HIV-1 vaccine (RV144) trial. Current review describes the findings from the commercial and prototype vaccine trials and compares their immune correlates of protection. The studies described in this review demonstrate the overarching importance of ant-FIV T-cell immunity more than anti-FIV antibody immunity in affording protection. Thus, future efforts in developing the next generation FIV vaccine and the first effective HIV-1 vaccine should consider incorporating highly conserved protective T-cell epitopes together with the conserved protective B-cell epitopes, but without inducing adverse factors that eliminate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
| | - Janet K Yamamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
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14
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Mahroum N, Bragazzi NL, Brigo F, Waknin R, Sharif K, Mahagna H, Amital H, Watad A. Capturing public interest toward new tools for controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exploiting data from Google Trends. Health Informatics J 2018; 25:1383-1397. [PMID: 29638172 DOI: 10.1177/1460458218766573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus vaccination and pre-exposure prophylaxis represent two different emerging preventive tools. Google Trends was used to assess the public interest toward these tools in terms of digital activities. Worldwide web searches concerning the human immunodeficiency virus vaccine represented 0.34 percent, 0.03 percent, and 46.97 percent of human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome treatment-related Google Trends queries, respectively. Concerning temporal trends, digital activities were shown to increase from 0 percent as of 1 January 2004 percent to 46 percent as of 8 October 2017 with two spikes observed in May and July 2012, coinciding with the US Food and Drug Administration approval. Bursts in search number and volume were recorded as human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials emerged. This search topic has decreased in the past decade in parallel to the increase in Truvada-related topics. Concentrated searches were noticed among African countries with high human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome prevalence. Stakeholders should take advantage of public interest especially in preventive medicine in high disease burden countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Mahroum
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdulla Watad
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Israel
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15
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Pankrac J, Klein K, McKay PF, King DFL, Bain K, Knapp J, Biru T, Wijewardhana CN, Pawa R, Canaday DH, Gao Y, Fidler S, Shattock RJ, Arts EJ, Mann JFS. A heterogeneous human immunodeficiency virus-like particle (VLP) formulation produced by a novel vector system. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 29367885 PMCID: PMC5775397 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
First identified as the etiological agent behind Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s, HIV-1 has continued to spread into a global pandemic and major public health concern. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy at reducing HIV-1 viremia and preventing the dramatic CD4+ T-cell collapse, infected individuals remain HIV positive for life. Unfortunately, it is increasingly clear that natural immunity is not, and may never be, protective against this pathogen. Therefore, efficacious vaccine interventions, which can either prevent infection or eradicate the latent viral reservoir and effect cure, are a major medical priority. Here we describe the development of a safe vaccine platform, currently being utilized in on-going prophylactic and therapeutic preclinical studies and consisting of highly heterogeneous virus-like particle formulations that represent the virus diversity within infected individuals. These VLPs contain no 5'LTR, no functional integrase, and have a severely mutated stem loop 1-thereby preventing any potential reverse transcription, integration, and RNA packaging. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these VLPs are morphologically identical to wild-type virus with polyvalent Env in a functional form. Finally, we show that the VLPs are antigenic and capable of generating strong immune recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Deborah F. L. King
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Katie Bain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Jason Knapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Tsigereda Biru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Chanuka N. Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Rahul Pawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Jamie F. S. Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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16
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Jonsson-Schmunk K, Schafer SC, Croyle MA. Impact of nanomedicine on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: things to consider during pre-clinical and clinical studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Bernard CL, Brandeau ML. Structural Sensitivity in HIV Modeling: A Case Study of Vaccination. Infect Dis Model 2017; 2:399-411. [PMID: 29532039 PMCID: PMC5844493 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural assumptions in infectious disease models, such as the choice of network or compartmental model type or the inclusion of different types of heterogeneity across individuals, might affect model predictions as much as or more than the choice of input parameters. We explore the potential implications of structural assumptions on HIV model predictions and policy conclusions. We illustrate the value of inference robustness assessment through a case study of the effects of a hypothetical HIV vaccine in multiple population subgroups over eight related transmission models, which we sequentially modify to vary over two dimensions: parameter complexity (e.g., the inclusion of age and HCV comorbidity) and contact/simulation complexity (e.g., aggregated compartmental vs. individual/disaggregated compartmental vs. network models). We find that estimates of HIV incidence reductions from network models and individual compartmental models vary, but those differences are overwhelmed by the differences in HIV incidence between such models and the aggregated compartmental models (which aggregate groups of individuals into compartments). Complexities such as age structure appear to buffer the effects of aggregation and increase the threshold of net vaccine effectiveness at which aggregated models begin to overestimate reductions. The differences introduced by parameter complexity in estimated incidence reduction also translate into substantial differences in cost-effectiveness estimates. Parameter complexity does not appear to play a consistent role in differentiating the projections of network models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora L. Bernard
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Kang CY, Gao Y. Killed whole-HIV vaccine; employing a well established strategy for antiviral vaccines. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:47. [PMID: 28893272 PMCID: PMC5594480 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient prophylactic HIV vaccine has been one of the major challenges in infectious disease research during the last three decades. Here, we present a mini review on strategies employed for the development of HIV vaccines with an emphasis on a well-established vaccine technology, the killed whole-virus vaccine approach. Recently, we reported an evaluation of the safety and the immunogenicity of a genetically modified and killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine designated as SAV001 [1]. HIV-1 Clade B NL4-3 was genetically modified by deleting the nef and vpu genes and substituting the coding sequence of the Env signal peptide with that of honeybee melittin to produce an avirulent and replication efficient HIV-1. This genetically modified virus (gmHIV-1 NL4-3 ) was propagated in a human T cell line followed by virus purification and inactivation by aldrithiol-2 and γ-irradiation. We found that SAV001 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. HIV-1 NL4-3 -specific polymerase chain reaction showed no evidence of vaccine virus replication in participants receiving SAV001 and in human T cells infected in vitro. Furthermore, SAV001 with an adjuvant significantly increased the antibody response to HIV-1 structural proteins. Moreover, antibodies in the plasma from these vaccinations neutralized tier I and tier II of HIV-1 B, A, and D subtypes. These results indicated that the killed whole-HIV vaccine is safe and may trigger appropriate immune responses to prevent HIV infection. Utilization of this killed whole-HIV vaccine strategy may pave the way to develop an effective HIV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Virus Replication
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
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