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Tang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang M. A Chitosan Scaffold Supports the Enhanced and Prolonged Differentiation of HiPSCs into Nucleus Pulposus-like Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28263-28275. [PMID: 38788694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a progressive condition and stands as one of the primary causes of low back pain. Cell therapy that uses nucleus pulposus (NP)-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) holds great promise as a treatment for IDD. However, the conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures oversimplify cell-cell interactions, leading to suboptimal differentiation efficiency and potential loss of phenotype. While three-dimensional (3D) culture systems like Matrigel improve hiPSC differentiation efficiency, they are limited by animal-derived materials for translation, poorly defined composition, short-term degradation, and high cost. In this study, we introduce a new 3D scaffold fabricated using medical-grade chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation. The scaffold features a highly interconnected porous structure, near-neutral surface charge, and exceptional degradation stability, benefiting iPSC adhesion and proliferation. This scaffold remarkably enhances the differentiation efficiency and allows uninterrupted differentiation for up to 25 days without subculturing. Notably, cells differentiated on the chitosan scaffold exhibited increased cell survival rates and upregulated gene expression associated with extracellular matrix secretion under a chemically defined condition mimicking the challenging microenvironment of intervertebral discs. These characteristics qualify the chitosan scaffold-cell construct for direct implantation, serving as both a structural support and a cellular source for enhanced stem cell therapy for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhang Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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2
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Leitner DF, Kanshin E, Faustin A, Thierry M, Friedman D, Devore S, Ueberheide B, Devinsky O, Wisniewski T. Localized proteomic differences in the choroid plexus of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy patients. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1221775. [PMID: 37521285 PMCID: PMC10379643 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1221775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) and epilepsy are reciprocally related. Among sporadic AD patients, clinical seizures occur in 10-22% and subclinical epileptiform abnormalities occur in 22-54%. Cognitive deficits, especially short-term memory impairments, occur in most epilepsy patients. Common neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms occur in AD and epilepsy. The choroid plexus undergoes pathological changes in aging, AD, and epilepsy, including decreased CSF turnover, amyloid beta (Aβ), and tau accumulation due to impaired clearance and disrupted CSF amino acid homeostasis. This pathology may contribute to synaptic dysfunction in AD and epilepsy. Methods We evaluated control (n = 8), severe AD (n = 8; A3, B3, C3 neuropathology), and epilepsy autopsy cases (n = 12) using laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry on the choroid plexus adjacent to the hippocampus at the lateral geniculate nucleus level. Results Proteomics identified 2,459 proteins in the choroid plexus. At a 5% false discovery rate (FDR), 616 proteins were differentially expressed in AD vs. control, 1 protein in epilepsy vs. control, and 438 proteins in AD vs. epilepsy. There was more variability in the epilepsy group across syndromes. The top 20 signaling pathways associated with differentially expressed proteins in AD vs. control included cell metabolism pathways; activated fatty acid beta-oxidation (p = 2.00 x 10-7, z = 3.00), and inhibited glycolysis (p = 1.00 x 10-12, z = -3.46). For AD vs. epilepsy, the altered pathways included cell metabolism pathways, activated complement system (p = 5.62 x 10-5, z = 2.00), and pathogen-induced cytokine storm (p = 2.19 x 10-2, z = 3.61). Of the 617 altered proteins in AD and epilepsy vs. controls, 497 (81%) were positively correlated (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.27). Discussion We found altered signaling pathways in the choroid plexus of severe AD cases and many correlated changes in the protein expression of cell metabolism pathways in AD and epilepsy cases. The shared molecular mechanisms should be investigated further to distinguish primary pathogenic changes from the secondary ones. These mechanisms could inform novel therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression or restore normal function. A focus on dual-diagnosed AD/epilepsy cases, specific epilepsy syndromes, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, and changes across different severity levels in AD and epilepsy would add to our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F. Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arline Faustin
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manon Thierry
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sasha Devore
