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Hu A, Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Wang X, Ouyang J, Chen Y. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: key implications of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428239. [PMID: 39155987 PMCID: PMC11327151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is now recognized to be relatively common in people living with HIV (PLWH), and remains a common cause of cognitive impairment. Unfortunately, the fundamental pathogenic processes underlying this specific outcome of HIV infection have not as yet been fully elucidated. With increased interest in research related to the microbiota-gut-brain axis, the gut-brain axis has been shown to play critical roles in regulating central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. PLWH are characterized by a particular affliction, referred to as gut-associated dysbiosis syndrome, which provokes an alteration in microbial composition and diversity, and of their associated metabolite composition within the gut. Interestingly, the gut microbiota has also been recognized as a key element, which both positively and negatively influences human brain health, including the functioning and development of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, based on published evidence, we critically discuss the relevant interactions between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the pathogenesis of HAND in the context of HIV infection. It is likely that HAND manifestation in PLWH mainly results from (i) gut-associated dysbiosis syndrome and a leaky gut on the one hand and (ii) inflammation on the other hand. In other words, the preceding features of HIV infection negatively alter the composition of the gut microbiota (microbes and their associated metabolites) and promote proinflammatory immune responses which singularly or in tandem damage neurons and/or induce inadequate neuronal signaling. Thus, HAND is fairly prevalent in PLWH. This work aims to demonstrate that in the quest to prevent and possibly treat HAND, the gut microbiota may ultimately represent a therapeutically targetable "host factor."
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Hu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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2
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404349121. [PMID: 38985764 PMCID: PMC11260138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404349121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus activates type 1 interferon in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with short hairpin RNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the interferon-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with nontargetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant 2-CARD domain-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 (MDA5) filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 (MDA5) and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1 knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes by HIV-1. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 (MDA5), over two orders of magnitude, was revealed by formaldehyde cross-linking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is the innate immune receptor for intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus and that IFIH1 potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1, even in the presence of effective antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02142
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02139
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA02115
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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4
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.567619. [PMID: 38014177 PMCID: PMC10680824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 viremia and prevents progression to AIDS. Nonetheless, chronic inflammation is a common problem for people living with HIV-1 on ART. One possible cause of inflammation is ongoing transcription from HIV-1 proviruses, whether or not the sequences are competent for replication. Previous work has shown that intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, activates type 1 interferon. This activation required HIV-1 rev and was blocked by the XPO1 (CRM1)-inhibitor leptomycin. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with shRNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with non-targetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant inhibitory CARD-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS, are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1-knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 was revealed by formaldehyde crosslinking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is required for innate immune activation by intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus, and potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Herd CL, Mellet J, Mashingaidze T, Durandt C, Pepper MS. Consequences of HIV infection in the bone marrow niche. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163012. [PMID: 37497228 PMCID: PMC10366613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the bone marrow niche resulting from the direct and indirect effects of HIV infection contributes to haematological abnormalities observed in HIV patients. The bone marrow niche is a complex, multicellular environment which functions primarily in the maintenance of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These adult stem cells are responsible for replacing blood and immune cells over the course of a lifetime. Cells of the bone marrow niche support HSPCs and help to orchestrate the quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation of HSPCs through chemical and molecular signals and cell-cell interactions. This narrative review discusses the HIV-associated dysregulation of the bone marrow niche, as well as the susceptibility of HSPCs to infection by HIV.
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6
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Tu WJ, Melino M, Dunn J, McCuaig RD, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Tsimbalyuk S, Forwood JK, Ahuja T, Vandermeide J, Tan X, Tran M, Nguyen Q, Zhang L, Nam A, Pan L, Liang Y, Smith C, Lineburg K, Nguyen TH, Sng JDJ, Tong ZWM, Chew KY, Short KR, Le Grand R, Seddiki N, Rao S. In vivo inhibition of nuclear ACE2 translocation protects against SARS-CoV-2 replication and lung damage through epigenetic imprinting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3680. [PMID: 37369668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro, ACE2 translocates to the nucleus to induce SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, using digital spatial profiling of lung tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected golden Syrian hamsters, we show that a specific and selective peptide inhibitor of nuclear ACE2 (NACE2i) inhibits viral replication two days after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the peptide also prevents inflammation and macrophage infiltration, and increases NK cell infiltration in bronchioles. NACE2i treatment increases the levels of the active histone mark, H3K27ac, restores host translation in infected hamster bronchiolar cells, and leads to an enrichment in methylated ACE2 in hamster bronchioles and lung macrophages, a signature associated with virus protection. In addition, ACE2 methylation is increased in myeloid cells from vaccinated patients and associated with reduced SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression in monocytes from individuals who have recovered from infection. This protective epigenetic scarring of ACE2 is associated with a reduced latent viral reservoir in monocytes/macrophages and enhanced immune protection against SARS-CoV-2. Nuclear ACE2 may represent a therapeutic target independent of the variant and strain of viruses that use the ACE2 receptor for host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Tu
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle Melino
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Dunn
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert D McCuaig
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sofiya Tsimbalyuk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Taniya Ahuja
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Vandermeide
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiao Tan
- Genomics and Machine Learning Lab, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Minh Tran
- Genomics and Machine Learning Lab, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Quan Nguyen
- Genomics and Machine Learning Lab, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Liang Zhang
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andy Nam
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Liuliu Pan
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Corey Smith
- Translational and Human Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katie Lineburg
- Translational and Human Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tam H Nguyen
- Flow and Imaging Facility, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian D J Sng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhen Wei Marcus Tong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sudha Rao
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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7
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Zhang C, Zaman LA, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Dash PK. Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence and Elimination. Pathogens 2023; 12:879. [PMID: 37513726 PMCID: PMC10383313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain. However, despite the identification of virus-susceptible cells, several limitations persist in identifying broad latent reservoirs in infected persons. The major limitations include their relatively low abundance, the precise identification of latently infected cells, and the lack of biomarkers for identifying latent cells. While primary MP and CD4+ T cells and transformed cell lines are used to interrogate mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, they often fail to accurately reflect the host cells and tissue environments that carry latent infections. Given the host specificity of HIV-1, there are few animal models that replicate the natural course of viral infection with any precision. These needs underlie the importance of humanized mouse models as both valuable and cost-effective tools for studying viral latency and subsequently identifying means of eliminating it. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of humanized mice for studies of viral persistence and latency with an eye toward using these models to test antiretroviral and excision therapeutics. The goals of this research are to use the models to address how and under which circumstances HIV-1 latency can be detected and eliminated. Targeting latent reservoirs for an ultimate HIV-1 cure is the task at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA (S.G.)
