1
|
Santos-Guzmán A, Unar-Munguía M, Rivera JA, Ramírez-Silva I. Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective. Adv Nutr 2024:100303. [PMID: 39278466 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current international infant and young child (IYC) feeding recommendations consider nutrition and health but not environmental impacts. Only a handful of countries have dietary guidelines that provide quantitative recommendations for food groups of environmental concern. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to perform a narrative review of the environmental impacts of commercial milk formula compared with breastfeeding and to analyze the degree to which current country-specific IYC feeding recommendations are aligned with sustainable dietary targets. METHODS A mixed-methods review was conducted, including the following: 1) a narrative review of the environmental impact of commercial milk formula compared with breastfeeding and 2) a comparison of recommended intake of meats and dairy for children IYC based on country-specific dietary guidelines compared with the EAT-Lancet Commission dietary targets (ELCT) for children 24 mo or older and adults and if the ELCT should be adjusted for the energy needs of IYC. RESULTS Formula feeding has a greater environmental impact (∼48% higher carbon footprint) than exclusive breastfeeding. Available country-specific dietary guidelines for meat and dairy products in children IYC are, in general, at or below the upper limits of the ELCT recommended ranges for older children and adults but are in most cases above the upper limit when adjusting for the energy needs of IYC. CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breastfeeding should be protected and promoted not only as the healthier but also as the most sustainable alternative. Available complementary dietary feeding recommendations of nonprocessed meat and dairy fall below current ELCT for older children and adults. Given that IYC require a more nutrient-dense diet than older children and adults and considering the small quantities they consume, we recommend using the unadjusted ELCT as reference for IYC feeding while specific international consumption recommendations are developed for this age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santos-Guzmán
- Center for Health and Nutrition Research, National Instituto of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mishel Unar-Munguía
- Center for Health and Nutrition Research, National Instituto of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan A Rivera
- Center for Research in Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Ivonne Ramírez-Silva
- Center for Health and Nutrition Research, National Instituto of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rusi HC, Grummer-Strawn L, Perrin MT, Risling T, Brockway ML. Conceptualizing the Commercialization of Human Milk: A Concept Analysis. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:392-404. [PMID: 38855823 PMCID: PMC11340243 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241254345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor human milk is recommended when infants are unable to be fed their mother's own milk or require supplementation. For-profit companies use technologies to create human milk products for infants in the neonatal intensive care setting without consistent guidelines and regulatory frameworks in place. This commercialization of human milk is inadequately conceptualized and ill-defined. RESEARCH AIMS The aim of this study is to conceptualize and define the commercialization of human milk and discuss the need for policy guidelines and regulations. METHOD Using a concept analysis framework, we reviewed the literature on the commercialization of human milk, analyzed the antecedents and potential consequences of the industry, and developed a conceptual definition. The literature review resulted in 13 relevant articles. RESULTS There has been a surge in the development and availability of human milk products for vulnerable infants developed by for-profit companies. Commercialized human milk can be defined as the packaging and sale of human milk and human milk components for financial gain. Factors contributing to the commercialization of human milk include an increased demand for human milk, and consequences include potential undermining of breastfeeding. The lack of guidelines and regulations raises concerns of equity, ethics, and safety. CONCLUSION The industry is rapidly growing, resulting in an urgent need for consistent guidelines and regulatory frameworks. If left unaddressed, there could be potential risks for donor milk banking, the future of breastfeeding, and infant and maternal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Christine Rusi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Tracie Risling
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Meredith Lee Brockway
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steele SL, Cooke NC. Human milk products in the National Health Service: a cross-sectional survey of use and industry contact across England's trusts. JRSM Open 2024; 15:20542704241237658. [PMID: 38699203 PMCID: PMC11062219 DOI: 10.1177/20542704241237658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Commentators and professional organisations note that an expanding market in human milk-based products (HMBPs) could reduce breastfeeding, compromising maternal and infant health, and undermine public milk bank donations. We investigate whether English NHS trusts purchased these products and whether HMBP companies have marketed to them. Design Freedom of Information (FOI) requests asking: (1) whether trusts obtained human milk; (2) if so, how; and (3) whether HMBP companies had approached them. We analysed trusts' responses qualitatively. In 2023, an FOI request to the Food Standards Authority (FSA) following a product recall. Setting England. Participants One hundred and ninety-four NHS trusts, the FSA. Main Outcome Measures Obtaining human milk, approaches by companies, and trust responses to approaches. Results One hundred and seventy-six trusts responded, 102 reporting human milk from milk banks. No trusts reported purchasing from companies in 2022. In 2023, the FSA confirmed six English hospitals used HMBPs from one company; an FOI for trusts' names was refused on law enforcement grounds. Two trusts reported participating in clinical trials funded by companies. Twenty-one reported approaches, using several strategies, including uninvited ward visits. Trusts rejected marketing based on guidance from: (1) trust dieticians or physicians; (2) regional regulatory bodies; (3) professional bodies; and (4) perceived application of an International Code on breastfeeding. Conclusions Companies market to trusts, adopting methods previously used by the formula industry. Trusts express confusion over whether this infringes agreements designed to promote breastfeeding. We encourage clarification and guidance for professionals and trusts to ensure safety, infant and maternal health, and protect public provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Steele
- Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Cambridge Public Health, Forvie Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- St Edmund's College, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith JP, Baker P, Mathisen R, Long A, Rollins N, Waring M. A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset. Bull World Health Organ 2024; 102:336-343. [PMID: 38680463 PMCID: PMC11046154 DOI: 10.2471/blt.23.290210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Policy-makers need to rethink the connections between the economy and health. The World Health Organization Council on the Economics of Health for All has called for human and planetary health and well-being to be moved to the core of decision-making to build economies for health. Doing so involves valuing and measuring what matters, more and better health financing, innovation for the common good and rebuilding public sector capacity. We build on this thinking to argue that breastfeeding should be recognized in food and well-being statistics, while investments in breastfeeding should be considered a carbon offset in global financing arrangements for sustainable food, health and economic systems. Breastfeeding women nourish half the world's infants and young children with immense quantities of a highly valuable milk. This care work is not counted in gross domestic product or national food balance sheets, and yet ever-increasing commercial milk formula sales are counted. Achieving global nutrition targets for breastfeeding would realize far greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions than decarbonizing commercial milk formula manufacturing. New metrics and financing mechanisms are needed to achieve the health, sustainability and equity gains from more optimal infant and young child feeding. Properly valuing crucial care and environmental resources in global and national measurement systems would redirect international financial resources away from expanding carbon-emitting activities, and towards what really matters, that is, health for all. Doing so should start with considering breastfeeding as the highest quality, local, sustainable first-food system for generations to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Patricia Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Building #63, cnr Mills and Eggleston Rd, Australian National University, Canberra0200, Australia
| | - Phillip Baker
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Aoife Long
- Munster Technological University, Munster, Ireland
| | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn Waring
- Institute of Public Policy, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bakshi S, Paswan VK, Yadav SP, Bhinchhar BK, Kharkwal S, Rose H, Kanetkar P, Kumar V, Al-Zamani ZAS, Bunkar DS. A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1194679. [PMID: 37415910 PMCID: PMC10320619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants' gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant's needs and its ultimate impact on infants' gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Bakshi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Basant Kumar Bhinchhar
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Sheela Kharkwal
- Department of Agriculture Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Hency Rose
- Division of Dairy Technology, ICAR—National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prajasattak Kanetkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Zakarya Ali Saleh Al-Zamani
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Durga Shankar Bunkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baker P, Smith JP, Garde A, Grummer-Strawn LM, Wood B, Sen G, Hastings G, Pérez-Escamilla R, Ling CY, Rollins N, McCoy D. The political economy of infant and young child feeding: confronting corporate power, overcoming structural barriers, and accelerating progress. Lancet 2023; 401:503-524. [PMID: 36764315 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence about the value and importance of breastfeeding, less than half of the world's infants and young children (aged 0-36 months) are breastfed as recommended. This Series paper examines the social, political, and economic reasons for this problem. First, this paper highlights the power of the commercial milk formula (CMF) industry to commodify the feeding of infants and young children; influence policy at both national and international levels in ways that grow and sustain CMF markets; and externalise the social, environmental, and economic costs of CMF. Second, this paper examines how breastfeeding