Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine

Jaceosidin induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in AGS gastric cancer cells by regulating ROS-mediated signaling pathways

Jaceosidin (JAC) is a natural flavonoid with anti-oxidant and other pharmacological activities; however, its anti-cancer mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the mechanism of action of JAC in gastric cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays showed that JAC effectively killed multiple gastric cancer cells and induced apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Network pharmacological analysis suggested that its activity was linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS), AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, JAC accumulated ROS to up-regulate p-JNK, p-p38, and IκB-α protein expressions and down-regulate the p-ERK, p-STAT3, and NF-κB protein expressions. Cell cycle assay results showed that JAC accumulated ROS to up-regulate p21 and p27 protein expressions and down-regulate p-AKT, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E protein expressions to induce G0/G1 phase arrest. Cell migration assay results showed JAC accumulated ROS to down-regulate Wnt-3a, p-GSK-3β, N-cadherin, and β-catenin protein expressions and up-regulate E-cadherin protein expression to inhibit migration. Furthermore, N-acetyl cysteine pre-treatment prevented the change of these protein expressions. In summary, JAC induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest and inhibited migration through ROS-mediated signaling pathways in AGS cells.

Traditional Chinese medicine for breast cancer treatment: a bibliometric and visualization analysis

CONTEXT

The use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for breast cancer patients inhibits tumor cell growth and proliferation, alleviates adverse reactions, and inhibits tumor recurrence and metastasis post-surgery. An assessment of its historical efficacy and an examination of the latest research trends are imperative to thoroughly leverage the potential of TCM for breast cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE

This study analyzes the published literature on TCM for breast cancer treatment using bibliometric analysis to determine the current state, identify hot spots, and discern trends, providing insight into research in this field.

METHODS

TCM-based breast cancer treatment publications between 2003 and 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Duxiu databases. Visual analysis was performed using VOSviewer (V1.6.19) and CiteSpace (V6.3.R1) software. Examined metrics included the annual publication count, literature and journal, national and institutional contributions, author co-occurrence, keyword co-occurrence, keywords timeline, and keywords with citation bursts in this research field.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

A total of 1080 English publications and 2617 Chinese publications were included in the analysis. China was the leading contributor of publications. High-frequency keywords such as 'apoptosis', 'expression', 'in vivo', 'chemotherapy', 'triple-negative breast cancer', and 'lymphedema' were identified from English and Chinese publications; 'epithelial mesenchymal transition' and 'network pharmacology' emerged as hotspots. The development of modern science, technology, and in-depth research can result in broader prospects for the research and application of TCM in breast cancer treatment, resulting in more effective solutions for the treatment of breast cancer and other malignant tumors.

Ginsenoside Rg5 inhibits glioblastoma by activating ferroptosis via NR3C1/HSPB1/NCOA4

BACKGROUND

The utilization of Chinese medicine as an adjunctive therapy for cancer has recently gained significant attention. Ferroptosis, a newly regulated cell death process depending on the ferrous ions, has been proved to be participated in glioma stem cells inactivation.

PURPOSE

We aim to study whether ginsenoside Rg5 exerted inhibitory effects on crucial aspects of glioma stem cells, including cell viability, tumor initiation, invasion, self-renewal ability, neurosphere formation, and stemness.

METHODS

Through comprehensive sequencing analysis, we identified a compelling association between ginsenoside Rg5 and the ferroptosis pathway, which was further validated through subsequent experiments demonstrating its ability to activate this pathway.

RESULTS

To elucidate the precise molecular targets affected by ginsenoside Rg5 in gliomas, we conducted an intersection analysis between differentially expressed genes obtained from sequencing and a database-predicted list of transcription factors and potential targets of ginsenoside Rg5. This rigorous approach led us to unequivocally confirm NR3C1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1) as a direct target of ginsenoside Rg5, a finding consistently supported by subsequent experimental investigations. Moreover, we uncovered NR3C1's capacity to transcriptionally regulate ferroptosis -related genes HSPB1 and NCOA4. Strikingly, ginsenoside Rg5 induced notable alterations in the expression levels of both HSPB1 (Heat Shock Protein Family B Member 1) and NCOA4 (Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4). Finally, our intracranial xenograft assays served to reaffirm the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 on the malignant progression of glioblastoma.