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Dash PK, Chen C, Kaminski R, Su H, Mancuso P, Sillman B, Zhang C, Liao S, Sravanam S, Liu H, Waight E, Guo L, Mathews S, Sariyer R, Mosley RL, Poluektova LY, Caocci M, Amini S, Gorantla S, Burdo TH, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE, Khalili K. CRISPR editing of CCR5 and HIV-1 facilitates viral elimination in antiretroviral drug-suppressed virus-infected humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217887120. [PMID: 37126704 PMCID: PMC10175831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217887120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV-1ADA-infected CD34+ NSG-humanized mice with long-acting ester prodrugs of cabotegravir, lamivudine, and abacavir in combination with native rilpivirine was followed by dual CRISPR-Cas9 C-C chemokine receptor type five (CCR5) and HIV-1 proviral DNA gene editing. This led to sequential viral suppression, restoration of absolute human CD4+ T cell numbers, then elimination of replication-competent virus in 58% of infected mice. Dual CRISPR therapies enabled the excision of integrated proviral DNA in infected human cells contained within live infected animals. Highly sensitive nucleic acid nested and droplet digital PCR, RNAscope, and viral outgrowth assays affirmed viral elimination. HIV-1 was not detected in the blood, spleen, lung, kidney, liver, gut, bone marrow, and brain of virus-free animals. Progeny virus from adoptively transferred and CRISPR-treated virus-free mice was neither detected nor recovered. Residual HIV-1 DNA fragments were easily seen in untreated and viral-rebounded animals. No evidence of off-target toxicities was recorded in any of the treated animals. Importantly, the dual CRISPR therapy demonstrated statistically significant improvements in HIV-1 cure percentages compared to single treatments. Taken together, these observations underscore a pivotal role of combinatorial CRISPR gene editing in achieving the elimination of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Pietro Mancuso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Shuren Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Sruthi Sravanam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Rahsan Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Maurizio Caocci
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Tricia H. Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5880
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19140
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Mascarau R, Woottum M, Fromont L, Gence R, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Vahlas Z, Lévêque K, Bertrand F, Beunon T, Métais A, El Costa H, Jabrane-Ferrat N, Gallois Y, Guibert N, Davignon JL, Favre G, Maridonneau-Parini I, Poincloux R, Lagane B, Bénichou S, Raynaud-Messina B, Vérollet C. Productive HIV-1 infection of tissue macrophages by fusion with infected CD4+ T cells. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213978. [PMID: 36988579 PMCID: PMC10067447 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for HIV-1 pathogenesis and represent major viral reservoirs. Therefore, it is critical to understand macrophage infection, especially in tissue macrophages, which are widely infected in vivo, but poorly permissive to cell-free infection. Although cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is a determinant mode of macrophage infection in vivo, how HIV-1 transfers toward macrophages remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that fusion of infected CD4+ T lymphocytes with human macrophages leads to their efficient and productive infection. Importantly, several tissue macrophage populations undergo this heterotypic cell fusion, including synovial, placental, lung alveolar, and tonsil macrophages. We also find that this mode of infection is modulated by the macrophage polarization state. This fusion process engages a specific short-lived adhesion structure and is controlled by the CD81 tetraspanin, which activates RhoA/ROCK-dependent actomyosin contractility in macrophages. Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying infection of tissue-resident macrophages, and establishment of persistent cellular reservoirs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Léa Fromont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037 and Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle , Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Cantaloube-Ferrieu
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Lévêque
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Florent Bertrand
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Beunon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Métais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Hicham El Costa
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Jabrane-Ferrat
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Yohan Gallois
- ENT, Otoneurology and Pediatric ENT Department, University Hospital of Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Thoracic Endoscopy Unit, Pulmonology Department, Larrey University Hospital , Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gilles Favre
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037 and Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle , Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Bénichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
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10
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Joseph J, Daley W, Lawrence D, Lorenzo E, Perrin P, Rao VR, Tsai SY, Varthakavi V. Role of macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and cure: NIH perspectives. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1233-1243. [PMID: 36073341 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0722-619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a significant role in HIV infection and contribute to pathogenesis of comorbidities as well as establishment of the viral reservoir in people living with HIV. While CD4+ T cells are considered the main targets of HIV infection, infected macrophages resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing to the persistent HIV reservoir. Furthermore, activated macrophages drive inflammation and contribute to the development of comorbidities, including HIV-associated CNS dysfunction. Better understanding the role of macrophages in HIV infection, persistence, and comorbidities can lead to development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address HIV-related outcomes in people living with HIV. In October 2021, the National Institute of Mental Health and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard conducted a virtual meeting on role of macrophages in HIV infection, pathogenesis, and cure. This review article captures the key highlights from this meeting and provides an overview of interests and activities of various NIH institutes involved in supporting research on macrophages and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeymohan Joseph
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Daley
- Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Room 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD, 20892-9521, USA.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane Lawrence
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric Lorenzo
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Perrin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vasudev R Rao
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shang-Yi Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3WFN, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Vasundhara Varthakavi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3WFN, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
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11
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Fraker S, Atkinson B, Heredia A. Humanized mouse models for preclinical evaluation of HIV cure strategies. AIDS Rev 2022; 24:139-151. [PMID: 35622983 PMCID: PMC9643647 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.22000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the world is currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat to public health. To date, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of over 36 million people, while nearly 38 million people are currently living with the virus. Despite the undeniable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV, the medications are not curative. Soon after initial infection, HIV integrates into the genome of infected cells as a provirus, primarily, within CD4+ T lymphocytes and tissue macrophages. When not actively transcribed, the provirus is referred to as a latent reservoir because it is hidden to the immune system and ART. Following ART discontinuation, HIV may emerge from the replication-competent proviruses and resumes the infection of healthy cells. Thus, these latent reservoirs are a major obstacle to an HIV cure, and their removal remains a priority. A vital aspect in the development of curative therapies is the demonstration of efficacy in an animal model, such as the humanized mouse model. Therefore, optimization, standardization, and validation of the humanized mouse model are a priority. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on existing humanized mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each as they pertain to HIV cure studies and to review the approaches to curative therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Fraker
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Benjamin Atkinson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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12
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Hendricks CM, Cash MN, Tagliamonte MS, Riva A, Brander C, Llano A, Salemi M, Stevenson M, Mavian C. Discordance between HIV-1 Population in Plasma at Rebound after Structured Treatment Interruption and Archived Provirus Population in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0135322. [PMID: 35699458 PMCID: PMC9431602 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01353-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can sustain the suppression of plasma viremia to below detection levels. Infected individuals undergoing a treatment interruption exhibit rapid viral rebound in plasma viremia which is fueled by cellular reservoirs such as CD4+ T cells, myeloid cells, and potentially uncharacterized cellular sources. Interrogating the populations of viruses found during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) can give insights into the biologically competent reservoirs that persist under effective ART as well as the nature of the cellular reservoirs that enable viral persistence under ART. We interrogated plasma viremia from four rare cases of individuals undergoing sequential ATIs. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) on cell-associated viral DNA and cell-free virus to understand the interrelationship between sequential ATIs as well as the relationship between viral genomes in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RNA from rebound plasma. We observed population differences between viral populations recrudescing at sequential ATIs as well as divergence between viral sequences in plasma and those in PBMCs. This indicated that viruses in PBMCs were not a major source of post-ATI viremia and highlights the role of anatomic reservoirs in post-ATI viremia and viral persistence. IMPORTANCE Even with effective ART, HIV-1 persists at undetectable levels and rebounds in individuals who stop treatment. Cellular and anatomical reservoirs ignite viral rebound upon treatment interruption, remaining one of the key obstacles for HIV-1 cure. To further examine HIV-1 persistence, a better understanding of the distinct populations that fuel viral rebound is necessary to identify and target reservoirs and the eradication of HIV-1. This study investigates the populations of viruses found from proviral genomes from PBMCs and plasma at rebound from a unique cohort of individuals who underwent multiple rounds of treatment interruption. Using NGS, we characterized the subtypes of viral sequences and found divergence in viral populations between plasma and PBMCs at each rebound, suggesting that distinct viral populations appear at each treatment interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna M. Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie N. Cash
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Anuska Llano
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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13
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HIV Latency in Myeloid Cells: Challenges for a Cure. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060611. [PMID: 35745465 PMCID: PMC9230125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a complete cure for HIV is hindered by the presence of replication-competent HIV, integrated in the host genome, that can persist long term in a resting state called viral latency. Resting memory CD4+ T cells are considered the biggest reservoir of persistent HIV infection and are often studied exclusively as the main target for an HIV cure. However, other cell types, such as circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, can harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV. To develop a cure for HIV, focus is needed not only on the T cell compartment, but also on these myeloid reservoirs of persistent HIV infection. In this review, we summarize their importance when designing HIV cure strategies and challenges associated to their identification and specific targeting by the “shock and kill” approach.
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14
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Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Sympathetic Nerves and Innate Immune System in the Spleen: Implications of Impairment in HIV-1 and Relevant Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040673. [PMID: 35203323 PMCID: PMC8870141 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and sympathetic nervous systems are major targets of human, murine and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, MAIDS, and SIV, respectively). The spleen is a major reservoir for these retroviruses, providing a sanctuary for persistent infection of myeloid cells in the white and red pulps. This is despite the fact that circulating HIV-1 levels remain undetectable in infected patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. These viruses sequester in immune organs, preventing effective cures. The spleen remains understudied in its role in HIV-1 pathogenesis, despite it hosting a quarter of the body’s lymphocytes and diverse macrophage populations targeted by HIV-1. HIV-1 infection reduces the white pulp, and induces perivascular hyalinization, vascular dysfunction, tissue infarction, and chronic inflammation characterized by activated epithelial-like macrophages. LP-BM5, the retrovirus that induces MAIDS, is a well-established model of AIDS. Immune pathology in MAIDs is similar to SIV and HIV-1 infection. As in SIV and HIV, MAIDS markedly changes splenic architecture, and causes sympathetic dysfunction, contributing to inflammation and immune dysfunction. In MAIDs, SIV, and HIV, the viruses commandeer splenic macrophages for their replication, and shift macrophages to an M2 phenotype. Additionally, in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, HIV-1 blocks sympathetic augmentation of interferon-β (IFN-β) transcription, which promotes viral replication. Here, we review viral–sympathetic interactions in innate immunity and pathophysiology in the spleen in HIV-1 and relevant models. The situation remains that research in this area is still sparse and original hypotheses proposed largely remain unanswered.