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Fame RM, Kalugin PN, Petrova B, Xu H, Soden PA, Shipley FB, Dani N, Grant B, Pragana A, Head JP, Gupta S, Shannon ML, Chifamba FF, Hawks-Mayer H, Vernon A, Gao F, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Heiman M, Andermann ML, Kanarek N, Lipton JO, Lehtinen MK. Defining diurnal fluctuations in mouse choroid plexus and CSF at high molecular, spatial, and temporal resolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3720. [PMID: 37349305 PMCID: PMC10287727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission and secretion of signals via the choroid plexus (ChP) brain barrier can modulate brain states via regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition. Here, we developed a platform to analyze diurnal variations in male mouse ChP and CSF. Ribosome profiling of ChP epithelial cells revealed diurnal translatome differences in metabolic machinery, secreted proteins, and barrier components. Using ChP and CSF metabolomics and blood-CSF barrier analyses, we observed diurnal changes in metabolites and cellular junctions. We then focused on transthyretin (TTR), a diurnally regulated thyroid hormone chaperone secreted by the ChP. Diurnal variation in ChP TTR depended on Bmal1 clock gene expression. We achieved real-time tracking of CSF-TTR in awake TtrmNeonGreen mice via multi-day intracerebroventricular fiber photometry. Diurnal changes in ChP and CSF TTR levels correlated with CSF thyroid hormone levels. These datasets highlight an integrated platform for investigating diurnal control of brain states by the ChP and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter N Kalugin
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul A Soden
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bradford Grant
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Morgan L Shannon
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fortunate F Chifamba
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Hawks-Mayer
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Vernon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lyterian Therapeutics, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Myriam Heiman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Krycer JR, Nayler SP. A Survey of the Metabolic Landscape of the Developing Cerebellum at Single-Cell Resolution. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:838-850. [PMID: 35767214 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell-culture models to investigate development and disease of the cerebellum is a recent advance, facilitated by the discovery that patterning of precursors is capable of giving rise to cells with specific neuronal identity. Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids, which exhibit self-organisational characteristics reminiscent of early cerebellar tissue, present a number of challenges including recapitulation of conditions resembling the mature brain. An understanding of the processes driving fetal and postnatal maturation is required to reproduce these conditions in vitro and advance the capability of the system to model adult-onset disease. A key tool for achieving this is single-cell RNA sequencing, which enables visualisation of key transcriptional features of subpopulations comprising tissues. Here, we explore and compare available single-cell RNA sequencing data derived from the developing human cerebellum and its synthetic, in vitro counterpart (stem cell-derived cerebellar organoids). We focus on performing a qualitative assessment of the expression of key metabolic pathway genes, given recent findings exemplifying tissue-specific metabolic activity, including hypoxia and metabolic shifts associated with neuronal expansion. Signatures indicative of known cell type-specific metabolic differences, such as the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle and glutamate-glutamine cycle were evident at a transcriptional level. Cerebellar tissue and cerebellar organoids showed a number of behavioural similarities, including HIF1 signalling, which may serve to drive expansion of granule cell progenitors in both settings. We further highlight numerous differences between cultured organoids and native tissue which may provide clarity on the state of metabolic state following differentiation of organoids, providing the future framework to test and further hypotheses regarding promoting maturation. Overall, this analysis provides insight into understanding the state of in vitro models of the cerebellum, a critical factor required for modelling susceptibility of various cell types to cerebellar disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Krycer
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sam P Nayler
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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Targeting choroid plexus epithelium as a novel therapeutic strategy for hydrocephalus. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:156. [PMID: 35715859 PMCID: PMC9205094 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus is a tissue located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and is composed mainly of choroid plexus epithelium cells. The main function is currently thought to be the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and the regulation of its pH, and more functions are gradually being demonstrated. Assistance in the removal of metabolic waste and participation in the apoptotic pathway are also the functions of choroid plexus. Besides, it helps to repair the brain by regulating the secretion of neuropeptides and the delivery of drugs. It is involved in the immune response to assist in the clearance of infections in the central nervous system. It is now believed that the choroid plexus is in an inflammatory state after damage to the brain. This state, along with changes in the cilia, is thought to be an abnormal physiological state of the choroid plexus, which in turn leads to abnormal conditions in cerebrospinal fluid and triggers hydrocephalus. This review describes the pathophysiological mechanism of hydrocephalus following choroid plexus epithelium cell abnormalities based on the normal physiological functions of choroid plexus epithelium cells, and analyzes the attempts and future developments of using choroid plexus epithelium cells as a therapeutic target for hydrocephalus.