CONCLUSION

These collective findings strongly suggest that ginsenoside Rg5 hampers glioblastoma progression by activating ferroptosis through NR3C1, which subsequently modulates HSPB1 and NCOA4. Importantly, this novel therapeutic direction holds promise for advancing the treatment of glioblastoma.

The role of exosome-shuttled miRNAs in heavy metal-induced peripheral tissues and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease

Heavy metal-induced neuroinflammation is a significant pathophysiologic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. Multiple miRNAs are differentially expressed in peripheral tissues after heavy metal exposure, and increasing evidence suggests that they are involved in AD progression by regulating microglial homeostasis. Exosomes, which are capable of loading miRNAs and crossing the bloodbrain barrier, serve as mediators of communication between peripheral tissues and the brain. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the link between miRNAs in peripheral tissues and neuroinflammation in AD after heavy metal exposure and propose a role for miRNAs in the microglial neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD) of AD. This study will help to elucidate the link between peripheral tissue damage and MGnD-mediated neuroinflammation in AD after heavy metal exposure. Additionally, we summarize the regulatory effects of natural compounds on peripheral tissue-derived miRNAs, which could be potential therapeutic targets for natural compounds to regulate peripheral tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs to ameliorate heavy metal-induced MGnD-mediated neuroinflammation in patients with AD after heavy metal exposure.

Utilizing network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal models to explore the therapeutic potential of the WenYang FuYuan recipe for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through AGE-RAGE and NF-κB/p38MAPK signaling pathway modulation

BACKGROUND

Stroke is a debilitating condition with high morbidity, disability, and mortality that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. In China, the WenYang FuYuan recipe is widely used to treat ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown, so exploring the potential mechanism of action of this formula is of great practical significance for stroke treatment.

OBJECTIVE

This study employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments to clarify the active ingredients, potential targets, and molecular mechanisms of the WenYang FuYuan recipe in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, with a view to providing a solid scientific foundation for the subsequent study of this recipe.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Active ingredients of the WenYang FuYuan recipe were screened using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform. Network pharmacology approaches were used to explore the potential targets and mechanisms of action of the WenYang FuYuan recipe for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion 2 h Sprague Dawley rat model was prepared, and TTC staining and modified neurological severity score were applied to examine the neurological deficits in rats. HE staining and Nissl staining were applied to examine the pathological changes in rats. Immunofluorescence labeling and Elisa assay were applied to examine the expression levels of certain proteins and associated factors, while qRT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to examine the expression levels of linked proteins and mRNAs in disease-related signaling pathways.

RESULTS

We identified 62 key active ingredients in the WenYang FuYuan recipe, with 222 highly significant I/R targets, forming 138 pairs of medication components and component-targets, with the top five being Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, β-sitosterol, and Stigmasterol. The key targets included TP53, RELA, TNF, STAT1, and MAPK14 (p38MAPK). Targets related to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were enriched in chemical responses, enzyme binding, endomembrane system, while enriched pathways included lipid and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications. In addition, the main five active ingredients and targets in the WenYang FuYuan recipe showed high binding affinity (e.g. Stigmasterol and MAPK14, total energy <-10.5 Kcal/mol). In animal experiments, the WenYang FuYuan recipe reduced brain tissue damage, increased the number of surviving neurons, and down-regulated S100β and RAGE protein expression. Moreover, the relative expression levels of key targets such as TP53, RELA and p38MAPK mRNA were significantly down-regulated in the WenYang FuYuan recipe group, and serum IL-6 and TNF-a factor levels were reduced. After WenYang FuYuan recipe treatment, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and downstream NF-kB/p38MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins were significantly modulated.

CONCLUSION

This study utilized network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments to identify the potential mechanism of the WenYang FuYuan recipe, which may be associated with the regulation of the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and the inhibition of target proteins and mRNAs in the downstream NF-kB/p38MAPK pathway.

28-day repeated-dose toxicity of orally administered Jinmao Jiedu granule in Sprague-Dawley rats

Jinmao Jiedu granule is a Chinese medicine preparation consisting of Actinidia valvata Dunn, Salvia chinensis Benth, Iphigenia indica Kunth, and chicken gizzard. For many years, it has been employed in adjuvant therapy for cancer, especially liver cancer. However, the potential toxicity of the granule has not been reported. The present study aimed to assess the repeated-dose toxicity of orally administered Jinmao Jiedu granules for Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats were orally administered Jinmao Jiedu granules at doses of 2.85, 5.70, and 11.40 g/kg in a 28-day subchronic toxicity study. No adverse clinical signs associated with treatment were noted throughout the experiment. There were no treatment-related toxicity alterations in body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, necropsy, and histopathology in rats compared with the control group. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of the Jinmao Jiedu granule was higher than 11.40 g/kg/day in rats.