is undermined by economic policies and systems that ignore the value of care work by women, including breastfeeding, and by the inadequacy of maternity rights protection across the world, especially for poorer women. Third, this paper presents three reasons why health systems often do not provide adequate breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support. These reasons are the gendered and biomedical power systems that deny women-centred and culturally appropriate care; the economic and ideological factors that accept, and even encourage, commercial influence and conflicts of interest; and the fiscal and economic policies that leave governments with insufficient funds to adequately protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. We outline six sets of wide-ranging social, political, and economic reforms required to overcome these deeply embedded commercial and structural barriers to breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie P Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amandine Garde
- Law & Non-Communicable Diseases Unit, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gita Sen
- Ramalingaswami Centre on Equity and Social Determinants of Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David McCoy
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith JP, Iellamo A, Nguyen TT, Mathisen R. The volume and monetary value of human milk produced by the world's breastfeeding mothers: Results from a new tool. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1152659. [PMID: 37064687 PMCID: PMC10098319 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1152659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mothers' Milk Tool was developed to make more visible the economic value contributed to society by women's unpaid care work through breastfeeding infants and young children. This manuscript describes the development and display key features of the tool, and reports results for selected countries. For the development, we used five steps: (1) defining the tool by reviewing existing tools and scholarly literature to identify uses, approaches, design features, and required data characteristics for a suitable product; (2) specifying the best open-access data available for measurement and easy updating; (3) analyzing development options; (4) testing predictive models to fill identified breastfeeding data gaps; and (5) validating the tool with prospective users and against previous research. We developed an Excel-based tool that allows working offline, displaying preloaded data, imputing data, and inputting users' data. It calculates annual quantities of milk produced by breastfeeding women for children aged 0-35.9 months, and the quantities lost compared to a defined biologically feasible level. It supports calculations for an individual mother, for countries, and global level. Breastfeeding women globally produce around 35.6 billion liters of milk annually, but 38.2% is currently "lost" due to cultural barriers and structural impediments to breastfeeding. The tool can also attribute a monetary value to the production. In conclusion, the Mothers' Milk Tool shows what is at risk economically if women's important capacity for breastfeeding is not protected, promoted, and supported by effective national policies, programs, and investments. The tool is of value to food and health policymakers, public officials, advocates, researchers, national accountants and statisticians, and individual mother/baby dyads, and will assist consideration of breastfeeding in food balance sheets and economic production statistics. The tool supports the 2015 Call to Action by the Global Breastfeeding Collective by facilitating the tracking of progress on breastfeeding targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie P. Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Julie P. Smith
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith JP, Lande B, Johansson L, Baker P, Bærug A. The contribution of breastfeeding to a healthy, secure and sustainable food system for infants and young children: monitoring mothers' milk production in the food surveillance system of Norway. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-9. [PMID: 35781132 PMCID: PMC9991838 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mother-child breastfeeding dyad is a powerful force for achieving healthy, secure and sustainable food systems. However, food system reports exclude breastfeeding and mother's milk. To help correct this omission and give breastfeeding women greater visibility in food systems dialogue and action, we illustrate how to estimate mother's milk production and incorporate this into food surveillance systems, drawing on the pioneering experience of Norway to show the potential value of such analysis. DESIGN The estimates use data on the proportion of children who are breastfed at each month of age (0-24 months), annual number of live births and assumptions on daily human milk intake at each month. New indicators for temporal and cross-country comparisons are considered. SETTING It is assumed that a breastfeeding mother on average produces 306 l of milk during 24 months of lactation. PARTICIPANTS The annual number of live births is from Statistics Norway. Data for any breastfeeding at each month of age, between 0 and 24 months, are from official surveys in 1993, 1998-1999, 2006-2007, 2013 and 2018-2019. RESULTS Estimated total milk production by Norwegian mothers increased from 8·2 to 10·1 million l per year between 1993 and 2018-2019. Annual per capita production increased from 69 to 91 l per child aged 0-24 months. CONCLUSIONS This study shows it is feasible and useful to include human milk production in food surveillance systems as an indicator of infant and young child food security and dietary quality. It also demonstrates significant potential for greater milk production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Smith