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15
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Kuniholm J, Armstrong E, Bernabe B, Coote C, Berenson A, Patalano SD, Olson A, He X, Lin NH, Fuxman Bass JI, Henderson AJ. Intragenic proviral elements support transcription of defective HIV-1 proviruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009982. [PMID: 34962974 PMCID: PMC8746790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 establishes a persistent proviral reservoir by integrating into the genome of infected host cells. Current antiretroviral treatments do not target this persistent population of proviruses which include latently infected cells that upon treatment interruption can be reactivated to contribute to HIV-1 rebound. Deep sequencing of persistent HIV proviruses has revealed that greater than 90% of integrated HIV genomes are defective and unable to produce infectious virions. We hypothesized that intragenic elements in the HIV genome support transcription of aberrant HIV-1 RNAs from defective proviruses that lack long terminal repeats (LTRs). Using an intact provirus detection assay, we observed that resting CD4+ T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are biased towards generating defective HIV-1 proviruses. Multiplex reverse transcription droplet digital PCR identified env and nef transcripts which lacked 5' untranslated regions (UTR) in acutely infected CD4+ T cells and MDMs indicating transcripts are generated that do not utilize the promoter within the LTR. 5'UTR-deficient env transcripts were also identified in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART, suggesting that these aberrant RNAs are produced in vivo. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we mapped the start site of these transcripts within the Env gene. This region bound several cellular transcription factors and functioned as a transcriptional regulatory element that could support transcription and translation of downstream HIV-1 RNAs. These studies provide mechanistic insights into how defective HIV-1 proviruses are persistently expressed to potentially drive inflammation in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kuniholm
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elise Armstrong
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brandy Bernabe
- Boston University School of Medicine Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Coote
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Berenson
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha D. Patalano
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex Olson
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xianbao He
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nina H. Lin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juan I. Fuxman Bass
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Caballero RE, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Ali H, Cassol E, Cameron WD, Korneluk R, Tremblay MJ, Angel JB, Kumar A. Role of RIPK1 in SMAC mimetics-induced apoptosis in primary human HIV-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22901. [PMID: 34824340 PMCID: PMC8617210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs due to their resistance to apoptosis and HIV-cytopathic effects. We have previously shown that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) confer resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis in normal macrophages. Herein, we show that second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SM) induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with a R5-tropic laboratory strain expressing heat stable antigen, chronically infected U1 cells, and ex-vivo derived MDMs from HIV-infected individuals. To understand the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death, we show that SM-induced cell death of primary HIV-infected macrophages was independent of the acquisition of M1 phenotype following HIV infection of macrophages. Instead, SM-induced cell death was found to be mediated by IAPs as downregulation of IAPs by siRNAs induced cell death of HIV-infected macrophages. Moreover, HIV infection caused receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) degradation which in concert with IAP1/2 downregulation following SM treatment may result in apoptosis of macrophages. Altogether, our results show that SM selectively induce apoptosis in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with HIV possibly through RIPK1. Moreover, modulation of the IAP pathways may be a potential strategy for selective killing of HIV-infected macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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17
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Weichseldorfer M, Affram Y, Heredia A, Rikhtegaran-Tehrani Z, Sajadi MM, Williams SP, Tagaya Y, Benedetti F, Ramadhani HO, Denaro F, Munawwar A, Bryant J, Zella D, Reitz M, Romerio F, Latinovic OS. Combined cART including Tenofovir Disoproxil, Emtricitabine, and Dolutegravir has potent therapeutic effects in HIV-1 infected humanized mice. J Transl Med 2021; 19:453. [PMID: 34717655 PMCID: PMC8557591 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 reservoirs persist in the presence of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, cART has transformed HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease marked by control of HIV-1 viral load and mortality reduction. Major challenges remain, including viral resistance upon termination of cART and persistence and identification of tissue distribution of HIV-1 reservoirs. Thus, appropriate animal models that best mimic HIV-1 pathogenesis are important, and the current study complements our previously published validation of the CD34+ hematopoietic humanized mouse model for this purpose. Here we analyze viral suppression using the recently developed combination of antiretrovirals that include Tenofovir Disoproxil (TDF), Emtricitabine (FTC), and Dolutegravir (DTG), a choice based on recent clinical outcomes showing its improved antiretroviral potency, CD4+ T cell preservation, tolerability, and prevention of viral drug resistance compared to that of previous regimens. We used quantitative Airyscan-based super resolution confocal microscopy of selected mouse tissues. Our data allowed us to identify specific solid tissue reservoirs of human T cells expressing the HIV-1 core protein p24. In particular, lymph node, brain, spleen, and liver were visualized as reservoirs for residual infected cells. Marked reduction of viral replication was evident. Considering that detection and visualization of cryptic sites of HIV-1 infection in tissues are clearly crucial steps towards HIV-1 eradication, appropriate animal models with pseudo-human immune systems are needed. In fact, current studies with humans and non-human primates have limited sample availability at multiple stages of infection and cannot easily analyze the effects of differently administered combined antiretroviral treatments on multiple tissues. That is easier to manage when working with humanized mouse models, although we realize the limitations due to low human cell recovery and thus the number of cells available for thorough and comprehensive analyses. Nonetheless, our data further confirm that the CD34+ humanized mouse model is a potentially useful pre-clinical model to study and improve current anti-HIV-1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weichseldorfer
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yvonne Affram
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University of Texas A and M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sumiko P Williams
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Habib O Ramadhani
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Frank Denaro
- Morgan State University, College of Bio Sciences, Baltimore, MD, 21011, USA
| | - Arshi Munawwar
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Fabio Romerio
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Olga S Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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18
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Interests of the Non-Human Primate Models for HIV Cure Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090958. [PMID: 34579195 PMCID: PMC8472852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are important for vaccine development and also contribute to HIV cure research. Although none of the animal models are perfect, NHPs enable the exploration of important questions about tissue viral reservoirs and the development of intervention strategies. In this review, we describe recent advances in the use of these models for HIV cure research and highlight the progress that has been made as well as limitations using these models. The main NHP models used are (i) the macaque, in which simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) infection displays similar replication profiles as to HIV in humans, and (ii) the macaque infected by a recombinant virus (SHIV) consisting of SIVmac expressing the HIV envelope gene serving for studies analyzing the impact of anti-HIV Env broadly neutralizing antibodies. Lessons for HIV cure that can be learned from studying the natural host of SIV are also presented here. An overview of the most promising and less well explored HIV cure strategies tested in NHP models will be given.
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19
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Dash PK, Gorantla S, Poluektova L, Hasan M, Waight E, Zhang C, Markovic M, Edagwa B, Machhi J, Olson KE, Wang X, Mosley RL, Kevadiya B, Gendelman HE. Humanized Mice for Infectious and Neurodegenerative disorders. Retrovirology 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 34090462 PMCID: PMC8179712 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice model human disease and as such are used commonly for research studies of infectious, degenerative and cancer disorders. Recent models also reflect hematopoiesis, natural immunity, neurobiology, and molecular pathways that influence disease pathobiology. A spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains permit long-lived human progenitor cell engraftments. The presence of both innate and adaptive immunity enables high levels of human hematolymphoid reconstitution with cell susceptibility to a broad range of microbial infections. These mice also facilitate investigations of human pathobiology, natural disease processes and therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of human disorders. However, a bridge between humans and mice requires a complete understanding of pathogen dose, co-morbidities, disease progression, environment, and genetics which can be mirrored in these mice. These must be considered for understanding of microbial susceptibility, prevention, and disease progression. With known common limitations for access to human tissues, evaluation of metabolic and physiological changes and limitations in large animal numbers, studies in mice prove important in planning human clinical trials. To these ends, this review serves to outline how humanized mice can be used in viral and pharmacologic research emphasizing both current and future studies of viral and neurodegenerative diseases. In all, humanized mouse provides cost-effective, high throughput studies of infection or degeneration in natural pathogen host cells, and the ability to test transmission and eradication of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bhavesh Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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20
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Atkins AJ, Allen AG, Dampier W, Haddad EK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. HIV-1 cure strategies: why CRISPR? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:781-793. [PMID: 33331178 PMCID: PMC9777058 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1865302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed prognoses for HIV-1-infected individuals but requires lifelong adherence to prevent viral resurgence. Targeted elimination or permanent deactivation of the latently infected reservoir harboring integrated proviral DNA, which drives viral rebound, is a major focus of HIV-1 research. AREAS COVERED This review covers the current approaches to developing curative strategies for HIV-1 that target the latent reservoir. Discussed herein are shock and kill, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), block and lock, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, immune checkpoint modulation, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) coreceptor ablation, and CRISPR/Cas9 proviral excision. Emphasis is placed on CRISPR/Cas9 proviral excision/inactivation. Recent advances and future directions toward discovery and translation of HIV-1 therapeutics are discussed. EXPERT OPINION CRISPR/Cas9 proviral targeting fills a niche amongst HIV-1 cure strategies by directly targeting the integrated provirus without the necessity of an innate or adaptive immune response. Each strategy discussed in this review has shown promising results with the potential to yield curative or adjuvant therapies. CRISPR/Cas9 is singular among these in that it addresses the root of the problem, integrated proviral DNA, with the capacity to permanently remove or deactivate the source of HIV-1 recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Alexander G. Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to B.W. (), 245 N 15th St, Rm 18301, MS1013A, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, Tel: 215-991-8352, Fax: 215-849-4808
