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Ma S, Chong Y, Zhang R, Quan W, Gui J, Li L, Wang J, Miao S, Shi X, Zhao M, Zhang K. Glycyrrhizic acid treatment ameliorates anxiety-like behaviour via GLT1 and Per1/2-dependent pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118013. [PMID: 38453099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Glycyrrhiza. URALENSIS Fisch. (licorice root, chinese name: Gancao) has a variety of medicinal values and is widely used clinically. Its main active ingredient, glycyrrhizic acid (GA), is believed to have a neuroprotective effect. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of GA on stress-induced anxiety disorders are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-anxiety effect of GA and its underlying mechanism. METHODS We selected the anxiety model induced by repeated chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 2 h on each of 7 consecutive days. GA (4, 20, 100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally once daily for 1 week. The potential GA receptors were identified using whole-cell patches and computer-assisted docking of molecules. High-throughput RNA sequencing, adeno-associated virus-mediated gene regulation, Western blotting, and RT-qPCR were used to assess the underlying molecular pathways. RESULTS GA alleviate depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors in CRS mice. GA decreased synaptic transmission by facilitating glutamate reuptaking in mPFC. Meanwhile, long-term GA treatment increased the expression of clock genes Per1 and Per2. Suppressing both Per1 and Per2 abolished the anxiolytic effects of GA treatment. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that GA may be developed for the treatment of stress-induced anxiety disorders, and its mechanism is related to GLT1 and Per1/2-dependent pathways. This presents a novel approach to discovering potent therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbo Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ye Chong
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiayue Gui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Minggao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Su T, Shen H, He M, Yang S, Gong X, Huang C, Guo L, Wang H, Feng S, Mi T, Zhao M, Liu Q, Huo F, Zhu JK, Zhu J, Li H, Liu H. Quercetin promotes the proportion and maturation of NK cells by binding to MYH9 and improves cognitive functions in aged mice. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:29. [PMID: 38730291 PMCID: PMC11084035 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quercetin is a flavonol compound widely distributed in plants that possesses diverse biological properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and senescent cell-clearing activities. It has been shown to effectively alleviate neurodegenerative diseases and enhance cognitive functions in various models. The immune system has been implicated in the regulation of brain function and cognitive abilities. However, it remains unclear whether quercetin enhances cognitive functions by interacting with the immune system. RESULTS In this study, middle-aged female mice were administered quercetin via tail vein injection. Quercetin increased the proportion of NK cells, without affecting T or B cells, and improved cognitive performance. Depletion of NK cells significantly reduces cognitive ability in mice. RNA-seq analysis revealed that quercetin modulated the RNA profile of hippocampal tissues in aging animals towards a more youthful state. In vitro, quercetin significantly inhibited the differentiation of Lin-CD117+ hematopoietic stem cells into NK cells. Furthermore, quercetin promoted the proportion and maturation of NK cells by binding to the MYH9 protein. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings suggest that quercetin promotes the proportion and maturation of NK cells by binding to the MYH9 protein, thereby improving cognitive performance in middle-aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Su
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Mengyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Ce Huang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Liuling Guo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Taotao Mi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Meili Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Fengjiao Huo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China.
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Cheng X, Liu Y, Qi B, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Liang X, Chang Y, Ning M, Gao W, Li T. Glycyrrhizic acid alleviated MI/R-induced injuries by inhibiting Hippo/YAP signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 115:111036. [PMID: 38185229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated that glycyrrhizic acid (GA) exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic characteristics. Using myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury as a case study, this study aims to clarify the functional significance of GA and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, an MI/R injury model was established both in vivo and in vitro to investigate the impact of GA on MI/R injury. The viability of H9c2 cells was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8. Myocardial damage was assessed through the measurement of creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), HE staining, and MASSON staining. Inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) were measured to determine the presence of inflammation. Cellular oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring ROS and MMP levels, while cardiac function was assessed using cardiac color Doppler ultrasound. Immunofluorescence staining to determine the nuclear translocation of YAP, TUNEL to determine apoptosis, and western blotting to determine gene expression. RESULTS GA treatment effectively alleviated myocardial injury induced by MI/R, as evidenced by reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, LDH) in MI/R rats. Moreover, There was a significant increase in cell viability in vitro after GA treatment and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress, while also increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in vitro. The Western blot findings indicate that GA treatment effectively suppressed apoptosis in both in vivo and in vitro settings. Additionally, GA demonstrated inhibitory effects on the activation of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway triggered by MI/R and facilitated YAP nuclear translocation both in vitro and in vivo. It has been found, however, in vitro, that silencing the YAP gene negates GA's protective effect against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced myocardial injury. CONCLUSION This study suggests that GA regulates YAP nuclear translocation by inhibiting the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway, which protects ists against MI/R injury. This finding may present a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of MI/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cheng
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanwu Liu
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingcai Qi
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Chang
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Ning
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tong Li
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.