Co-delivery of artemisinin and metformin via PEGylated niosomal nanoparticles: potential anti-cancer effect in treatment of lung cancer cells

PURPOSE

Despite the advances in treatment, lung cancer is a global concern and necessitates the development of new treatments. Biguanides like metformin (MET) and artemisinin (ART) have recently been discovered to have anti-cancer properties. As a consequence, in the current study, the anti-cancer effect of MET and ART co-encapsulated in niosomal nanoparticles on lung cancer cells was examined to establish an innovative therapy technique.

METHODS

Niosomal nanoparticles (Nio-NPs) were synthesized by thin-film hydration method, and their physicochemical properties were assessed by FTIR. The morphology of Nio-NPs was evaluated with FE-SEM and AFM. The MTT assay was applied to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of free MET, free ART, their encapsulated form with Nio-NPs, as well as their combination, on A549 cells. Apoptosis assay was utilized to detect the biological processes involved with programmed cell death. The arrest of cell cycle in response to drugs was assessed using a cell cycle assay. Following a 48-h drug treatment, the expression level of hTERT, Cyclin D1, BAX, BCL-2, Caspase 3, and 7 genes were assessed using the qRT-PCR method.

RESULTS

Both MET and ART reduced the survival rate of lung cancer cells in the dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of pure ART and MET were 195.2 μM and 14.6 mM, respectively while in nano formulated form their IC50 values decreased to 56.7 μM and 78.3 μM, respectively. The combination of MET and ART synergistically decreased the proliferation of lung cancer cells, compared to the single treatments. Importantly, the combination of MET and ART had a higher anti-proliferative impact against A549 lung cancer cells, with lower IC50 values. According to the result of Real-time PCR, hTERT, Cyclin D1, BAX, BCL-2, Caspase 3, and Caspase 7 genes expression were considerably altered in treated with combination of nano formulated MET and ART compared to single therapies.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed that the combination of MET and ART encapsulated in Nio-NPs could be useful for the treatment of lung cancer and can increase the efficiency of lung cancer treatment.

Schizandrin A enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU by promoting ferroptosis

Schizandrin A (Sch A) exert anticancer and multidrug resistance-reversing effects in a variety of tumors, but its effect on 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in gastric cancer (GC) cells remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the resistance-reversing effect of Schizandrin A and assess its mechanisms in 5-Fu-resistant GC cells.5-Fu-sensitive GC cells were treated with 5-Fu and 5-Fu-resistant GC cells AGS/5-Fu and SGC7901/5-Fu were were established. These cells were stimulated with Schizandrin A alone or co-treated with 5-Fu and their effect on tumor cell growth, proliferation, migration, invasion and ferroptosis-related metabolism were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. A number of additional experiments were conducted in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of increased ferroptosis. The results of our study suggest that Schizandrin A in combination with 5-Fu might be useful in treating GC by reverse drug resistance. It was shown that Schizandrin A coadministration suppressed metastasis and chemotherapy resistance in 5-Fu-resistant GC cells through facilitating the onset of ferroptosis, which is an iron-dependent form of cell death, which was further demonstrated in a xenograft nude mouse model. Mechanistically, Schizandrin A co-administration synergistically increased the expression of transferin receptor, thus iron accumulates within cells, leading to lipid peroxidation, which ultimately results in 5-Fu-resistant GC cells death. The results of this study have provided a novel strategy for increasing GC chemosensitivity, indicating Schizandrin A as a novel ferroptosis regulator. Mechanistically, ferroptosis is induced by Schizandrin A coadministration via increasing transferrin receptor expression.

Application of natural products in regulating ferroptosis in human diseases

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death caused by excessive iron-induced peroxidation. It has been found to be involved in a variety of diseases, and natural products can be used to target ferroptosis in treatments. Natural products are biologically active compounds extracted or synthesized from nature. It is an important resource for the discovery of skeletons with a high degree of structural diversity and a wide range of bioactivities, which can be developed directly or used as a starting point for the optimization of new drugs.