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21
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Hendricks CM, Cordeiro T, Gomes AP, Stevenson M. The Interplay of HIV-1 and Macrophages in Viral Persistence. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646447. [PMID: 33897659 PMCID: PMC8058371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved mechanisms to evade host cell immune responses and persist for lifelong infection. Latent cellular reservoirs are responsible for this persistence of HIV-1 despite the powerful effects of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) to control circulating viral load. While cellular reservoirs have been extensively studied, much of these studies have focused on peripheral blood and resting memory CD4+ T cells containing latent HIV-1 provirus; however, efforts to eradicate cellular reservoirs have been stunted by reservoirs found in tissues compartments that are not easily accessible. These tissues contain resting memory CD4+ T cells and tissue resident macrophages, another latent cellular reservoir to HIV-1. Tissue resident macrophages have been associated with HIV-1 infection since the 1980s, and evidence has continued to grow regarding their role in HIV-1 persistence. Specific biological characteristics play a vital role as to why macrophages are latent cellular reservoirs for HIV-1, and in vitro and in vivo studies exhibit how macrophages contribute to viral persistence in individuals and animals on antiretroviral therapies. In this review, we characterize the role and evolutionary advantages of macrophage reservoirs to HIV-1 and their contribution to HIV-1 persistence. In acknowledging the interplay of HIV-1 and macrophages in the host, we identify reasons why current strategies are incapable of eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs and why efforts must focus on eradicating reservoirs to find a future functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna M Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thaissa Cordeiro
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ana Paula Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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22
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Sil S, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Niu F, Kannan M, Liao K, Silverstein PS, Periyasamy P, Buch S. HIV-1 and drug abuse comorbidity: Lessons learned from the animal models of NeuroHIV. Neurosci Lett 2021; 754:135863. [PMID: 33794296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various research studies that have investigated the association between HIV infection and addiction underpin the role of various drugs of abuse in impairing immunological and non-immunological pathways of the host system, ultimately leading to augmentation of HIV infection and disease progression. These studies have included both in vitro and in vivo animal models wherein investigators have assessed the effects of various drugs on several disease parameters to decipher the impact of drugs on both HIV infection and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, given the inherent limitations in the existing animal models of HAND, these investigations only recapitulated specific aspects of the disease but not the complex human syndrome. Despite the inability of HIV to infect rodents over the last 30 years, multiple strategies have been employed to develop several rodent models of HAND. While none of these models can accurately mimic the overall pathophysiology of HAND, they serve the purpose of modeling some unique aspects of HAND. This review provides an overview of various animal models used in the field and a careful evaluation of methodological strengths and limitations inherent in both the model systems and study designs to understand better how the various animal models complement one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muthukumar Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Peter S Silverstein
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is observed in HIV+ individuals on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and is thought to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. We have recently reported that expression of HIV intron-containing RNA (icRNA) in productively infected monocyte-derived macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses. Microglia, yolk sac-derived brain-resident tissue macrophages, are the primary HIV-1 infected cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that persistent expression of HIV icRNA in primary human microglia induces innate immune activation. We established multiple orthogonal primary human microglia-like cell cultures including peripheral blood monocyte-derived microglia (MDMG) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. Unlike MDMG, human iPSC-derived microglia (hiMG), which phenotypically mimic primary CNS microglia, were robustly infected with replication competent HIV-1, and establishment of productive HIV-1 infection and de novo viral gene expression led to pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Blocking of HIV-1 icRNA expression, but not multiply spliced viral RNA, either via infection with virus expressing a Rev-mutant deficient for HIV icRNA nuclear export or infection in the presence of small molecule inhibitor of CRM1-mediated viral icRNA nuclear export pathway, attenuated induction of innate immune responses. These studies suggest that Rev-CRM1-dependent nuclear export and cytosolic sensing of HIV-1 icRNA induces pro-inflammatory responses in productively infected microglia. Novel strategies targeting HIV icRNA expression specifically are needed to suppress HIV-induced neuroinflammation.
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24
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Aquaro S, Borrajo A, Pellegrino M, Svicher V. Mechanisms underlying of antiretroviral drugs in different cellular reservoirs with a focus on macrophages. Virulence 2021; 11:400-413. [PMID: 32375558 PMCID: PMC7219522 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1760443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing with current combinations of antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection can successfully maintain long-term suppression of HIV-1 replication in plasma. Still, none of these therapies is capable of extinguishing the virus from the long-lived cellular reservoir, including monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), that means the principal obstacle to HIV cure. MDM are widely distributed in all tissues and organs, including central system nervous (CNS) where they represent the most frequent HIV-infected cells that means the principal obstacle to HIV cure. Current FDA-approved antiretroviral drugs target viral reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, and entry processes (coreceptor or fusion blockade). It is desirable to continue to develop new antiretrovirals directed against alternative targets in the virus lifecycle in order to further optimize therapeutic options, overcome resistance to existing medications, and potentially contribute to the elimination of viral reservoirs.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the activity of antiretroviral drugs (classical and upcoming) in monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM). Defining the antiviral activity of these drugs in this important cellular HIV-1 reservoir provides crucial hints about their efficacy in HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ana Borrajo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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25
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McArthur JC, Johnson TP. Chronic inflammation mediates brain injury in HIV infection: relevance for cure strategies. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 33:397-404. [PMID: 32209807 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic inflammation is a major component of HIV infection, the effects of which can be devastating in the central nervous system (CNS). Protecting the brain is, therefore, critical as efforts proceed to cure HIV infection by reactivating latent viral reservoirs and driving immune responses. We review the clinical presentation and pathology findings of inflammatory processes in the CNS in patients managed with ART and the drivers of these processes. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic inflammation is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and HIV infection increases the risk for chronic diseases, especially cognitive impairment. Latent viral reservoirs, including microglia and tissue macrophages, contribute to inflammation in the CNS. Inflammation is generated and maintained through residual viral replication, dysregulation of infected cells, continuously produced viral proteins and positive feedback loops of chronic inflammation. Novel therapeutics and lifestyle changes may help to protect the CNS from immune-mediated damage. SUMMARY As therapies are developed to cure HIV, it is important to protect the CNS from additional immune-mediated damage. Adjunctive therapies to restore glial function, reduce neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation, and inhibit expression of viral proteins are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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26
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Covino DA, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Lu J, Chiantore MV, Fiorucci G, Vescio MF, Catapano L, Purificato C, Galluzzo CM, Amici R, Andreotti M, Gauzzi MC, Pellegrini M, Fantuzzi L. Transcriptome Profiling of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Upon CCL2 Neutralization Reveals an Association Between Activation of Innate Immune Pathways and Restriction of HIV-1 Gene Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2129. [PMID: 33072075 PMCID: PMC7531389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and main producers of the proinflammatory chemokine CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), whose expression is induced by HIV-1 both in vitro and in vivo. We previously found that CCL2 neutralization in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) strongly inhibited HIV-1 replication affecting post-entry steps of the viral life cycle. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to deeply characterize the cellular factors and pathways modulated by CCL2 blocking in MDMs and involved in HIV-1 replication restriction. We report that exposure to CCL2 neutralizing antibody profoundly affected the MDM transcriptome. Functional annotation clustering of up-regulated genes identified two clusters enriched for antiviral defense and immune response pathways, comprising several interferon-stimulated, and restriction factor coding genes. Transcripts in the clusters were enriched for RELA and NFKB1 targets, suggesting the activation of the canonical nuclear factor κB pathway as part of a regulatory network involving miR-155 up-regulation. Furthermore, while HIV-1 infection caused small changes to the MDM transcriptome, with no evidence of host defense gene expression and type I interferon signature, CCL2 blocking enabled the activation of a strong host innate response in infected macrophage cultures, and potently inhibited viral genes expression. Notably, an inverse correlation was found between levels of viral transcripts and of the restriction factors APOBEC3A (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 A), ISG15, and MX1. These findings highlight an association between activation of innate immune pathways and HIV-1 restriction upon CCL2 blocking and identify this chemokine as an endogenous factor contributing to the defective macrophage response to HIV-1. Therapeutic targeting of CCL2 may thus strengthen host innate immunity and restrict HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- UCLA Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, Center for the Health Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jing Lu
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Gianna Fiorucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Catapano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Purificato
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Amici
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pellegrini
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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27
