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Oumarou HA, Hima HT, Berenger JM, Michel G, Grauby O, Parola P, Pomares C, Delaunay P. Bed bug control with various dusts: Efficacy comparison between silicon dioxide, diatomaceous earth, and Sommières earth. Parasite 2024; 31:41. [PMID: 39052011 PMCID: PMC11271705 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs are considered a major public health problem in industrialized countries. Usually, bed bug infestations are managed using a combination of physical and chemical methods. In recent years, new strategies for bed bug control have emerged, particularly the use of dusts like diatomaceous earth and silicon dioxide. However, in Europe, the use of silicon dioxide is restricted to professional, while diatomaceous earth can be harmful to the lungs. This study aimed to assess bed bug mortality rates associated with Sommières earth, green clay, talc, and sodium bicarbonate compared to silicon dioxide and diatomaceous earth from a pest management company, diatomaceous earth for litter conditioner, and diatomaceous earth from a supermarket. We tested permanent exposure, short exposure, horizontal transfer and repellent effect on two bed bug colonies. Sommières earth demonstrated efficacy ranging from 75% to 100% in permanent and short exposures, similar to the efficacy of diatomaceous earth from the pest management company. On the contrary, diatomaceous earth for litter conditioner and diatomaceous earth from a supermarket, green clay, talc, and sodium bicarbonate were found to be ineffective. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the efficacy of Sommières earth against bed bugs, but also highlights the variability in efficacy of diatomaceous earths on bed bugs depending on their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halilou Almou Oumarou
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice 151, route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, CS 23079 06202 Nice cedex 3 France
- Université d’Aix Marseille, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 France
| | - Harouna Tahirou Hima
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice 151, route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, CS 23079 06202 Nice cedex 3 France
- Université d’Aix Marseille, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 France
| | - Jean Michel Berenger
- Université d’Aix Marseille, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 France
| | - Grégory Michel
- Inserm U1065, Mediterranean Center for Molecular Medicine (C3M), Université de la Côte d’Azur 151 route Saint Antoine de Ginestière BP 2 3194 06204 Nice France
| | - Olivier Grauby
- Université d’Aix Marseille et Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille-CNRS Campus de Luminy Case 913 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Université d’Aix Marseille, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 France
| | - Christelle Pomares
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice 151, route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, CS 23079 06202 Nice cedex 3 France
- Inserm U1065, Mediterranean Center for Molecular Medicine (C3M), Université de la Côte d’Azur 151 route Saint Antoine de Ginestière BP 2 3194 06204 Nice France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice 151, route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, CS 23079 06202 Nice cedex 3 France
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Senila M, Coldea TE, Senila L, Mudura E, Cadar O. Activated natural zeolites for beer filtration: A pilot scale approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20031. [PMID: 37809938 PMCID: PMC10559772 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A clinoptilolite-rich natural zeolite was tested as a substitute for kieselguhr as a filtering material to eliminate ingredients that cause beer haze formation. Two-grain sizes of micronized natural zeolite were thermally activated to 400 °C, to enhance its adsorption performance and remove the impurities adsorbed in the microporous system of zeolites, followed by their physicochemical characterization. The activated zeolites mixed with four commercial filter aids in different ratios were used for beer filtration at the pilot scale. Most of the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of beers filtered with commercial filter aids and with zeolites were similar. Using zeolite in filtering mixtures significantly reduces the number of microorganisms present in the filtered beer, which can eliminate the necessity of beer sterilization after filtration. The results evidenced that activated natural zeolites, which are cheap materials, are promising candidates as filter aids and can replace kieselguhr without producing any degradation of the beer filtration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, INCDO-INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Emilia Coldea
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lacrimioara Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, INCDO-INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Mudura
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Cadar