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra2601, Australia
| | - Britt Lande
- Division for Prevention and Public Health, Norwegian Directorate of Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Johansson
- Division for Prevention and Public Health, Norwegian Directorate of Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anne Bærug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Becker GE, Zambrano P, Ching C, Cashin J, Burns A, Policarpo E, Datu‐Sanguyo J, Mathisen R. Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022; 18 Suppl 3:e13335. [PMID: 35313063 PMCID: PMC9113471 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of marketing on infant and young child feeding and health is well recognized, and an International Code was adopted by the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1981 to reduce inappropriate marketing and protect breastfeeding. Yet the marketing and influencing continue. This scoping review systematically examined the published research evidence on the nature and extent of exposure to International Code violations from 1981 to August 2021. We used several search strategies involving multi-language databases, organization websites, citation tracking, and expert consultation, to find research items meeting our inclusion criteria. We evaluated 657 items and retained 153 studies from at least 95 countries in the review. The majority of the studies (n = 113) documenting exposure to inappropriate marketing were published since 2010. Studies reported a broad range of marketing violations targeting mothers and families, health workers, and the general public. Marketing via digital platforms and brand extension has become more frequent. The evidence shows the use of misleading and inaccurate labeling and health and nutrition claims in breach of the Code. Our review confirms that violations of the Code have not ceased and calls for renewed attention from the WHA and national governments to protect the health of children and their mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Zambrano
- Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia/FHI 360ManilaPhilippines
| | - Constance Ching
- Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360WashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Jennifer Cashin
- Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360WashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pope DH, Karlsson JO, Baker P, McCoy D. Examining the Environmental Impacts of the Dairy and Baby Food Industries: Are First-Food Systems a Crucial Missing Part of the Healthy and Sustainable Food Systems Agenda Now Underway? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12678. [PMID: 34886406 PMCID: PMC8657189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Food systems are increasingly being understood as driving various health and ecological crises and their transformation is recognised as a key opportunity for planetary health. First-food systems represent an underexplored aspect of this transformation. Despite breastfeeding representing the optimal source of infant nutrition, use of commercial milk formula (CMF) is high and growing rapidly. In this review, we examine the impact of CMF use on planetary health, considering in particular its effects on climate change, water use and pollution and the consequences of these effects for human health. Milk is the main ingredient in the production of CMF, making the role of the dairy sector a key area of attention. We find that CMF use has twice the carbon footprint of breastfeeding, while 1 kg of CMF has a blue water footprint of 699 L; CMF has a significant and harmful environmental impact. Facilitation and protection of breastfeeding represents a key part of developing sustainable first-food systems and has huge potential benefits for maternal and child health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Pope
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Johan O. Karlsson
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia;
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - David McCoy
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London E1 4NS, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evidence of Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes since the Adoption by the World Health Assembly in 1981: A Systematic Scoping Review Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189523. [PMID: 34574448 PMCID: PMC8467867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the protocol for a scoping review that aims to systematically explore and summarise the published evidence of violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) and subsequent World Health Assembly Resolutions globally. The planned scoping review will seek to identify what research has been conducted on the topic, examine the geographic spread and nature of violations, and summarise knowledge gaps. The Code was adopted in 1981 by the World Health Assembly to protect infant health, in particular from aggressive and inappropriate marketing of breastmilk substitutes including formula and related products. Non-compliance with the Code or violations are described in reports, however, no existing systematic review of the global research appears to have been conducted that encompasses the varied disciplines including health, economics, and gender. The review will inform international and national decision-makers on the nature of violations and potentially highlight the need for new modalities to regulate this marketing. The proposed scoping review will use the six-step process of Arksey and O’Malley which includes defining the research question; identifying the relevant literature; selecting studies; charting the data; collating, summarising and reporting the findings; and will include a consultative group.