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Pinto DO, DeMarino C, Vo TT, Cowen M, Kim Y, Pleet ML, Barclay RA, Noren Hooten N, Evans MK, Heredia A, Batrakova EV, Iordanskiy S, Kashanchi F. Low-Level Ionizing Radiation Induces Selective Killing of HIV-1-Infected Cells with Reversal of Cytokine Induction Using mTOR Inhibitors. Viruses 2020; 12:E885. [PMID: 32823598 PMCID: PMC7472203 DOI: 10.3390/v12080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects 39.5 million people worldwide, and cART is effective in preventing viral spread by reducing HIV-1 plasma viral loads to undetectable levels. However, viral reservoirs persist by mechanisms, including the inhibition of autophagy by HIV-1 proteins (i.e., Nef and Tat). HIV-1 reservoirs can be targeted by the "shock and kill" strategy, which utilizes latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to activate latent proviruses and immunotarget the virus-producing cells. Yet, limitations include reduced LRA permeability across anatomical barriers and immune hyper-activation. Ionizing radiation (IR) induces effective viral activation across anatomical barriers. Like other LRAs, IR may cause inflammation and modulate the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We and others have shown that cells may secrete cytokines and viral proteins in EVs and, therefore, LRAs may contribute to inflammatory EVs. In the present study, we mitigated the effects of IR-induced inflammatory EVs (i.e., TNF-α), through the use of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi; Rapamycin and INK128). Further, mTORi were found to enhance the selective killing of HIV-1-infected myeloid and T-cell reservoirs at the exclusion of uninfected cells, potentially via inhibition of viral transcription/translation and induction of autophagy. Collectively, the proposed regimen using cART, IR, and mTORi presents a novel approach allowing for the targeting of viral reservoirs, prevention of immune hyper-activation, and selectively killing latently infected HIV-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Thy T. Vo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Yuriy Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Robert A. Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
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León-Rivera R, Morsey B, Niu M, Fox HS, Berman JW. Interactions of Monocytes, HIV, and ART Identified by an Innovative scRNAseq Pipeline: Pathways to Reservoirs and HIV-Associated Comorbidities. mBio 2020; 11:e01037-20. [PMID: 32723919 PMCID: PMC7387797 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01037-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are a major obstacle to the eradication and cure of HIV. The mature monocyte subset, CD14+CD16+, contributes to viral reservoirs and HIV-associated comorbidities. Only a subset of monocytes harbors HIV (HIV+), while the rest remain uninfected, exposed cells (HIVexp). We developed an innovative single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) pipeline that detects HIV and host transcripts simultaneously, enabling us to examine differences between HIV+ and HIVexp mature monocytes. Using this, we characterized uninfected, HIV+, and HIVexp primary human mature monocytes with and without ART. We showed that HIV+ mature monocytes do not form their own cluster separately from HIVexp but can be distinguished by significant differential gene expression. We found that ART decreased levels of unspliced HIV transcripts potentially by modulating host transcriptional regulators shown to decrease viral infection and replication. We also identified and characterized mature monocyte subpopulations differentially impacted by HIV and ART. We identified genes dysregulated by ART in HIVexp monocytes compared to their uninfected counterpart and, of interest, the junctional protein ALCAM, suggesting that ART impacts monocyte functions. Our data provide a novel method for simultaneous detection of HIV and host transcripts. We identify potential targets, such as those genes whose expression is increased in HIV+ mature monocytes compared to HIVexp, to block their entry into tissues, preventing establishment/replenishment of HIV reservoirs even with ART, thereby reducing and/or eliminating viral burden and HIV-associated comorbidities. Our data also highlight the heterogeneity of mature monocyte subsets and their potential contributions to HIV pathogenesis in the ART era.IMPORTANCE HIV enters tissues early after infection, leading to establishment and persistence of HIV reservoirs despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viral reservoirs are a major obstacle to the eradication and cure of HIV. CD14+CD16+ (mature) monocytes may contribute to establishment and reseeding of reservoirs. A subset of monocytes, consisting mainly of CD14+CD16+ cells, harbors HIV (HIV+), while the rest remain uninfected, exposed cells (HIVexp). It is important to identify cells harboring virus to eliminate reservoirs. Using an innovative single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) pipeline to detect HIV and host transcripts simultaneously, we characterized HIV+ and HIVexp primary human mature monocytes with and without ART. HIV+ mature monocytes are not a unique subpopulation but rather can be distinguished from HIVexp by differential gene expression. We characterized mature monocyte subpopulations differently impacted by HIV and ART, highlighting their potential contributions to HIV-associated comorbidities. Our data propose therapeutic targets to block HIV+ monocyte entry into tissues, preventing establishment and replenishment of reservoirs even with ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiris León-Rivera
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Gea-Mallorquí E, Zablocki-Thomas L, Maurin M, Jouve M, Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. HIV-2-Infected Macrophages Produce and Accumulate Poorly Infectious Viral Particles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1603. [PMID: 32754142 PMCID: PMC7365954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of HIV-2-infected patients exhibit natural virological control that is generally absent from HIV-1-infected patients. Along with CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 targets macrophages which may contribute to viral spreading and the latent reservoir. We have studied the relationship between macrophages and HIV-2, focusing on post-entry steps. HIV-2-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) produced substantial amounts of viral particles that were largely harbored intracellularly. New viruses assembled at the limiting membrane of internal compartments similar to virus-containing compartments (VCCs) described for HIV-1. VCCs from MDMs infected with either virus shared protein composition and morphology. Strikingly, HIV-2 Gag was mostly absent from the cytosol and almost exclusively localized to the VCCs, whereas HIV-1 Gag was distributed in both locations. Ultrastructural analyses of HIV-2-infected MDMs revealed the presence of numerous VCCs containing both immature and mature particles in the lumen. HIV-2 particles produced de novo by MDMs were poorly infectious in reporter cells and in transmission to activated T cells through a process that appeared independent of BST2 restriction. Rather than being involved in viral spreading, HIV-2-infected macrophages may represent a cell-associated source of viral antigens that can participate in the immune control of HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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Guvenc F, Kaul R, Gray-Owen SD. Intimate Relations: Molecular and Immunologic Interactions Between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and HIV-1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1299. [PMID: 32582133 PMCID: PMC7284112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the global incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) remains well above UNAIDS targets, sexual transmission HIV is surprisingly inefficient. A variety of host, viral and environmental factors can either increase HIV-1 shedding in the infected partner and/or increase mucosal susceptibility of the HIV-1 uninfected partner. Clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly established that Neisseria gonorrhoeae substantially enhances HIV-1 transmission, despite it not being an ulcerative infection. This review will consider findings from molecular, immunologic and clinical studies that have focused on each of these two human-restricted pathogens, in order to develop an integrative model that describes how gonococci can both increase mucosal shedding of HIV-1 from a co-infected person and facilitate virus establishment in a susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Guvenc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Jin H, Li D, Lin MH, Li L, Harrich D. Tat-Based Therapies as an Adjuvant for an HIV-1 Functional Cure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040415. [PMID: 32276443 PMCID: PMC7232260 DOI: 10.3390/v12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) establishes a chronic infection that can be well controlled, but not cured, by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Interventions have been explored to accomplish a functional cure, meaning that a patient remains infected but HIV is undetectable in the blood, with the aim of allowing patients to live without cART. Tat, the viral transactivator of transcription protein, plays a critical role in controlling HIV transcription, latency, and viral rebound following the interruption of cART treatment. Therefore, a logical approach for controlling HIV would be to block Tat. Tackling Tat with inhibitors has been a difficult task, but some recent discoveries hold promise. Two anti-HIV proteins, Nullbasic (a mutant of Tat) and HT1 (a fusion of HEXIM1 and Tat functional domains) inhibit viral transcription by interfering with the interaction of Tat and cellular factors. Two small molecules, didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) and triptolide, inhibit Tat by different mechanisms: dCA through direct binding and triptolide through enhanced proteasomal degradation. Finally, two Tat-based vaccines under development elicit Tat-neutralizing antibodies. These vaccines have increased the levels of CD4+ cells and reduced viral loads in HIV-infected people, suggesting that the new vaccines are therapeutic. This review summarizes recent developments of anti-Tat agents and how they could contribute to a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3845-3679
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Zaikos TD, Terry VH, Sebastian Kettinger NT, Lubow J, Painter MM, Virgilio MC, Neevel A, Taschuk F, Onafuwa-Nuga A, McNamara LA, Riddell J, Bixby D, Markowitz N, Collins KL. Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Are a Distinct HIV Reservoir that Contributes to Persistent Viremia in Suppressed Patients. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3759-3773.e9. [PMID: 30590047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lived reservoirs of persistent HIV are a major barrier to a cure. CD4+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have the capacity for lifelong survival, self-renewal, and the generation of daughter cells. Recent evidence shows that they are also susceptible to HIV infection in vitro and in vivo. Whether HSPCs harbor infectious virus or contribute to plasma virus (PV) is unknown. Here, we provide strong evidence that clusters of identical proviruses from HSPCs and their likely progeny often match residual PV. A higher proportion of these sequences match residual PV than proviral genomes from bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are observed only once. Furthermore, an analysis of near-full-length genomes isolated from HSPCs provides evidence that HSPCs harbor functional HIV proviral genomes that often match residual PV. These results support the conclusion that HIV-infected HSPCs form a distinct and functionally significant reservoir of persistent HIV in infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Zaikos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Valeri H Terry
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nadia T Sebastian Kettinger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jay Lubow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark M Painter
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria C Virgilio
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Neevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frances Taschuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lucy A McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Riddell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dale Bixby
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Norman Markowitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen L Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Banoub MG, Bade AN, Lin Z, Cobb D, Gautam N, Dyavar Shetty BL, Wojtkiewicz M, Alnouti Y, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, Edagwa B. Synthesis and Characterization of Long-Acting Darunavir Prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:155-166. [PMID: 31742407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the quality of life in patients infected with HIV-1. However, complete viral suppression within anatomical compartments remains unattainable. This is complicated by adverse side effects and poor adherence to lifelong therapy leading to the emergence of viral drug resistance. Thus, there is an immediate need for cellular and tissue-targeted long-acting (LA) ART formulations. Herein, we describe two LA prodrug formulations of darunavir (DRV), a potent antiretroviral protease inhibitor. Two classes of DRV prodrugs, M1DRV and M2DRV, were synthesized as lipophilic and hydrophobic prodrugs and stabilized into aqueous suspensions designated NM1DRV and NM2DRV. The formulations demonstrated enhanced intracellular prodrug levels with sustained drug retention and antiretroviral activities for 15 and 30 days compared to native DRV formulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Pharmacokinetics tests of NM1DRV and NM2DRV administered to mice demonstrated sustained drug levels in blood and tissues for 30 days. These data, taken together, support the idea that LA DRV with sustained antiretroviral responses through prodrug nanoformulations is achievable.