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, INCDO-INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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Accardo S, Schiavo S, Parrella L, Montereali MR, Lama G, Verdolotti L, Manzo S. Do new cement-based mortars pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138818. [PMID: 37156284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of multi-functional mortars has increased significantly, with interesting applications in the sustainable construction. In the environment, the cement-based materials are subjected to leaching, so the assessment of potential adverse effects upon aquatic ecosystem is necessary. This study focuses on the evaluation of the ecotoxicological threat and of a new type of cement-based mortar (CPM-D) and its raw materials leachates. A screening risk assessment were performed by Hazard Quotient methods. The ecotoxicological effects were investigated by a test battery with bacteria, crustacean, and algae. Two different procedures, Toxicity test Battery Index (TBI) and Toxicity Classification System (TCS), to obtain a single value for toxicity rank were used. Raw materials showed the highest metal mobility and in particular, for Cu, Cd and V potential hazard was evidenced. Leachate toxicity assessment evidenced the highest effects linked to cement and glass while the mortar showed the lowest ecotoxicological risk. TBI procedure allows a finer classification of effect linked to materials with respect to TCS which is based on worst case approach. A safe by design approach taking into account the potential and the effective hazard of the raw materials and of their combinations could allow to achieve sustainable formulations for building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Accardo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Schiavo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Luisa Parrella
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lama
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB - CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB - CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Sonia Manzo
- ENEA CR PORTICI, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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4
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Bredeck G, Busch M, Rossi A, Stahlmecke B, Fomba KW, Herrmann H, Schins RPF. Inhalable Saharan dust induces oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and inflammatory cytokine release. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107732. [PMID: 36680803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Desert dust is increasingly recognized as a major air pollutant affecting respiratory health. Since desert dust exposure cannot be regulated, the hazardousness of its components must be understood to enable health risk mitigation strategies. Saharan dust (SD) comprises about half of the global desert dust and contains quartz, a toxic mineral dust that is known to cause severe lung diseases via oxidative stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-interleukin-1β pathway. We aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of SD responsible for toxic effects. Also, we studied the oxidative and pro-inflammatory potential of SD in alveolar epithelial cells and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophage-like cells in comparison to quartz dusts and synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). Characterization revealed that SD contained Fe, Al, trace metals, sulfate, diatomaceous earth, and endotoxin and had the capacity to generate hydroxyl radicals. We exposed A549 lung epithelial cells and wild-type and NLRP3-/- THP-1 macrophage-like cells to SD, three well-investigated quartz dusts, and SAS. SD induced oxidative stress in A549 cells after 24 h more potently than the quartz dusts. The quartz dusts and SAS upregulated interleukin 8 expression after 4 h and 24 h while SD only caused a transient upregulation. SD, the quartz dusts, and SAS induced interleukin-1β release from wild-type THP-1 cells>20-fold stronger than from NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells. Interleukin-1β release was lower for SD, in which microbial components including endotoxin were heat-destructed. In conclusion, microbial components in SD are pivotal for its toxicity. In the epithelium, the effects of SD contrasted with crystalline and amorphous silica in terms of potency and persistence. In macrophages, the strong involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome emphasizes the acute and chronic health risks associated with desert dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Busch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- Institute for Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Pavan C, Escolano-Casado G, Bellomo C, Cananà S, Tomatis M, Leinardi R, Mino L, Turci F. Nearly free silanols drive the interaction of crystalline silica polymorphs with membranes: Implications for mineral toxicity. Front Chem 2023; 10:1092221. [PMID: 36726450 PMCID: PMC9884702 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline silica (CS) is a well-known hazardous material that causes severe diseases including silicosis, lung cancer, and autoimmune diseases. However, the hazard associated to crystalline silica is extremely variable and depends on some specific characteristics, including crystal structure and surface chemistry. The crystalline