Collapse
|
12
|
Baker P, Russ K, Kang M, Santos TM, Neves PAR, Smith J, Kingston G, Mialon M, Lawrence M, Wood B, Moodie R, Clark D, Sievert K, Boatwright M, McCoy D. Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry. Global Health 2021; 17:58. [PMID: 34020657 PMCID: PMC8139375 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global milk formula market has 'boomed' in recent decades, raising serious concerns for breastfeeding, and child and maternal health. Despite these developments, few studies have investigated the global expansion of the baby food industry, nor the market and political practices corporations have used to grow and sustain their markets. In this paper, our aim is to understand the strategies used by the baby food industry to shape 'first-foods systems' across its diverse markets, and in doing so, drive milk formula consumption on a global scale. We used a theoretically guided synthesis review method, which integrated diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources. RESULTS Global milk formula sales grew from ~US$1.5 billion in 1978 to US$55.6 billion in 2019. This remarkable expansion has occurred along two main historical axes. First, the widening geographical reach of the baby food industry and its marketing practices, both globally and within countries, as corporations have pursued new growth opportunities, especially in the Global South. Second, the broadening of product ranges beyond infant formula, to include an array of follow-up, toddler and specialized formulas for a wider range of age groups and conditions, thereby widening the scope of mother-child populations subject to commodification. Sophisticated marketing techniques have been used to grow and sustain milk formula consumption, including marketing through health systems, mass-media and digital advertising, and novel product innovations backed by corporate science. To enable and sustain this marketing, the industry has engaged in diverse political practices to foster favourable policy, regulatory and knowledge environments. This has included lobbying international and national policy-makers, generating and deploying favourable science, leveraging global trade rules and adopting corporate policies to counter regulatory action by governments. CONCLUSION The baby food industry uses integrated market and political strategies to shape first-foods systems in ways that drive and sustain milk formula market expansion, on a global scale. Such practices are a major impediment to global implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, and other policy actions to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. New modalities of public health action are needed to negate the political practices of the industry in particular, and ultimately to constrain corporate power over the mother-child breastfeeding dyad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Thiago M. Santos
- International Centre for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. R. Neves
- International Centre for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Julie Smith
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gillian Kingston
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rob Moodie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Clark
- Independent Consultant on Public Health Law, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Sievert
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Monique Boatwright
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David McCoy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baker P, Santos T, Neves PA, Machado P, Smith J, Piwoz E, Barros AJD, Victora CG, McCoy D. First-food systems transformations and the ultra-processing of infant and young child diets: The determinants, dynamics and consequences of the global rise in commercial milk formula consumption. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13097. [PMID: 33145965 PMCID: PMC7988871 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate marketing and aggressive promotion of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) undermines breastfeeding and harms child and maternal health in all country contexts. Although a global milk formula 'sales boom' is reportedly underway, few studies have investigated its dynamics and determinants. This study takes two steps. First, it describes trends and patterns in global formula sales volumes (apparent consumption), by country income and region. Data are reported for 77 countries, for the years 2005-19, and for the standard (0-6 months), follow-up (7-12 m), toddler (13-36 m), and special (0-6 m) categories. Second, it draws from the literature to understand how transformations underway in first-food systems - those that provision foods for children aged 0-36 months - explain the global transition to higher formula diets. Total world formula sales grew by 115% between 2005 and 2019, from 3.5 to 7.4 kg/child, led by highly-populated middle-income countries. Growth was rapid in South East and East Asia, especially in China, which now accounts for one third of world sales. This transition is linked with factors that generate demand for BMS, including rising incomes, urbanisation, the changing nature of woman's work, social norms, media influences and medicalisation. It also reflects the globalization of the baby food industry and its supply chains, including the increasing intensity and sophistication of its marketing practices. Policy and regulatory frameworks designed to protect, promote and support breastfeeding are partially or completely inadequate in the majority of countries, hence supporting industry expansion over child nutrition. The results raise serious concern for global child and maternal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and NutritionDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Thiago Santos