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Development of C-TILDA: A modified TILDA method for reservoir quantification in long term treated patients infected with subtype C HIV-1. J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113778. [PMID: 31756409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A better characterization of the HIV reservoir is pivotal for the development of effective eradication strategies. Accurate quantification of the latent reservoir remains challenging. Starting from a regular blood draw, the Tat/Rev induced limiting dilution assay (TILDA) combines serial dilution of CD4+ T cells with a PCR-based detection of HIV-1 spliced mRNA produced upon cell stimulation. Here we adapted the original protocol for HIV-1 subtype B to detect tat/rev mRNAs transcribed from reactivated latently infected cells in long term suppressed patients infected with HIV-1 subtype C. Given the heterogeneity of global HIV epidemiology, it is pivotal to develop assays with optimal performances also in patients infected with non-B subtypes. We observed that, in these patients infected with subtype C virus, the HIV reservoir quantified by TILDA correlates with both the time of virological suppression and CD4/CD8 ratio.
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Sadowski I, Hashemi FB. Strategies to eradicate HIV from infected patients: elimination of latent provirus reservoirs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3583-3600. [PMID: 31129856 PMCID: PMC6697715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
35 years since identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, and 35 million deaths associated with this disease, significant effort is now directed towards the development of potential cures. Current anti-retroviral (ART) therapies for HIV/AIDS can suppress virus replication to undetectable levels, and infected individuals can live symptom free so long as treatment is maintained. However, removal of therapy allows rapid re-emergence of virus from a highly stable reservoir of latently infected cells that exist as a barrier to elimination of the infection with current ART. Prospects of a cure for HIV infection are significantly encouraged by two serendipitous cases where individuals have entered remission following stem cell transplantation from compatible HIV-resistant donors. However, development of a routine cure that could become available to millions of infected individuals will require a means of specifically purging cells harboring latent HIV, preventing replication of latent provirus, or destruction of provirus genomes by gene editing. Elimination of latently infected cells will require a means of exposing this population, which may involve identification of a natural specific biomarker or therapeutic intervention to force their exposure by reactivation of virus expression. Accordingly, the proposed "Shock and Kill" strategy involves treatment with latency-reversing agents (LRA) to induce HIV provirus expression thus exposing these cells to killing by cellular immunity or apoptosis. Current efforts to enable this strategy are directed at developing improved combinations of LRA to produce broad and robust induction of HIV provirus and enhancing the elimination of cells where replication has been reactivated by targeted immune modulation. Alternative strategies may involve preventing re-emergence virus from latently infected cells by "Lock and Block" intervention, where transcription of provirus is inhibited to prevent virus spread or disruption of the HIV provirus genome by genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Farhad B Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Soni D, Bade AN, Gautam N, Herskovitz J, Ibrahim IM, Smith N, Wojtkiewicz MS, Dyavar Shetty BL, Alnouti Y, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, Edagwa BJ. Synthesis of a long acting nanoformulated emtricitabine ProTide. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119441. [PMID: 31472458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection, regimen adherence, viral mutations, drug toxicities and access stigma and fatigue are treatment limitations. These have led to new opportunities for the development of long acting (LA) ART including implantable devices and chemical drug modifications. Herein, medicinal and formulation chemistry were used to develop LA prodrug nanoformulations of emtricitabine (FTC). A potent lipophilic FTC phosphoramidate prodrug (M2FTC) was synthesized then encapsulated into a poloxamer surfactant (NM2FTC). These modifications extended the biology, apparent drug half-life and antiretroviral activities of the formulations. NM2FTC demonstrated a >30-fold increase in macrophage and CD4+ T cell drug uptake with efficient conversion to triphosphates (FTC-TP). Intracellular FTC-TP protected macrophages against an HIV-1 challenge for 30 days. A single intramuscular injection of NM2FTC, at 45 mg/kg native drug equivalents, into Sprague Dawley rats resulted in sustained prodrug levels in blood, liver, spleen and lymph nodes and FTC-TP in lymph node and spleen cells at one month. In contrast, native FTC-TPs was present for one day. These results are an advance in the transformation of FTC into a LA agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvkumar Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Melinda S Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bhagya Laxmi Dyavar Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Latinovic OS, Neal LM, Tagaya Y, Heredia A, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC, Reitz M, Bryant J, Redfield RR. Suppression of Active HIV-1 Infection in CD34 + Hematopoietic Humanized NSG Mice by a Combination of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy and CCR5 Targeting Drugs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:718-728. [PMID: 31099257 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the diagnostics and treatment of AIDS since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983. The remarkable effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is evidenced by mortality reduction, control of peripheral blood viral load, and in a nearly normal quality of HIV patients' lives. Remaining obstacles in treatment and cure are drug toxicities and side effects, viral resistance, persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs on termination of cART treatment, the cost of lifelong antiretroviral therapy, and the stigma associated with taking antiretroviral drugs. As determined by plasma viral RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proviral DNA, we show improved suppression of productive HIV infection in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-engrafted NOD (nonobese diabetic)-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)-il2rg-/- (NSG) mice by combined treatment with cART and CCR5 targeting drugs, compared with cART alone, as well as an increased preservation of human CD4+ T cells (defined as CD45+ CD3+ CD4+ cells) and CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios in infected mice. The data also suggest a possible reduction in viral reservoirs. Our data confirm that this animal model is suitable for detection of productive HIV infection, replication, and establishment of viral reservoirs. The data also provide proof of principle for the utility of combining CCR5 targeting drugs, maraviroc and rapamycin, with traditional cART to improve control of viremia and reduce viral reservoirs. This study thus serves as a model for future HIV-1 studies that could lead to the clinical development of new generations of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren M. Neal
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan C. Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert R. Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mu Y, Patters BJ, Midde NM, He H, Kumar S, Cory TJ. Tobacco and Antiretrovirals Modulate Transporter, Metabolic Enzyme, and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Polarized Macrophages. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:354-363. [PMID: 30706821 PMCID: PMC6446460 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190130114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking increases systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and viral replication in individuals with HIV. Macrophages are infected during HIV infection and serve as an important reservoir throughout the process. Macrophages exist in two phenotypes, the classically activated M1 macrophage and alternatively activated M2 macrophage. The expression of drug efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes, which have direct effects on intracellular drug concentrations, differ between the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage and the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage. OBJECTIVE To further explain the role of tobacco use in worsened outcomes in the HIV + population receiving antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Western blotting was used to examine macrophage polarization and expression of drug efflux transporters, CYP enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. The arginase assay was used to measure arginase activity. Cytokine production was measured using the human multiplex inflammatory cytokine assay kit. The 8-OHdG DNA Damage Quantification Direct Kit was used to quantify DNA damage. Viral replication under the influence of tobacco and antiretroviral drug use was measured by p24 Elisa. RESULTS We observed phenotypic shifts from M1 to M2 with both individual and combination treatments with cigarette smoke condensate and the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug lopinavir. These shifts lead to changes in cytokine production, the expression of CYP enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes, and drug efflux transporters, as well as changes in viral replication. CONCLUSION This data suggest a mechanism by which tobacco use impairs HIV antiretroviral therapy to increase intracellular drug concentrations in this important cellular reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Benjamin J Patters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Hui He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Theodore J Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
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Nodder SB, Gummuluru S. Illuminating the Role of Vpr in HIV Infection of Myeloid Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1606. [PMID: 31396206 PMCID: PMC6664105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vpr is a 14 kDa accessory protein conserved amongst extant primate lentiviruses that is required for virus replication in vivo. Although many functions have been attributed to Vpr, its primary role, and the function under selective pressure in vivo, remains elusive. The minimal importance of Vpr in infection of activated CD4+ T cells in vitro suggests that its major importance lies in overcoming restriction to virus replication in non-cycling myeloid cell populations, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. HIV-1 replication is attenuated in the absence of Vpr in myeloid cells such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and macrophages, and is correlated with the ability of Vpr to overcome a post-integration transcriptional defect in these cells. Intriguingly, recent identification of the human hub silencing (HUSH) complex as a target for DCAFCRL4-mediated degradation by numerous ancestral SIV Vpr alleles, and the Vpr paralog Vpx, signifies the potential function of HIV-1 Vpr to alter yet-to-be identified chromatin remodeling complexes and prevent host-mediated transcriptional repression of both invading viral genomes and pro-inflammatory responses. Myeloid cells constitute an important bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses to invading pathogens. Here, we seek to illustrate the numerous means by which Vpr manipulates the myeloid cellular environment and facilitates virus replication, myeloid cell-dependent HIV transmission, and systemic virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beth Nodder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Infectious Virus Persists in CD4 + T Cells and Macrophages in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00065-19. [PMID: 31118264 PMCID: PMC6639293 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00065-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study suggests that CD4+ T cells found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. In addition, this study demonstrates that macrophages in tissues are another cellular reservoir for SIV and may contribute to viral rebound after treatment interruption. This new insight into the size and location of the SIV reservoir could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration for the development of future HIV cure strategies. Understanding the cellular and anatomical sites of latent virus that contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rebound is essential for eradication. In HIV-positive patients, CD4+ T lymphocytes comprise a well-defined functional latent reservoir, defined as cells containing transcriptionally silent genomes able to produce infectious virus once reactivated. However, the persistence of infectious latent virus in CD4+ T cells in compartments other than blood and lymph nodes is unclear. Macrophages (Mϕ) are infected by HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and are likely to carry latent viral genomes during antiretroviral therapy (ART), contributing to the reservoir. Currently, the gold standard assay used to measure reservoirs containing replication-competent virus is the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Using an SIV-macaque model, the CD4+ T cell and Mϕ functional latent reservoirs were measured in various tissues using cell-specific QVOAs. Our results showed that blood, spleen, and lung in the majority of suppressed animals contain latently infected Mϕs. Surprisingly, the numbers of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and Mϕs carrying infectious genomes in blood and spleen were at comparable frequencies (∼1 infected cell per million). We also demonstrate that ex vivo viruses produced in the Mϕ QVOA are capable of infecting activated CD4+ T cells. These results strongly suggest that latently infected tissue Mϕs can reestablish productive infection upon treatment interruption. This study provides the first comparison of CD4+ T cell and Mϕ functional reservoirs in a macaque model. It is the first confirmation of the persistence of latent genomes in monocytes in blood and Mϕs in the spleen and lung of SIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques. Our results demonstrate that transcriptionally silent genomes in Mϕs can contribute to viral rebound after ART interruption and should be considered in future HIV cure strategies. IMPORTANCE This study suggests that CD4+ T cells found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. In addition, this study demonstrates that macrophages in tissues are another cellular reservoir for SIV and may contribute to viral rebound after treatment interruption. This new insight into the size and location of the SIV reservoir could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration for the development of future HIV cure strategies.