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Yang Y, Hua Y, Zheng H, Jia R, Ye Z, Su G, Gu Y, Zhan K, Tang K, Qi S, Wu H, Qin S, Huang S. Biomarkers prediction and immune landscape in ulcerative colitis: Findings based on bioinformatics and machine learning. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107778. [PMID: 38070204 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) presents diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. The primary objective of this study is to identify efficacious biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment, as well as acquire a deeper understanding of the immuneological characteristics associated with the disease. METHODS Datasets relating to UC were obtained from GEO database. Among these, three datasets were merged to create a metadata for bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Additionally, one dataset specifically utilized for external validation. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest (RF) were employed to screen signature genes. The artificial neural network (ANN) model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to assess the diagnostic performance of signature genes. The single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was applied to reveal the immune landscape. Finally, the relationship between the signature genes, immune infiltration, and clinical characteristics was investigated through correlation analysis. RESULT By intersecting the result of LASSO, RF and WGCNA, 8 signature genes were identified, including S100A8, IL-1B, CXCL1, TCN1, MMP10, GREM1, DUOX2 and SLC6A14. The biological progress of this gene mostly encompasses acute inflammatory response, aggregation and chemotaxis of leukocyte, and response to lipopolysaccharide by mediating IL-17 signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Immune infiltration analysis shows 25 immune cells are significantly elevated in UC samples. Moreover, these signature genes exhibit a strong correlation with various immune cells and a mild to moderate correlation with the Mayo score. CONCLUSION S100A8, IL-1B, CXCL1, TCN1, MMP10, GREM1, DUOX2 and SLC6A14 have been identified as credible potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and therapy of UC. The immune response mediated by these signature biomarkers plays a crucial role in the occurrence and advancement of UC by means of the reciprocal interaction between the signature biomarkers and immune-infiltrated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Yang
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Yiwei Hua
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Huan Zheng
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Rui Jia
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhining Ye
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Guifang Su
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Yueming Gu
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Kairui Tang
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Shuhao Qi
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Haomeng Wu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shumin Qin
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Shaogang Huang
- Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523000, China; The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510120, China; Yang Chunbo academic experience inheritance studio of Guangdong provincial hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Noor G, Badruddeen, Akhtar J, Singh B, Ahmad M, Khan MI. An outlook on the target-based molecular mechanism of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5058-5079. [PMID: 37528656 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is one of the essential defense mechanisms. Immune system inadequacy increases the risk of infections and cancer diseases, whereas over-activation of the immune system causes allergies or autoimmune disorders. Immunomodulators have been used in the treatment of immune-related diseases. There is growing interest in using herbal medicines as multicomponent agents to modulate the complex immune system in immune-related diseases. Many therapeutic phytochemicals showed immunomodulatory effects by various mechanisms. This mechanism includes stimulation of lymphoid cell, phagocytosis, macrophage, and cellular immune function enhancement. In addition increased antigen-specific immunoglobulin production, total white cell count, and inhibition of TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-kB, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and other cytokines that influenced the immune system. This review aims to overview, widely investigated plant-derived phytoconstituents by targeting cells to modulate cellular and humoral immunity in in vivo and in vitro. However, further high-quality research is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of plant-based immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Noor
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Badruddeen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Bhuwanendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, S.D. College of Pharmacy and Vocational Studies, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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