- International Center for Equity in HealthFederal University of PelotasPelotasBrazil
| | - Paulo Augusto Neves
- International Center for Equity in HealthFederal University of PelotasPelotasBrazil
| | - Priscila Machado
- Institute for Physical Activity and NutritionDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Julie Smith
- Research School of Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Ellen Piwoz
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, SeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Aluisio J. D. Barros
- International Center for Equity in HealthFederal University of PelotasPelotasBrazil
| | - Cesar G. Victora
- International Center for Equity in HealthFederal University of PelotasPelotasBrazil
| | - David McCoy
- Centre for Primary Care and Public HealthQueen Mary UniversityLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Miner SA. "I would want to pay her": Challenging altruistic egg exchanges in Canada through moral patchworks. Soc Sci Med 2021; 272:113733. [PMID: 33556813 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies surrounding egg donation often occur within existing legal marketplaces showing how language of altruism and gift is employed to uphold gendered standards of femininity and morality. This article examines how women negotiate those gendered and moral standards under the Canadian Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA), which prohibited the market exchange of eggs through the criminalization of paid egg donation. Through 71 in-depth semi-structured interviews with health care professionals (n = 51) and egg donation recipients (n = 20), I argue that participants in these exchanges use a patchwork of moral framings to question the ethicality of the act and the gendered links between altruism, morality and femininity. These market participants employ moral patchworks consisting of subverting, circumventing and rejecting the legally defined ethical practice of donation. By explicitly discussing payment and gifts as moral egg donation exchanges, recipients and fertility professionals suggest that egg donors' reproductive labor should be monetarily recognized. This article considers the ethical implications of these moral patchworks for understanding how gender is reproduced and undone in market exchanges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skye A Miner
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Room 712, Leacock Building, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2T7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hastings G, Angus K, Eadie D, Hunt K. Selling second best: how infant formula marketing works. Global Health 2020; 16:77. [PMID: 32859218 PMCID: PMC7455895 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clear policy intent to contain it, the marketing of formula milk remains widespread, powerful and successful. This paper examines how it works. Methods The study comprised a mix of secondary analysis of business databases and qualitative interviews with marketing practitioners, some of whom had previously worked in formula marketing. Results The World Health Assembly Code aims to shield parents from unfair commercial pressures by stopping the inappropriate promotion of infant formula. In reality marketing remains widespread because some countries (e.g. the USA) have not adopted the Code, and elsewhere industry has developed follow-on and specialist milks with which they promote formula by proxy. The World Health Assembly has tried to close these loopholes by extending its Code to these products; but the marketing continues. The campaigns use emotional appeals to reach out to and build relationships with parents and especially mothers. Evocative brands give these approaches a human face. The advent of social media has made it easier to pose as the friend and supporter of parents; it is also providing companies with a rich stream of personal data with which they hone and target their campaigns. The formula industry is dominated by a small number of extremely powerful multinational corporations with the resources to buy the best global marketing expertise. Like all corporations they are governed by the fiduciary imperative which puts the pursuit of profits ahead of all other concerns. This mix of fiscal power, sophisticated marketing, and single-mindedness is causing great harm to public health. Conclusions Formula marketing is widespread and using powerful emotional techniques to sell parents a product that is vastly inferior to breast milk. There is an urgent need to update and strengthen regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Hastings
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. .,L'École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Rennes, France.