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Dash PK, Kaminski R, Bella R, Su H, Mathews S, Ahooyi TM, Chen C, Mancuso P, Sariyer R, Ferrante P, Donadoni M, Robinson JA, Sillman B, Lin Z, Hilaire JR, Banoub M, Elango M, Gautam N, Mosley RL, Poluektova LY, McMillan J, Bade AN, Gorantla S, Sariyer IK, Burdo TH, Young WB, Amini S, Gordon J, Jacobson JM, Edagwa B, Khalili K, Gendelman HE. Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2753. [PMID: 31266936 PMCID: PMC6606613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Elimination of HIV-1 requires clearance and removal of integrated proviral DNA from infected cells and tissues. Here, sequential long-acting slow-effective release antiviral therapy (LASER ART) and CRISPR-Cas9 demonstrate viral clearance in latent infectious reservoirs in HIV-1 infected humanized mice. HIV-1 subgenomic DNA fragments, spanning the long terminal repeats and the Gag gene, are excised in vivo, resulting in elimination of integrated proviral DNA; virus is not detected in blood, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow and brain by nested and digital-droplet PCR as well as RNAscope tests. No CRISPR-Cas9 mediated off-target effects are detected. Adoptive transfer of human immunocytes from dual treated, virus-free animals to uninfected humanized mice fails to produce infectious progeny virus. In contrast, HIV-1 is readily detected following sole LASER ART or CRISPR-Cas9 treatment. These data provide proof-of-concept that permanent viral elimination is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Ramona Bella
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Taha M Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Pietro Mancuso
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Rahsan Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Jake A Robinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - James R Hilaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Mary Banoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Monalisha Elango
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19115, USA.
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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Wong ME, Jaworowski A, Hearps AC. The HIV Reservoir in Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1435. [PMID: 31297114 PMCID: PMC6607932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV (PLWH) who are failing or unable to access combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), monocytes and macrophages are important drivers of pathogenesis and progression to AIDS. The relevance of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir in PLWH receiving cART is debatable as in vivo evidence for infected cells is limited and suggests the reservoir is small. Macrophages were assumed to have a moderate life span and lack self-renewing potential, but recent discoveries challenge this dogma and suggest a potentially important role of these cells as long-lived HIV reservoirs. This, combined with new HIV infection animal models, has led to a resurgence of interest in monocyte/macrophage reservoirs. Infection of non-human primates with myeloid-tropic SIV implicates monocyte/macrophage activation and infection in the brain with neurocognitive disorders, and infection of myeloid-only humanized mouse models are consistent with the potential of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir to sustain infection and be a source of rebound viremia following cART cessation. An increased resistance to HIV-induced cytopathic effects and a reduced susceptibility to some antiretroviral drugs implies macrophages may be relevant to residual replication under cART and to rebound viremia. With a reappraisal of monocyte circulation dynamics, and the development of techniques to differentiate between self-renewing tissue-resident, and monocyte-derived macrophages in different tissues, a new framework exists to contextualize and evaluate the significance and relevance of the monocyte/macrophage HIV reservoir. In this review, we discuss recent developments in monocyte and macrophage biology and appraise current and emerging techniques to quantify the reservoir. We discuss how this knowledge influences our evaluation of the myeloid HIV reservoir, the implications for HIV pathogenesis in both viremic and virologically-suppressed PLWH and the need to address the myeloid reservoir in future treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Wong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Chronic Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Specific Activation In Vivo of HIV-1 by a Bromodomain Inhibitor from Monocytic Cells in Humanized Mice under Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00233-19. [PMID: 30971469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00233-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively suppresses HIV-1 replication and enables HIV‑infected individuals to live long, productive lives. However, the persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs of both T and myeloid cells with latent or low-replicating HIV-1 in patients under cART makes HIV-1 infection an incurable disease. Recent studies have focused on the development of strategies to activate and purge these reservoirs. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain proteins (BETs) are epigenetic readers involved in modulating gene expression. Several bromodomain inhibitors (BETi) are reported to activate viral transcription in vitro in HIV-1 latency cell lines in a P-TEFb (CDK9/cyclin T1)-dependent manner. Little is known about BETi efficacy in activating HIV-1 reservoir cells under cART in vivo Here we report that a BETi (I-BET151) efficiently activated HIV-1 reservoirs under effective cART in humanized mice in vivo Interestingly, I-BET151 during suppressive cART in vivo activated HIV-1 gene expression only in monocytic cells and not in CD4+ T cells. We further demonstrate that BETi preferentially enhanced HIV-1 gene expression in monocytic cells rather than in T cells and that whereas CDK9 was involved in activating HIV-1 by I-BET151 in both monocytic and T cells, CDK2 enhanced HIV-1 transcription in monocytic cells but inhibited it in T cells. Our findings reveal a role for CDK2 in differential modulation of HIV-1 gene expression in myeloid cells and in T cells and provide a novel strategy to reactivate monocytic reservoirs with BETi during cART.IMPORTANCE Bromodomain inhibitors have been reported to activate HIV-1 transcription in vitro, but their effect on activation of HIV-1 reservoirs during cART in vivo is unclear. We found that BETi (I-BET151) treatment reactivated HIV-1 gene expression in humanized mice during suppressive cART. Interestingly, I-BET151 preferentially reactivated HIV-1 gene expression in monocytic cells, but not in CD4 T cells, in cART-treated mice. Furthermore, I-BET151 significantly increased HIV-1 transcription in monocytic cells, but not in HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells, via CDK2-dependent mechanisms. Our findings suggest that BETi can preferentially activate monocytic HIV-1 reservoir cells and that a combination of reservoir activation agents targeting different cell types and pathways is needed to achieve reactivation of different HIV-1 reservoir cells during cART.
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Development of CAR-T cells for long-term eradication and surveillance of HIV-1 reservoir. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:21-30. [PMID: 31132749 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir is a pool of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviral DNA that limits antiretroviral therapy. Suppression of HIV-1 by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) delays progression of the disease but does not eliminate the viral reservoir, necessitating lifetime daily administration of antiretroviral drugs. To achieve durable suppression of viremia without daily therapy, various strategies have been developed, including long-acting antiretroviral drugs (LA-ARVs), broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Here, we summarize and discuss recent breakthroughs in CAR-T cell therapies toward the eradication of HIV-1 reservoir. Although substantial challenges exist, CAR-T cell technology may serve as a promising strategy toward HIV-1 functional cure.