PURPOSE

In this review, we aim to discuss the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in the treatment of human diseases.

METHODS

Literature was searched in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for the 11-year period from 2012 to 2023 using the search terms "natural products", "ferroptosis", "human disease", "neurodegenerative disease", "cardiovascular disease", and "cancer".

RESULTS

In this research, the roles of natural products and ferroptosis were investigated. We suggest that natural products, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and saponins, can be used in therapeutic applications for human diseases, as well as in ferroptosis. Additionally, the main mechanisms of ferroptosis were summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose that natural products can be utilized to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis, thus helping to overcome drug resistance and inhibit metastasis. Moreover, natural products have the potential to modulate the expression levels of ferroptosis-related factors. Finally, the future directions of this field were highlighted.

CONCLUSION

The potential of natural products which focus on ferroptosis to treat human illnesses, particularly cancer, is very encouraging for human wellbeing.

CmBr confers fruit bitterness under CPPU treatment in melon

Many biotic or abiotic factors such as CPPU (N-(2-chloro-pyridin-4-yl)-N'-phenylurea), a growth regulator of numerous crops, can induce bitterness in cucurbits. In melon, cucurbitacin B is the major compound leading to bitterness. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CuB biosynthesis in response to different conditions remains unclear. Here, we identified a set of genes involved in CPPU-induced CuB biosynthesis in melon fruit and proposed CmBr gene as the major regulator. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we confirmed CmBr's role in regulating CuB biosynthesis under CPPU treatment. We further discovered a CPPU-induced MYB-related transcription factor, CmRSM1, which specifically binds to the Myb motif within the CmBr promoter and activates its expression. Moreover, we developed an introgression line by introducing the mutated Cmbr gene into an elite variety and eliminated CPPU-induced bitterness, demonstrating its potential application in breeding. This study offers a valuable tool for breeding high-quality non-bitter melon varieties and provides new insights into the regulation of secondary metabolites under environmental stresses.

Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A by diclofenac sodium induces apoptosis in HeLa cells through activation of AMPK

Cancer cells exhibit a unique metabolic preference for the glycolytic pathway over oxidative phosphorylation for maintaining the tumor microenvironment. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a key enzyme that facilitates glycolysis by converting pyruvate to lactate and has been shown to be upregulated in multiple cancers due to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Diclofenac (DCF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown to exhibit anticancer effects by interfering with the glucose metabolism pathway. However, the specific targets of this drug remain unknown. Using in silico, biochemical, and biophysical studies, we show that DCF binds to LDHA adjacent to the substrate binding site and inhibits its activity in a dose-dependent and allosteric manner in HeLa cells. Thus, DCF inhibits the hypoxic microenvironment and induces apoptosis-mediated cell death. DCF failed to induce cytotoxicity in HeLa cells when LDHA was knocked down, confirming that DCF exerts its antimitotic effects via LDHA inhibition. DCF-induced LDHA inhibition alters pyruvate, lactate, NAD+, and ATP production in cells, and this could be a possible mechanism through which DCF inhibits glucose uptake in cancer cells. DCF-induced ATP deprivation leads to mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress, which results in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis-mediated cell death. Reduction in intracellular ATP levels additionally activates the sensor kinase, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which further downregulates phosphorylated ribosomal S6 kinase (p-S6K), leading to apoptosis-mediated cell death. We find that in LDHA knocked down cells, intracellular ATP levels were depleted, resulting in the inhibition of p-S6K, suggesting the involvement of DCF-induced LDHA inhibition in the activation of the AMPK/S6K signaling pathway.

Potential Role and Mechanism of Mulberry Extract in Immune Modulation: Focus on Chemical Compositions, Mechanistic Insights, and Extraction Techniques

Mulberry is a rapidly growing plant that thrives in diverse climatic, topographical, and soil types, spanning temperature and temperate countries. Mulberry plants are valued as functional foods for their abundant chemical composition, serving as a significant reservoir of bioactive compounds like proteins, polysaccharides, phenolics, and flavonoids. Moreover, these compounds displayed potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation, and restoring elevated nitric oxide production induced by LPS stimulation through the downregulation of inducible NO synthase expression. Active components like oxyresveratrol found in Morus demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting leukocyte migration through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Gallic and chlorogenic acids in mulberry leaves (ML) powder-modulated TNF, IL-6, and IRS1 proteins, improving various inflammatory conditions by immune system modulation. As we delve deeper into understanding its anti-inflammatory potential and how it works therapeutically, it is crucial to refine the extraction process to enhance the effectiveness of its bioactive elements. Recent advancements in extraction techniques, such as solid-liquid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, superficial fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, are being explored. Among the extraction methods tested, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), UAE demonstrated superior efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from mulberry leaves. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the potential of mulberry as a natural immunomodulatory agent and provides insights into its mechanisms of action for future research and therapeutic applications.