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kate Hunt
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith JP. A commentary on the carbon footprint of milk formula: harms to planetary health and policy implications. Int Breastfeed J 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31798668 PMCID: PMC6882342 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-019-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infant formula requires mass production by the dairy industry, with plastic and other waste and degradation of land and waterways. Millions of babies, two thirds globally, now have milk formula, with breastfeeding in dramatic decline in Asia. Economic cost externalities and commercial incentives Economic thinking clarifies that markets are not perfect - price incentives can lead to excessive and inefficient environmental damage. Market prices paid to produce or use a commodity may not reflect its true resource costs. The ongoing global transition in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) toward milk formula use makes urgent the investigation of its environmental costs, including greenhouse gas (GHG) implications. Socially vulnerable populations are also particularly exposed to climate change risks, but have the least voice and agency. The important role of public health advocacy Few question the scale of the baby food industry, especially in major food exporting countries. Breastfeeding advocacy non-government organisations have led the investigations, and exposed the inequitable vulnerabilities. A ground-breaking study in 2016 showed emissions from just six Asia Pacific countries were equivalent to 6 billion miles of car travel. Each kilogram (kg) of milk formula generated 4 kg of (carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent) greenhouse gas during production. Much of this was from unnecessary toddler formula. Recent research reveals that if looking at the full product lifecycle, including consumer use, GHG emissions per kg are actually three times higher than these pioneering estimates. Environment and health harms combined with economic evidence highlight the place for a strong public health response on this issue. Conclusion Formula feeding is a maladaptive practice in the face of contemporary global environmental and population health challenges. Breastfeeding protection, support and promotion helps to safeguard planetary and human health by minimising environmental harm. It is a beneficial response to concerns about disease burdens and climate change. Breastfeeding populations are more resilient in emergencies. Effective and cost-effective policies and interventions exist for increasing breastfeeding and reducing unnecessary use of formula. Implementing such measures presents a rare opportunity to both reduce the greenhouse gas problem and improve human nutrition, health, and health equity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Smith
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Israel-Ballard K, Cohen J, Mansen K, Parker M, Engmann C, Kelley M. Call to action for equitable access to human milk for vulnerable infants. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7:e1484-e1486. [PMID: 31607455 PMCID: PMC7613495 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Parker
- Ethox Centre/Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cyril Engmann
- University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA; PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maureen Kelley
- Ethox Centre/Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tripathy S, Singh S, Das SK. Potential of breastmilk in stem cell research. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:467-488. [PMID: 31606767 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breastmilk is a dynamic, multi-faceted, and complex fluid containing a plethora of biochemical and cellular components that execute developmental effects or differentiation program, providing nourishment and immunity to newborns. Recently, it was reported that breastmilk contains a heterogeneous population of naïve cells, including pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, immune cells, and non-immune cells. The stem cells derived from breastmilk possess immune privilege and non-tumorigenic properties. Thus, breastmilk may represent an ideal source of stem cells collected by non-perceive procedure than other available sources. Thus, this "maternally originating natural regenerative medicine" may have innumerable applications in clinical biology, cosmetics, and pharmacokinetics. This review describes the efficient integrated cellular system of mammary glands, the impressive stem cell hierarchy of breastmilk, and their possible implications in translational research and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Tripathy
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India.
| | - Shikha Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cassidy TM, Dowling S, Mahon BP, Dykes FC. Exchanging breastmilk: Introduction. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 14 Suppl 6:e12748. [PMID: 30592168 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Michaud‐Létourneau I, Gayard M, Pelletier DL. Translating the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes into national measures in nine countries. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 15 Suppl 2:e12730. [PMID: 30793543 PMCID: PMC6519018 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) adopted by the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1981 and regularly updated through subsequent WHA resolutions, represents the international policy framework for protecting breastfeeding against inappropriate marketing practices. By March 2016, at least 135 countries had some measures covering provisions of the Code in their legislation. The translation of the International Code into national measures was investigated in the context of the advocacy efforts undertaken by the Alive & Thrive (A&T) initiative with UNICEF and partners. A real-time evaluation was carried out over 22 months in seven Southeast Asian countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic [Lao PDR], Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Timor-Leste) and two African countries (Burkina Faso and Ethiopia). Drivers of policy change and progress were examined. Two theory-based approaches were used: developmental evaluation and contribution analysis. Data collection methods included participant observation, key informant meetings, in-depth interviews, reflective practice, and desk review. Overall, countries made significant progress in translating the International Code into national measures and in moving forward throughout the policy cycle. The main driver of policy change was the creation of a strategic group, which engaged key relevant actors and supported the government in the performance of 15 critical tasks, which the analysis reveals is a second driver. Those critical tasks are described in this paper and could help public health advocates to anticipate the stages and challenges of policy change and develop more effective strategies to translate the Code into their legal framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Michaud‐Létourneau