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6
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Zielińska M, Albrecht J, Popek M. Dysregulation of Astrocytic Glutamine Transport in Acute Hyperammonemic Brain Edema. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:874750. [PMID: 35733937 PMCID: PMC9207324 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.874750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) impairs ammonia clearance from blood, which gives rise to acute hyperammonemia and increased ammonia accumulation in the brain. Since in brain glutamine synthesis is the only route of ammonia detoxification, hyperammonemia is as a rule associated with increased brain glutamine content (glutaminosis) which correlates with and contributes along with ammonia itself to hyperammonemic brain edema-associated with ALF. This review focuses on the effects of hyperammonemia on the two glutamine carriers located in the astrocytic membrane: Slc38a3 (SN1, SNAT3) and Slc7a6 (y + LAT2). We emphasize the contribution of the dysfunction of either of the two carriers to glutaminosis- related aspects of brain edema: retention of osmotically obligated water (Slc38a3) and induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress (Slc7a6). The changes in glutamine transport link glutaminosis- evoked mitochondrial dysfunction to oxidative-nitrosative stress as formulated in the “Trojan Horse” hypothesis.
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7
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Andreassen SN, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Wardman JH, Villadsen R, MacAulay N. Transcriptional profiling of transport mechanisms and regulatory pathways in rat choroid plexus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35659263 PMCID: PMC9166438 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of brain fluid homeostasis associates with brain pathologies in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Surgical intervention remains standard care, since specific and efficient pharmacological treatment options are limited for pathologies with disturbed brain fluid homeostasis. Such lack of therapeutic targets originates, in part, from the incomplete map of the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion by the choroid plexus. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of rat choroid plexus was generated by RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) of whole tissue and epithelial cells captured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and compared to proximal tubules. The bioinformatic analysis comprised mapping to reference genome followed by filtering for type, location, and association with alias and protein function. The transporters and associated regulatory modules were arranged in discovery tables according to their transcriptional abundance and tied together in association network analysis. RESULTS The transcriptomic profile of choroid plexus displays high similarity between sex and species (human, rat, and mouse) and lesser similarity to another high-capacity fluid-transporting epithelium, the proximal tubules. The discovery tables provide lists of transport mechanisms that could participate in CSF secretion and suggest regulatory candidates. CONCLUSIONS With quantification of the transport protein transcript abundance in choroid plexus and their potentially linked regulatory modules, we envision a molecular tool to devise rational hypotheses regarding future delineation of choroidal transport proteins involved in CSF secretion and their regulation. Our vision is to obtain future pharmaceutical targets towards modulation of CSF production in pathologies involving disturbed brain water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren N Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan H Wardman
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Marafi D, Fatih JM, Kaiyrzhanov R, Ferla MP, Gijavanekar C, Al-Maraghi A, Liu N, Sites E, Alsaif HS, Al-Owain M, Zakkariah M, El-Anany E, Guliyeva U, Guliyeva S, Gaba C, Haseeb A, Alhashem AM, Danish E, Karageorgou V, Beetz C, Subhi AA, Mullegama SV, Torti E, Sebastin M, Breilyn MS, Duberstein S, Abdel-Hamid MS, Mitani T, Du H, Rosenfeld JA, Jhangiani SN, Coban Akdemir Z, Gibbs RA, Taylor JC, Fakhro KA, Hunter JV, Pehlivan D, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Posey JE, Sutton VR, Alkuraya FS, Elsea SH, Lupski JR. Biallelic variants in SLC38A3 encoding a glutamine transporter cause epileptic encephalopathy. Brain 2022; 145:909-924. [PMID: 34605855 PMCID: PMC9050560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily encompasses >400 transmembrane transporters involved in the exchange of amino acids, nutrients, ions, metals, neurotransmitters and metabolites across biological membranes. SLCs are highly expressed in the mammalian brain; defects in nearly 100 unique SLC-encoding genes (OMIM: https://www.omim.org) are associated with rare Mendelian disorders including developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Exome sequencing and family-based rare variant analyses on a cohort with neurodevelopmental disorders identified two siblings with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and a shared deleterious homozygous splicing variant in SLC38A3. The gene encodes SNAT3, a sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter and a principal transporter of the amino acids asparagine, histidine, and glutamine, the latter being the precursor for the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. Additional subjects with a similar developmental and epileptic encephalopathy phenotype and biallelic predicted-damaging SLC38A3 variants were ascertained through GeneMatcher and collaborations with research and clinical molecular diagnostic laboratories. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed to identify novel metabolic biomarkers. Ten individuals from seven unrelated families from six different countries with deleterious biallelic variants in SLC38A3 were identified. Global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and absent speech were common features while microcephaly, epilepsy, and visual impairment were present in the majority. Epilepsy was drug-resistant in half. Metabolomic analysis revealed perturbations of glutamate, histidine, and nitrogen metabolism in plasma, urine, and CSF of selected subjects, potentially representing biomarkers of disease. Our data support the contention that SLC38A3 is a novel disease gene for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and illuminate the likely pathophysiology of the disease as perturbations in glutamine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