Shikonin reduces M2 macrophage population in ovarian cancer by repressing exosome production and the exosomal galectin 3-mediated β-catenin activation

BACKGROUND

Shikonin (SK), a naphthoquinone with anti-tumor effects, has been found to decrease production of tumor-associated exosomes (exo). This study aims to verify the treatment effect of SK on ovarian cancer (OC) cells, especially on the production of exo and their subsequent effect on macrophage polarization.

METHODS

OC cells SKOV3 and A2780 were treated with SK. The exo were isolated from OC cells with or without SK treatment, termed OC exo and SK OC exo, respectively. These exo were used to treat PMA-induced THP-1 cells (M0 macrophages). M2 polarization of macrophages was determined by measuring the M2 specific cell surface markers CD163 and CD206 as well as the secretion of M2 cytokine IL-10. The functions of galectin 3 (LGALS3/GAL3) and β-catenin in macrophage polarization were determined by gain- or loss-of-function assays. CB-17 SCID mice were subcutaneously injected with SKOV3 cells to generate xenograft tumors, followed by OC exo or SK OC exo treatment for in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

SK suppressed viability, migration and invasion, and apoptosis resistance of OC cells in vitro. Compared to OC exo, SK OC exo reduced the M2 polarization of macrophages. Regarding the mechanism, SK reduced exo production in cancer cells, and it decreased the protein level of GAL3 in exo and recipient macrophages, leading to decreased β-catenin activation. M2 polarization of macrophages was restored by LGALS3 overexpression but decreased again by the β-catenin inhibitor FH535. Compared to OC exo, the SK OC exo treatment reduced the xenograft tumor growth in mice, and it decreased the M2 macrophage infiltration within tumor tissues.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that SK reduces M2 macrophage population in OC by repressing exo production and blocking exosomal GAL3-mediated β-catenin activation.

A Novel Tetramethylpyrazine Chalcone Hybrid- HCTMPPK, as a Potential Anti-Lung Cancer Agent by Downregulating MELK

Purpose

Lung adenocarcinoma currently ranks the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Many anti-inflammation herbs, like tetramethylpyrazine, have shown their anti-tumor potentials. Here, we evaluated the role of a novel chalcone derivative of tetramethylpyrazine ((E) -1- (E) -1- (2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) -3- (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) -2-propen-1, HCTMPPK) in lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods

The effects of HCTMPPK on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were investigated by in-vitro assays, including CCK-8, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay, and wound-healing assay. The therapeutic potential of HCTMPPK in vivo was evaluated in xenograft mice. To figure out the target molecules of HCTMPPK, a network pharmacology approach and molecular docking studies were employed, and subsequent experiments were conducted to confirm these candidate molecules.

Results

HCTMPPK effectively suppressed the proliferative activity and migration, as well as enhanced the apoptosis of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent with this, tumor growth was inhibited by HCTMPPK significantly in vivo. Regarding the mechanisms, HCTMPPK down-regulated Bcl-2 and MMP-9 and up-regulating Bax and cleaved-caspase-3. Subsequently, we identified 601 overlapping DEGs from LUAD patients in TCGA and GEO database. Then, 15 hub genes were identified by PPI network and CytoHubba. Finally, MELK was verified to be the HCTMPPK targeted site, through the molecular docking studies and validation experiments.

Conclusion

Overall, our study indicates HCTMPPK as a potential MELK inhibitor and may be a promising candidate for the therapy of lung cancer.