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45
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Krishnakumar V, Durairajan SSK, Alagarasu K, Li M, Dash AP. Recent Updates on Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency, Influenza, and Dengue Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:E252. [PMID: 30871179 PMCID: PMC6466164 DOI: 10.3390/v11030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-developed mouse models are important for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of immunological response to viral infections in humans. Moreover, to test vaccines, anti-viral drugs and therapeutic agents, mouse models are fundamental for preclinical investigations. Human viruses, however, seldom infect mice due to differences in the cellular receptors used by the viruses for entry, as well as in the innate immune responses in mice and humans. In other words, a species barrier exists when using mouse models for investigating human viral infections. Developing transgenic (Tg) mice models expressing the human genes coding for viral entry receptors and knock-out (KO) mice models devoid of components involved in the innate immune response have, to some extent, overcome this barrier. Humanized mouse models are a third approach, developed by engrafting functional human cells and tissues into immunodeficient mice. They are becoming indispensable for analyzing human viral diseases since they nearly recapitulate the human disease. These mouse models also serve to test the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral agents. This review provides an update on the Tg, KO, and humanized mouse models that are used in studies investigating the pathogenesis of three important human-specific viruses, namely human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus 1, influenza, and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodhini Krishnakumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India.
| | | | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Min Li
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.
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HIV infection and latency induce a unique metabolic signature in human macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3941. [PMID: 30850623 PMCID: PMC6408492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a major barrier to curing HIV infection is the generation of tissue-associated, non-replicating, long-lasting viral reservoirs that are refractory to therapy and can be reactivated upon anti-retroviral therapy interruption. One of these reservoirs are latently HIV-infected macrophages. Here, we show that HIV infection of macrophages results in survival of a small population of infected cells that are metabolically altered and characterized by mitochondrial fusion, lipid accumulation, and reduced mitochondrial ATP production. No changes in glycolysis were detected. Metabolic analysis indicated an essential role of succinate and other TCA metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in mediating lipid accumulation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the mitochondria. Furthermore, we show that while uninfected and HIV infected macrophages use fatty acids and glucose as primary sources of energy, surviving HIV infected macrophages also use glutamine/glutamate as a major energy source, and blocking these new sources of energy resulted in the killing of latent HIV infected macrophages. Together, our data provide a new understanding of the formation, properties, and potential novel ways to eliminate macrophage viral reservoirs.
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47
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Hatami E, Mu Y, Shields DN, Chauhan SC, Kumar S, Cory TJ, Yallapu MM. Mannose-decorated hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced macrophage targeting. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 17:197-207. [PMID: 30723809 PMCID: PMC6351286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to design nanocarriers that specifically target and deliver therapeutics to polarized macrophages. Mannose receptors are highly overexpressed on polarized macrophages. In this study, we constructed Pluronic® -F127 polymer and tannic acid (TA) based nanoparticles (F127-TA core nanoparticles) with varying mannose densities. The particle size of the optimized mannose-decorated F127-TA hybrid nanoparticles (MDNPs) was found to be ~ 265 nm with a negative zeta potential of ~ - 4.5 mV. No significant changes in the size and zeta potentials of nanoparticles were observed, which demonstrated structural integrity and stability of the nanoformulation. Physicochemical characteristics of MDNPs were evaluated by FTIR and TGA and demonstrated the presence of mannose units on surface nanoparticles. A mannose-dependent cellular targeting and uptake of MDNPs was found in U937 macrophages. The uptake process was found to vary directly with time and volume of MDNPs nanoparticles. The uptake pattern is higher in M2 than M1. This behavior was also evident from the instantaneous and superior binding profile of M2 macrophage lysate protein with MDNPs over that of M1 macrophage lysate protein. These results demonstrated that an appropriate mannose ligand density was confirmed, suggesting efficient targeting of M2. Altogether, these data support that the MDNPs formulation could serve as a targeted therapeutic guide in the generation of nanomedicine to treat various conditions as an anti-inflammation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Theodore J. Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Su H, Cheng Y, Sravanam S, Mathews S, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY, Dash PK, Gendelman HE. Immune Activations and Viral Tissue Compartmentalization During Progressive HIV-1 Infection of Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 30873181 PMCID: PMC6403174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) tissue compartments are established soon after viral infection. However, the timing in which virus gains a permanent foothold in tissue and the cellular factors that control early viral-immune events are incompletely understood. These are critical events in studies of HIV-1 pathogenesis and in the development of viral reservoirs after antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, factors affecting the permanence of viral-tissue interactions underlie barriers designed to eliminate HIV-1 infection. To this end we investigated the temporal and spatial viral and host factors during HIV-1 seeding of tissue compartments. Two humanized NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mouse models were employed. In the first, immune deficient mice were reconstituted with human CD34+ cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) (hu-HSC) and in the second mice were transplanted with adult mature human peripheral lymphocytes (hu-PBL). Both, in measure, reflect relationships between immune activation and viral infection as seen in an infected human host. Following humanization both mice models were infected with HIV-1ADA at 104 50% tissue culture infective doses. Viral nucleic acids and protein and immune cell profiles were assayed in brain, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and gut from 3 to 42 days. Peripheral CD4+ T cell loss began at 3 days together with detection of HIV-1 RNA in both mouse models after initiation of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 was observed in all tested tissues at days 3 and 14 in hu- PBL and HSC mice, respectively. Immune impairment was most prominent in hu-PBL mice. T cell maturation and inflammation factors were linked directly to viral tissue seeding in both mouse models. We conclude that early viral tissue compartmentalization provides a roadmap for investigations into HIV-1 elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sruthi Sravanam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Siddiqui S, Perez S, Gao Y, Doyle-Meyers L, Foley BT, Li Q, Ling B. Persistent Viral Reservoirs in Lymphoid Tissues in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques of Chinese-Origin on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020105. [PMID: 30691203 PMCID: PMC6410399 DOI: 10.3390/v11020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding HIV latent reservoirs in tissues is essential for the development of new strategies targeting these sites for eradication. Here, we assessed the size of latent reservoirs and the source of residual viruses in multiple lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected and fully suppressed rhesus macaques of Chinese-origin (cRMs). Eight cRMs were infected with SIVmac251 and treated with tenofovir and emtricitabine daily for 24 weeks initiated 4 weeks post-infection. Four of the eight animals reached sustained full viral suppression with undetectable viremia. The levels of cell-associated SIV DNA varied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and multiple lymphoid tissues, but with higher levels in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MesLNs). The levels of cell-associated SIV RNA also varied in different tissues. The higher frequency of viral RNA detection in the MesLNs was also observed by in situ hybridization. Consistently, the infection unit per million cells (IUPM) in the MesLNs was higher than in PBMCs and other tested lymphoid tissues by quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). Furthermore, env gp120 from tissue SIV RNA was amplified by single genome amplification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse variants from tissues parallel to the viral inoculum in all viral suppressed animals. These results demonstrate that the latency and viral reservoirs in the lymphoid tissues still exist in aviremic macaques under full suppressive therapy. Moreover, the size of viral latent reservoirs differs in various lymphoid tissues with a relatively larger size in the MesLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Siddiqui
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
| | - Stefanie Perez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Lara Doyle-Meyers
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Brian T Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Binhua Ling
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Allen AG, Chung CH, Atkins A, Dampier W, Khalili K, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Gene Editing of HIV-1 Co-receptors to Prevent and/or Cure Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2940. [PMID: 30619107 PMCID: PMC6304358 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), transforming the disease into one that can be controlled with lifelong therapy. The search for an HIV-1 vaccine has plagued researchers for more than three decades with little to no success from clinical trials. Due to these failures, scientists have turned to alternative methods to develop next generation therapeutics that could allow patients to live with HIV-1 without the need for daily medication. One method that has been proposed has involved the use of a number of powerful gene editing tools; Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Transcription Activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 to edit the co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4) required for HIV-1 to infect susceptible target cells efficiently. Initial safety studies in patients have shown that editing the CCR5 locus is safe. More in depth in vitro studies have shown that editing the CCR5 locus was able to inhibit infection from CCR5-utilizing virus, but CXCR4-utilizing virus was still able to infect cells. Additional research efforts were then aimed at editing the CXCR4 locus, but this came with other safety concerns. However, in vitro studies have since confirmed that CXCR4 can be edited without killing cells and can confer resistance to CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1. Utilizing these powerful new gene editing technologies in concert could confer cellular resistance to HIV-1. While the CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 axis for cell-free infection has been the most studied, there are a plethora of reports suggesting that the cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is significantly more efficient. These reports also indicated that while broadly neutralizing antibodies are well suited with respect to blocking cell-free infection, cell-to-cell transmission remains refractile to this approach. In addition to stopping cell-free infection, gene editing of the HIV-1 co-receptors could block cell-to-cell transmission. This review aims to summarize what has been shown with regard to editing the co-receptors needed for HIV-1 entry and how they could impact the future of HIV-1 therapeutic and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cheng-Han Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Translational AIDS Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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