silica polymorphs share the SiO2 stoichiometry and differentiate for crystal structure. The different crystal lattices in turn expose differently ordered hydroxyl groups at the crystal surface, i.e., the silanols. The nearly free silanols (NFS), a specific population of weakly interacting silanols, have been recently advanced as the key surface feature that governs recognition mechanisms between quartz and cell membrane, initiating toxicity. We showed here that the nearly free silanols occur on the other crystalline silica polymorphs and take part in the molecular interactions with biomembranes. A set of crystalline silica polymorphs, including quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, coesite, and stishovite, was physico-chemically characterized and the membranolytic activity was assessed using red blood cells as model membranes. Infrared spectroscopy in highly controlled conditions was used to profile the surface silanol topochemistry and the occurrence of surface nearly free silanols on crystalline silica polymorphs. All crystalline silica polymorphs, but stishovite were membranolytic. Notably, pristine stishovite did not exhibited surface nearly free silanols. The topochemistry of surface silanols was modulated by thermal treatments, and we showed that the occurrence of nearly free silanols paralleled the membranolytic activity for the crystalline silica polymorphs. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship between nearly free silanols and membranolytic activity of crystalline silica polymorphs, offering a possible clue for interpreting the molecular mechanisms associated with silica hazard and bio-minero-chemical interfacial phenomena, including prebiotic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Escolano-Casado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Cananà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesco Turci,
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6
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Maciaszek K, Brown DM, Stone V. An in vitro assessment of the toxicity of two-dimensional synthetic and natural layered silicates. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105273. [PMID: 34801683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural Layered Silicates (NLS) and Synthetic Layered Silicates (SLS) are a diverse group of clay minerals that have attracted great interest in various branches of industry. However, despite growing demand for this class of material, their impact on human health has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential toxic effects of a wide range of commercially available SLS and NLS of varying physicochemical properties (lithium (Li) or fluoride (F) content and size). Mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage (J774A.1) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were chosen as in vitro models of alveolar macrophages. Montmorillonite, hectorite, Medium (med) F/High Li and Low F/Med Li particles, were cytotoxic to cells and induced potent pro-inflammatory responses. The remaining particles (No F/Very (V)Low Li, No F/Med Li, No F/Low Li, High F/Med Li and High F/Med Li washed) were non- to relatively low- cytotoxic and inflammogenic, in both type of cells. In an acellular condition none of the tested samples increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS generation was observed following exposure to sublethal concentrations of Med F/High Li, Low F/Med Li, montmorillonite and hectorite samples, in J774A.1 cells. Based on the results obtained in this study the toxic potency of tested samples was not associated with lithium or fluoride content, but appeared to be dependent on particle size, with the platelets of larger dimension and lower surface area being more potent than the smaller platelet particles with higher surface area. In addition, the increased bioactivity of Med F/High Li and Low F/Med Li was associated with endotoxin contamination. Obtained results demonstrated that layered silicate materials have different toxicological profiles and suggest that toxicological properties of a specific layered silicate should be investigated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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Vilchez-Aruani J, Cuello-Carrión FD, Valdez SR, Nadin SB. Genomic effects of a nanostructured alumina insecticide in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04216. [PMID: 32577576 PMCID: PMC7305400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is providing new tools for precision agriculture, such as agrochemical agents and innovative delivery mechanisms to improve cropping efficiency. Powder nanoinsecticides, such as experimental nanostructured alumina (NSA), show great potential for sustainable agriculture as an alternative to conventional synthetic pesticides because their mechanism of insecticide action is based on physical rather than on biochemical phenomena. However, even in highly non-reactive and hardly soluble substances such as alumina, reduced particle size may lead to an increased toxicity of the material. In order to determine whether NSA induces DNA and chromosomal damage, its toxicity was assessed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and contrasted with commercial nanostructured alumina, natural insecticide powders and