A review on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of sophocarpine

Sophocarpine is a natural compound that belongs to the quinolizidine alkaloid family, and has a long history of use and widespread distribution in traditional Chinese herbal medicines such as Sophora alopecuroides L., Sophora flavescens Ait., and Sophora subprostrata. This article aims to summarize the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of sophocarpine, evaluate its potential pharmacological effects in various diseases, and propose the necessity for further research and evaluation to promote its clinical application. A large number of studies have shown that it has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiviral, antiparasitic, anticancer, endocrine regulatory, and organ-protective effects as it modulates various signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK pathways. The distribution of sophocarpine in the body conforms to a two-compartment model, and sophocarpine can be detected in various tissues with a relatively short half-life. Although the pharmacological effects of sophocarpine have been confirmed, toxicity and safety assessments and reports on molecular mechanisms of its pharmacological actions have been limited. Given its significant pharmacological effects and potential clinical value, further research and evaluation are needed to promote the clinical application of sophocarpine.

Antitumor mechanisms and future clinical applications of the natural product triptolide

Triptolide (TPL) is a compound sourced from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., a traditional Chinese medicinal herb recognized for its impressive anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive, and antitumor qualities. Notwithstanding its favorable attributes, the precise mechanism through which TPL influences tumor cells remains enigmatic. Its toxicity and limited water solubility significantly impede the clinical application of TPL. We offer a comprehensive overview of recent research endeavors aimed at unraveling the antitumor mechanism of TPL in this review. Additionally, we briefly discuss current strategies to effectively manage the challenges associated with TPL in future clinical applications. By compiling this information, we aim to enhance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in TPL and identify potential avenues for further advancement in antitumor therapy.

Construction of CDKN2A-related competitive endogenous RNA network and identification of GAS5 as a prognostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is an innovative way of gene expression modulation, which plays a crucial part in neoplasia. However, the intricacy and behavioral characteristics of the ceRNA network in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain dismal.

AIM

To establish a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)-related ceRNA network and recognize potential prognostic indicators for HCC.

METHODS

The mutation landscape of CDKN2A in HCC was first explored using the cBioPortal database. Differential expression analysis was implemented between CDKN2Ahigh and CDKN2Alow expression HCC samples. The targeted microRNAs were predicted by lncBasev3.0, and the targeted mRNAs were predicted by miRDB, and Targetscan database. The univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized to identify independent prognostic indicators.

RESULTS

CDKN2A was frequently mutated and deleted in HCC. The single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that CDKN2A participated in cell cycle pathways. The CDKN2A-related ceRNA network-growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5)/miR-25-3p/SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) was successfully established. GAS5 was recognized as an independent prognostic biomarker, whose overexpression was correlated with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. The association between GAS5 expression and methylation, immune infiltration was explored. Besides, traditional Chinese medicine effective components targeting GAS5 were obtained.

CONCLUSION

This CDKN2A-related ceRNA network provides innovative insights into the molecular mechanism of HCC formation and progression. Moreover, GAS5 might be a significant prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

Quercetin inhibition of porcine intestinal alpha coronavirus in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Porcine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is one of the novel pathogens responsible for piglet diarrhea, contributing to substantial economic losses in the farming sector. The broad host range of SADS-CoV raises concerns regarding its potential for cross-species transmission. Currently, there are no effective means of preventing or treating SADS-CoV infection, underscoring the urgent need for identifying efficient antiviral drugs. This study focuses on evaluating quercetin as an antiviral agent against SADS-CoV.

RESULTS

In vitro experiments showed that quercetin inhibited SADS-CoV proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, targeting the adsorption and replication stages of the viral life cycle. Furthermore, quercetin disrupts the regulation of the P53 gene by the virus and inhibits host cell cycle progression induced by SADS-CoV infection. In vivo experiments revealed that quercetin effectively alleviated the clinical symptoms and intestinal pathological damage caused by SADS-CoV-infected piglets, leading to reduced expression levels of inflammatory factors such as TLR3, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, this study provides compelling evidence that quercetin has great potential and promising applications for anti- SADS-CoV action.

Oridonin inhibits bladder cancer survival and immune escape by covalently targeting HK1

BACKGROUND

Hexokinase I (HK1) is highly expressed in a variety of malignancies, regulates glycolytic pathway in cancer cells, and thus considered to be one of the promising molecular targets for cancer therapy. Nonetheless, the development of a specific inhibitor against HK1 remains elusive.

PURPOSE

This study aims to elucidate the mechanism by which oridonin inhibits the proliferation and immune evasion of bladder cancer cells, specifically through the suppression of HK1.