- Correspondence to: Dana Marafi, MD, MSc Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait E-mail:
| | - Jawid M Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Matteo P Ferla
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Charul Gijavanekar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily Sites
- Division of Molecular and Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Hessa S Alsaif
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Zakkariah
- Section of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Al-adan Hospital, Riqqa, Kuwait
| | - Ehab El-Anany
- Section of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Al-adan Hospital, Riqqa, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Colette Gaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Toledo, OH 43608, USA
| | - Ateeq Haseeb
- Mercy Children’s Hospital, Toledo, OH 43608, USA
| | - Amal M Alhashem
- Division of Medical Genetic and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enam Danish
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Alaa A Subhi
- Neurosciences Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Monisha Sebastin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10467, USA
| | - Margo Sheck Breilyn
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan Duberstein
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology in the Saul R Korey Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haowei Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Jill V Hunter
- E.B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - V Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: James R. Lupski, MD, PhD, DSc (hon) Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine One Baylor Plaza, Room 604B, Houston, TX 77030, USA E-mail:
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9
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Cannon Homaei S, Barone H, Kleppe R, Betari N, Reif A, Haavik J. ADHD symptoms in neurometabolic diseases: Underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:838-856. [PMID: 34774900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurometabolic diseases (NMDs) are typically caused by genetic abnormalities affecting enzyme functions, which in turn interfere with normal development and activity of the nervous system. Although the individual disorders are rare, NMDs are collectively relatively common and often lead to lifelong difficulties and high societal costs. Neuropsychiatric manifestations, including ADHD symptoms, are prominent in many NMDs, also when the primary biochemical defect originates in cells and tissues outside the nervous system. ADHD symptoms have been described in phenylketonuria, tyrosinemias, alkaptonuria, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, X-linked ichthyosis, maple syrup urine disease, and several mitochondrial disorders, but are probably present in many other NMDs and may pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Here we review current literature linking NMDs with ADHD symptoms. We cite emerging evidence that many NMDs converge on common neurochemical mechanisms that interfere with monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis, transport, metabolism, or receptor functions, mechanisms that are also considered central in ADHD pathophysiology and treatment. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings and propose a path forward to increase our understanding of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Cannon Homaei
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Helene Barone
- Regional Resource Center for Autism, ADHD, Tourette Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Western Norway, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Rune Kleppe
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Maritime and Diving Medicine, Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Nibal Betari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Palacín M. Heteromeric Amino Acid Transporters in Brain: from Physiology to Pathology. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:23-36. [PMID: 33606172 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, more than 50 transporters are responsible for the traffic and balance of amino acids within and between cells and tissues, and half of them have been associated with disease [1]. Covering all common amino acids, Heteromeric Amino acid Transporters (HATs) are one class of such transporters. This review first highlights structural and functional studies that solved the atomic structure of HATs and revealed molecular clues on substrate interaction. Moreover, this review focuses on HATs that have a role in the central nervous system (CNS) and that are related to neurological diseases, including: (i) LAT1/CD98hc and its role in the uptake of branched chain amino acids trough the blood brain barrier and autism. (ii) LAT2/CD98hc and its potential role in the transport of glutamine between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. (iii) y+LAT2/CD98hc that is emerging as a key player in hepatic encephalopathy. xCT/CD98hc as a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma, and (iv) Asc-1/CD98hc as a potential therapeutic target in pathologies with alterations in NMDA glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Zhou Y, Eid T, Hassel B, Danbolt NC. Novel aspects of glutamine synthetase in ammonia homeostasis. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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