a conventional pesticide. PBL from healthy donors were exposed for 24 h to increasing concentrations (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL) of NSA particle agglomerates (<350 nm); positive and negative NSA-particles, respectively; bulk Al2O3 (4.5 μm) or Diatomaceous Earth (SiO2, <4.5 μm). Alkaline comet assay and micronuclei (MNi) test were used to assess DNA damage and chromosomal breakage, respectively. Cell viability was tested with resazurin assay. Comet assay results revealed no significant increase in DNA damage by NSA compared to other natural substances. As expected, DNA breaks were significantly higher in cells exposed to an organophosphate [OPP] control (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in terms of cellular viability at 50 and 100 μg/mL of NSA but cell survival decreased at 200 μg/mL as well as in OPP group. Positively charged NSA particles significantly reduced cell viability and increased DNA migration and oxidative DNA damage (8-oxoG). NSA as well as the electrically charged NSA particles had no significant effect on MNi induction. Our results indicate that NSA particles are non-cytotoxic and non-genotoxic at the tested doses and do not cause obvious DNA damage in human PBL in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vilchez-Aruani
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Susana R Valdez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, IMBECU, CONICET, CCT Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Silvina B Nadin
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) Mendoza, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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8
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Scherer C, Wolf R, Völker J, Stock F, Brennhold N, Reifferscheid G, Wagner M. Toxicity of microplastics and natural particles in the freshwater dipteran Chironomus riparius: Same same but different? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134604. [PMID: 31818558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) are contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic ecosystems. While the number of studies is rapidly increasing, a comparison of the toxicity of MP and natural particulate matter is largely missing. In addition, research focusses on the impacts of hydrophobic chemicals sorbed to plastics. However, the interactive effects of MP and hydrophilic, dissolved chemicals remain largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted chronic toxicity studies with larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus riparius exposed to unplasticised polyvinyl chloride MP (PVC-MP) as well as kaolin and diatomite as reference materials for 28 days. In addition, we investigated the effects of particles in combination with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in a multiple-stressor experiment. High concentrations of kaolin positively affected the chironomids. In contrast, exposure to diatomite and PVC-MP reduced the emergence and mass of C. riparius. Likewise, the toxicity of imidacloprid was enhanced in the presence of PVC-MP and slightly decreased in the co-exposure with kaolin. Overall, parallel experiments and chemical analysis indicate that the toxicity of PVC-MP was not caused by leached or sorbed chemicals. Our study demonstrates that PVC-MP induce more severe effects than both natural particulate materials. However, the latter are not benign per se, as the case of diatomite highlights. Considering the high, environmentally irrelevant concentrations needed to induce adverse effects, C. riparius is insensitive to exposures to PVC-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scherer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56002, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany.
| | - Raoul Wolf
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section for Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
| | - Johannes Völker
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Friederike Stock
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56002, Germany
| | - Nicole Brennhold
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56002, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56002, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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9
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Pavan C, Delle Piane M, Gullo M, Filippi F, Fubini B, Hoet P, Horwell CJ, Huaux F, Lison D, Lo Giudice C, Martra G, Montfort E, Schins R, Sulpizi M, Wegner K, Wyart-Remy M, Ziemann C, Turci F. The puzzling issue of silica toxicity: are silanols bridging the gaps between surface states and pathogenicity? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 31419990 PMCID: PMC6697921 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silica continues to represent an intriguing topic of fundamental and applied research across various scientific fields, from geology to physics, chemistry, cell biology, and particle toxicology. The pathogenic activity of silica is variable, depending on the physico-chemical features of the particles. In the last 50 years, crystallinity and capacity to generate free radicals have been recognized as relevant features for silica toxicity. The 'surface' also plays an important role in silica toxicity, but this term has often been used in a very general way, without defining which properties of the surface are actually driving toxicity. How the chemical features (e.g., silanols and siloxanes) and configuration of the silica surface can trigger toxic responses remains incompletely understood. MAIN BODY Recent developments in surface chemistry, cell biology and toxicology provide new avenues to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the adverse responses to silica particles. New physico-chemical methods can finely characterize and quantify silanols at the surface of silica particles. Advanced computational modelling and atomic force microscopy offer unique opportunities to explore the intimate interactions between silica surface and membrane models or cells. In recent years, interdisciplinary research, using these tools, has built increasing evidence that surface silanols are critical determinants of the interaction between silica particles and biomolecules, membranes, cell systems, or animal models. It also has become clear that silanol configuration, and eventually biological responses, can be affected by impurities within the crystal structure, or coatings covering the particle surface. The discovery of new molecular targets of crystalline as well as amorphous silica particles in the immune system and in epithelial lung cells represents new possible toxicity pathways. Cellular recognition systems that detect specific features of the surface of silica particles have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Interdisciplinary research bridging surface chemistry to toxicology is progressively solving the puzzling issue of the variable toxicity of silica. Further interdisciplinary research is ongoing to elucidate the intimate mechanisms of silica pathogenicity, to possibly mitigate or reduce surface reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- UCLouvain, Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimo Delle Piane
- Bremen Center for Computational Material Science (BCCMS), Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Bice Fubini
- G. Scansetti Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter Hoet
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claire J. Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - François Huaux
- UCLouvain, Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- UCLouvain, Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Lo Giudice
- UCLouvain, Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, NanoBioPhysics, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Department of Chemistry and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces –NIS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Eliseo Montfort
- Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Michelle Wyart-Remy
- EUROSIL, European Association of industrial silica producers, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, G. Scansetti Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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10
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Navarro-Hortal MD, Orantes-Bermejo FJ, Sánchez-González C, Varela-López A, Giampieri F, Torres Fernández-Piñar C, Serra-Bonvehí J, Forbes-Hernández TY, Reboredo-Rodríguez P, Llopis J, Aranda P, Battino M, Quiles JL. Industrial-Scale Decontamination Procedure Effects on the Content of Acaricides, Heavy Metals and Antioxidant Capacity of Beeswax. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081518. [PMID: 30999695 PMCID: PMC6514912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beeswax is useful for the beekeeping sector but also for the agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetics sectors. Frequently, this bee product is contaminated with pesticides reducing its utility and causing the decline in its market. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of an industrial-scale decontamination method in removing acaricides from beeswax. Chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos decrease was higher than 90%, whereas tau fluvalinate decrease was only 30%. No changes were observed in the beeswax content of hydrocarbons and monoesters, whereas a decrease in the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg, Mn and P, and an increase in the concentrations of As and Si were found after the decontamination. Filtration reduced total phenolics, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic extract. These results demonstrate that the industrial method used was as effective as the method previously tested on a laboratory scale. The study also contributes to a better knowledge and characterization of beeswax, specially related to trace and ultra-trace elements and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, it offers the chance to further develop a method to effectively detect wax adulterations based on the chemical elements profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Navarro-Hortal
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Cristina Sánchez-González
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez, Biochimica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | | | - Josep Serra-Bonvehí
- Research & Development Department, Mielso, S.A., Pol. Industrial 'El Mijares', C/. Industria 1, 12550 Almassora (Castelló), Spain.