METHODS

To examine the mechanisms by which oridonin directly binds to cysteines of HK1 and inhibits bladder cancer growth, this study utilized a variety of methods. These included the Human Proteome Microarray, Streptavidin-agarose affinity assay, Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) ainding analysis, Mass Spectrometry, Cellular Thermal Shift Assay, Extracellular Acidification Rate measurement, and Xenotransplant mouse models.

RESULTS

As indicated by our current findings, oridonin forms a covalent bond with Cys-813, located adjacently to glucose-binding domain of HK1. This suppresses the enzymatic activity of HK1, leading to an effective reduction of glycolysis, which triggers cell death via apoptosis in cells derived from human bladder cancer. Significantly, oridonin also inhibits lactate-induced PD-L1 expression in bladder cancer. Furthermore, pairing oridonin with a PD-L1 inhibitor amplifies the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells against bladder cancer.

CONCLUSION

This research strongly suggests that oridonin serves as a covalent inhibitor of HK1. Moreover, it indicates that functional cysteine residue of HK1 could operate as viable targets for selective inhibition. Consequently, oridonin exhibits substantial potential for the evolution of anti-cancer agents targeting the potential therapeutic target HK1 via metabolism immunomodulation.

Anti-breast cancer activity of the essential oil from grapefruit mint (Mentha suaveolens × piperita)

Grapefruit mint (Mentha suaveolens × piperita) is a hybrid, perennial, and aromatic plant widely cultivated all over the world and used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries mostly for its valuable essential oil. Herein, we evaluated the anticancer activity of the grapefruit mint essential oil, cultivated in Iran. For the chemical composition analysis of essential oil, GC-MS was used. MTT assay was utilized for assessing the cytotoxic activity of the essential oil. The type of cell death was determined by annexin V/PI staining. Essential oil effect on the expression of maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a regulatory lncRNA involved in cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis, was studied using qRT-PCR. Linalool (43.9%) and linalool acetate (40.1%) were identified as the dominant compounds of essential oil. Compared with MCF-7, the MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to essential oil (IC50 = 7.6 μg/ml in MCF-7 and 5.9 μg/ml in MDA-MB-231 after 48 h). Essential oil induced cell death by apoptosis. Wound healing scratch assay confirmed the anti-invasive effect of essential oil. In addition, essential oil upregulated the tumor suppressor MEG3 in breast cancer cells. These results provide new insights into grapefruit mint essential oil potential application as an anticancer adjuvant in combination treatments for breast cancer patients.

Gaillardin exerts potent antileukemic effects on HL-60 cells and intensifies arsenic trioxide cytotoxicity: Providing new insight into sesquiterpene lactones in leukaemia treatment

The use of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide resulted in favourable therapeutic responses in standard-risk acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) patients. However, resistance to these agents has made treating the high-risk subgroup more problematic, and possible side effects limit their clinical dosages. Numerous studies have proven the cytotoxic properties of Gaillardin, one of the Inula oculus-christi-derived sesquiterpene lactones. Due to the adverse effects of arsenic trioxide on the high-risk subgroup of APL patients, we aimed to assess the cytotoxic effect of Gaillardin on HL-60 cells as a single or combined-form approach. The results of the trypan blue and MTT assays outlined the potent cytotoxic properties of Gaillardin. The flow cytometric analysis and the mRNA expression levels revealed that Gaillardin attenuated the proliferative capacity of HL-60 cells through cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, the results of synergistic experiments indicated that this sesquiterpene lactone sensitizes HL-60 cells to the cytotoxic effects of arsenic trioxide. Taken together, the findings of the present investigation highlighted the antileukemic characteristics of Gaillardin by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptosis. Gaillardin acts as an antileukemic metabolite against HL-60 cells and this study provides new insight into treating APL patients, especially in the high-risk subgroup.