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public HealthUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency MedicineUniversité de SherbrookeLongueuilQuebecCanada
| | - Marion Gayard
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency MedicineUniversité de SherbrookeLongueuilQuebecCanada
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Afolabi IS, Nwachukwu IC, Ezeoke CS, Woke RC, Adegbite OA, Olawole TD, Martins OC. Production of a New Plant-Based Milk from Adenanthera pavonina Seed and Evaluation of Its Nutritional and Health Benefits. Front Nutr 2018; 5:9. [PMID: 29556498 PMCID: PMC5845130 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new plant milk was discovered from the seed of Adenanthera pavonina. The physicochemical and nutritional properties of the new pro-milk extract were assessed, and their biochemical effects were compared with those of soy bean extracts. Eleven groups of three albino rats each were used to assess the health benefits of the pro-milk. Groups were separately administered 3.1, 6.1, and 9.2 µl/g animal wt. pro-milk extract from A. pavonina seed, 6.1 µl/g animal wt. milk extract from soybean, and 6.1 µl/g animal wt. normal saline for 7 or 14 days. The “baseline” group consisted of those sacrificed on day 0. Among the physical properties considered, the pro-milk from A. pavonina had significantly higher (P < 0.05) hue color value and significantly lower (P < 0.05) L* than that from soy bean did. The pro-milk from A. pavonina had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) level of protein (36.14 ± 0.12%), Ca (440.99 ± 0.93 mg/l), Mg (96.69 ± 0.03 mg/l), K (190.41 ± 0.11 mg/l), Na (64.24 ± 0.24 mg/l), and Cu (0.55 ± 0.24 mg/l), and a significantly lower (P < 0.05) level of Mn (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/l) and vitamins A (undetectable), C (1.87 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), and E (0.12 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) compared to those of soy milk. The daily consumption of the pro-milk extract from A. pavonina for 14 days significantly reduced (P < 0.05) Ca2+-adenosine triphosphate synthase (Ca2+-ATPase) at low dose (3.1 µl/g animal wt.), but significantly increased (P < 0.05) Mg2+-ATPase at high dose (9.2 µl/g animal wt.). Daily administration of the A. pavonina extract for 14 days caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in acetylcholinesterase activity in the liver, intestine, heart, and kidney, suggesting that the pro-milk may facilitate ions transportation across the membrane. The pro-milk offers promising beneficial effects for patients with neurological diseases, as well as supporting general health owing to the high protein and mineral content. Vitamins fortification is recommended during production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Sunmola Afolabi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ruth Chineme Woke
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | | | - Tolulope Dorcas Olawole
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola C Martins
- Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) Complex, Lagos State Drug Quality Control Laboratory, Ikeja, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Griswold MK. Reframing the Context of the Breastfeeding Narrative: A Critical Opportunity for Health Equity Through Evidence-Based Advocacy. J Hum Lact 2017; 33:415-418. [PMID: 28418797 DOI: 10.1177/0890334417698691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Global trends and patterns of commercial milk-based formula sales: is an unprecedented infant and young child feeding transition underway? Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:2540-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe marketing of infant/child milk-based formulas (MF) contributes to suboptimal breast-feeding and adversely affects child and maternal health outcomes globally. However, little is known about recent changes in MF markets. The present study describes contemporary trends and patterns of MF sales at the global, regional and country levels.DesignDescriptive statistics of trends and patterns in MF sales volume per infant/child for the years 2008–2013 and projections to 2018, using industry-sourced data.SettingEighty countries categorized by country income bracket, for developing countries by region, and in countries with the largest infant/child populations.SubjectsMF categories included total (for ages 0–36 months), infant (0–6 months), follow-up (7–12 months), toddler (13–36 months) and special (0–6 months).ResultsIn 2008–2013 world total MF sales grew by 40·8 % from 5·5 to 7·8 kg per infant/child/year, a figure predicted to increase to 10·8 kg by 2018. Growth was most rapid in East Asia particularly in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam and was led by the infant and follow-up formula categories. Sales volume per infant/child was positively associated with country income level although with wide variability between countries.ConclusionsA global infant and young child feeding (IYCF) transition towards diets higher in MF is underway and is expected to continue apace. The observed increase in MF sales raises serious concern for global child and maternal health, particularly in East Asia, and calls into question the efficacy of current regulatory regimes designed to protect and promote optimal IYCF. The observed changes have not been captured by existing IYCF monitoring systems.
Collapse
|