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernández
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Patricia Reboredo-Rodríguez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Juan Llopis
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pilar Aranda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez, Biochimica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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11
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Zembrzuska J. Determination of dodecanol and ethoxylated fatty alcohols from environmental samples using diatomaceous earth as a green sorbent for solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:1019-1026. [PMID: 30576069 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the use of diatomaceous earth during solid-phase extraction as an efficient sorbent for separation and concentration of dodecanol and ethoxylated dodecanol containing 1-9 ethoxyl groups. The efficiency of different eluents was evaluated for model samples which allowed to select methanol and chloroform for tests with river water samples. During model experiments, it was observed that the recovery rates of specific compounds in the studied mixture were influenced by the character of the solvent used for desorption. Hydrophobic compounds, such as dodecanol and ethoxylated dodecanol with 1-3 ethoxyl groups, were eluted by chloroform with 100% efficiency. In case of the remaining compounds, which were more hydrophilic, a 97% recovery rate was achieved during elution with methanol. Such dependencies were not observed in case of river water samples, as the results obtained for both studied sorbent-eluent systems were comparable. In both variants the recovery of dodecanol and ethoxylated dodecanol containing 1-9 ethoxyl groups ranged from 33 to 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zembrzuska
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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12
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Boyles MSP, Brown D, Knox J, Horobin M, Miller MR, Johnston HJ, Stone V. Assessing the bioactivity of crystalline silica in heated high-temperature insulation wools. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:255-272. [PMID: 30328741 PMCID: PMC6334780 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1513610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-Temperature Insulation Wools (HTIW), such as alumino silicate wools (Refractory Ceramic Fibers) and Alkaline Earth Silicate wools, are used in high-temperature industries for thermal insulation. These materials have an amorphous glass-like structure. In some applications, exposure to high temperatures causes devitrification resulting in the formation of crystalline species including crystalline silica. The formation of this potentially carcinogenic material raises safety concerns regarding after-use handling and disposal. This study aims to determine whether cristobalite formed in HTIW is bioactive in vitro. Mouse macrophage (J774A.1) and human alveolar epithelial (A549) cell lines were exposed to pristine HTIW of different compositions, and corresponding heat-treated samples. Cell death, cytokine release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were assessed in both cell types. Cell responses to aluminum lactate-coated fibers were assessed to determine if responses were caused by crystalline silica. DQ12 α-quartz was used as positive control, and TiO2 as negative control. HTIW did not induce cell death or intracellular ROS, and their ability to induce pro-inflammatory mediator release was low. In contrast, DQ12 induced cytotoxicity, a strong pro-inflammatory response and ROS generation. The modest pro-inflammatory mediator responses of HTIW did not always coincide with the formation of cristobalite in heated fibers; therefore, we cannot confirm that devitrification of HTIW results in bioactive cristobalite in vitro. In conclusion, the biological responses to HTIW observed were not attributable to a single physicochemical characteristic; instead, a combination of physicochemical characteristics (cristobalite content, fiber chemistry, dimensions and material solubility) appear to contribute to induction of cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S P Boyles
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David Brown
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jilly Knox
- b Morgan Advanced Materials, Thermal Ceramics , Bromborough, UK
| | - Michael Horobin
- b Morgan Advanced Materials, Thermal Ceramics , Bromborough, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- c Centre for Cardiovascular Science , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
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13
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Oliveira DGP, Bonini AK, Alves LFA. Field Assessments to Control the Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Diatomaceous Earth in Poultry Houses. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2716-2723. [PMID: 29045630 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Control of the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 [Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae]) is usually conducted with chemical insecticides, which have limited efficacy as well as environmental and health risks. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is safe and effective in controlling many insects including lesser mealworm. However, little is known of DE efficacy against this pest. Thus, an assessment of DE was conducted for the first time in commercial broiler houses in Brazil, with the aim of developing a strategy for the use of DE in the control of this insect. The efficacy of DE was determinate to a minimum concentration, and the application was directed to the most infested sites. The DE applied to the entire poultry house (280 g/m2) was verified to control the insects. DE was also comparable to chemical treatments, with a reduction of 80% in the insect population. DE controlled the lesser mealworm and is recommended for application at a concentration of 280 g/m2 when applied to the surface of new poultry litter, before the first lot of birds is housed. Thereafter, DE should be reapplied before the housing of each lot of birds, in the same concentration, only in the housing area and under the feeders and near the walls and pillars. In addition to being a control strategy, DE can be an important tool in the management of lesser mealworm insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A K Bonini
- Western Paraná State University, Agricultural Biotechnology Lab., Brazil
| | - L F A Alves
- Western Paraná State University, Agricultural Biotechnology Lab., Brazil
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14
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Nattrass C, Horwell CJ, Damby DE, Brown D, Stone V. The effect of aluminium and sodium impurities on the in vitro toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of cristobalite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:164-175. [PMID: 28802207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to crystalline silica (SiO2), in the form of quartz, tridymite or cristobalite, can cause respiratory diseases, such as silicosis. However, the observed toxicity and pathogenicity of crystalline silica is highly variable. This has been attributed to a number of inherent and external factors, including the presence of impurities. In cristobalite-rich dusts, substitutions of aluminium (Al) for silicon (Si) in the cristobalite structure, and impurities occluding the silica surface, have been hypothesised to decrease its toxicity. This hypothesis is tested here through the characterisation and in vitro toxicological study of synthesised cristobalite with incremental amounts of Al and sodium (Na) dopants. METHODS Samples of synthetic cristobalite with incremental amounts of Al and Na impurities, and tridymite, were produced through heating of a silica sol-gel. Samples were characterised for mineralogy, cristobalite purity and abundance, particle size, surface area and surface charge. In vitro assays assessed the ability of the samples to induce cytotoxicity and TNF-α production in J774 macrophages, and haemolysis of red blood cells. RESULTS Al-only doped or Al+Na co-doped cristobalite contained between 1 and 4 oxide wt% Al and Na within its structure. Co-doped samples also contained Al- and Na-rich phases, such as albite. Doping reduced cytotoxicity to J774 macrophages and haemolytic capacity compared to non-doped samples. Al-only doping was more effective at decreasing cristobalite reactivity than Al+Na co-doping. The reduction in the reactivity of cristobalite is attributed to both structural impurities and a lower abundance of crystalline silica in doped samples. Neither non-doped nor doped crystalline silica induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in J774 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Impurities can reduce the toxic potential of cristobalite and may help explain the low reactivity of some cristobalite-rich dusts. Whilst further work is required to determine if these effects translate to altered pathogenesis, the results have potential implications for the regulation of crystalline silica exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nattrass
- Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - C J Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - D E Damby
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich 80333, Germany; United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| | - D Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - V Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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15
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Cabrera MP, Assis CRD, Neri DFM, Pereira CF, Soria F, Carvalho LB. High sucrolytic activity by invertase immobilized onto magnetic diatomaceous earth nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 14:38-46. [PMID: 28480172 PMCID: PMC5406527 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Innovative biocatalyst with good properties to produce invert sugar. mDE-APTES-invertase showed 92.5% of residual specific activity. High sucrolytic activity (3358 U mg−1 protein) by mDE-APTES-invertase was obtained. Remarkable results of thermal and storage stability, and reuse for mDE-APTES-invertase were found.
Invertase immobilized on magnetic diatomaceous earth nanoparticles (mDE-APTES-invertase) with high sucrolytic activity was obtained by an easy and low-cost method. An experimental design was carried out to investigate the best immobilization conditions and it allowed obtaining an immobilized derivative with a residual specific activity equal to 92.5%. Then, a second experimental design selected the mDE-APTES-invertase with higher specific activity in relation to other derivatives reported in the literature (2.42-fold). Thermal and storage stability for immobilized invertase were found to be 35 °C for 60 min (85% retained activity) and 120 days storage period (80% retained activity), respectively. Besides, a residual activity higher than 60% and 50% were observed for mDE-APTES-invertase after reuse in short and long term, respectively. Given the simple and efficient method to obtain an immobilized derivative with high activity, the mDE nanoparticles appear to be a promising matrix for invertase immobilization as well as for other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta - CONICET, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Caio R D Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - David F M Neri
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Ciência dos Materiais, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, 48920-310, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil
| | - Claudete F Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Soria
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta - CONICET, 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Luiz B Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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16
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Pavan C, Fubini B. Unveiling the Variability of “Quartz Hazard” in Light of Recent Toxicological Findings. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:469-485. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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