Traditional Chinese medicine and its active substances reduce vascular injury in diabetes via regulating autophagic activity

Due to its high prevalence, poor prognosis, and heavy burden on healthcare costs, diabetic vascular complications have become a significant public health issue. Currently, the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced vascular complications remain incompletely understood. Autophagy, a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, maintains intracellular homeostasis and energy balance via removing protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and exogenous pathogens. Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to vascular abnormalities in various types of blood vessels, including both microvessels and large vessels, under diabetic conditions. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) possesses the characteristics of "multiple components, multiple targets and multiple pathways," and its safety has been demonstrated, particularly with minimal toxicity in liver and kidney. Thus, TCM has gained increasing attention from researchers. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that Chinese herbal medicine and its active compounds can improve vascular damage in diabetes by regulating autophagy. Based on this background, this review summarizes the classification, occurrence process, and related molecular mechanisms of autophagy, with a focus on discussing the role of autophagy in diabetic vascular damage and the protective effects of TCM and its active compounds through the regulation of autophagy in diabetes. Moreover, we systematically elucidate the autophagic mechanisms by which TCM formulations, individual herbal extracts, and active compounds regulate diabetic vascular damage, thereby providing new candidate drugs for clinical treatment of vascular complications in diabetes. Therefore, further exploration of TCM and its active compounds with autophagy-regulating effects holds significant research value for achieving targeted therapeutic approaches for diabetic vascular complications.

Tianhuang formula ameliorates liver fibrosis by inhibiting CCL2-CCR2 axis and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In the progression of chronic liver diseases, liver fibrosis is a reversible pathophysiologic event for liver diseases prognosis and risk of cirrhosis. Liver injury factors of different etiologies mediate this process. There is still a lack of effective medications for treating liver fibrosis. Additionally, the ameliorative effects of traditional herbs on liver fibrosis have been commonly reported. Tianhuang formula (THF) is a drug combination consisting of 2 traditional Chinese herbs, which has been showing significant improvement in metabolic liver diseases. However, the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of THF in ameliorating liver fibrosis are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the effects of THF on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced and methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced liver fibrosis model and to reveal the potential mechanisms. It can provide experimental evidence for THF as a therapeutic candidate for liver fibrosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, CCl4-induced mice were treated with THF (80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg) or Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsules (4.8 g/kg) for 6 weeks. MCD-induced mice received the same doses of THF or FZHY for 4 weeks. FZHY is used as a comparative study in these two models. Following that, using kit reagents detected changes in relevant serum and liver biochemical indicators. Histological changes in mouse liver were measured by staining of H&E and Sirius Red. The markers expression of liver fibrosis and inflammation were detected using qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining analysis. The potential regulatory mechanism of THF to ameliorate liver fibrosis was performed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Finally, the analysis results were verified by immunofluorescence co-staining, qRT-PCR and western blotting.

RESULTS

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels in CCl4 and MCD-induced liver fibrosis mice were significantly improved after THF treatment. Meanwhile, the expression of fibrosis and inflammation markers were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, THF downregulated the expression of the macrophage marker CD68. According to RNA-sequencing analysis, we found the CCL2-CCR2 axis and MAPK/NF-κB as the potential signaling pathway for THF against liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that THF ameliorated liver injury, inflammation and fibrotic process by inhibiting CCL2-CCR2 axis and its downstream MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Research progress in the preparation, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicines are tremendous sources of polysaccharides, which are of great interest in the human welfare system as natural medicines, food, and cosmetics. This review aims to highlight the recent trends in extraction (conventional and non-conventional), purification and analytic techniques of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs), and the chemical structure, biological activities (anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, intestinal flora regulation, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and other activities), and the underlying mechanisms of polysaccharides extracted from 76 diverse traditional Chinese medicines were compared and discussed. With this wide coverage, a total of 164 scientific articles were searched from the database including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network. This comprehensive survey from previous reports indicates that TCMPs are non-toxic, highly biocompatible, and good biodegradability. Besides, this review highlights that TCMPs may be excellent functional factors and effective therapeutic drugs. Finally, the current problems and future research advances of TCMPs are also introduced. New valuable insights for the future researches regarding TCMPs are also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Echinatin inhibits tumor growth and synergizes with chemotherapeutic agents against human bladder cancer cells by activating p38 and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathways

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urinary system. Due to the poor prognosis and high mortality rate of the disease, it is urgent to develop new drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity to treat BC. Echinatin (Ecn) is a bioactive natural flavonoid oflicorice that has attracted special attention for its promising anti-tumor potential. Herein, we explored the inhibitory effects of Echinatin on BC cells and probed the possible molecular mechanism. We found that Ecnin vitro inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion, arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and promoted apoptosis in BC cells. Besides, Ecn had no notable cytotoxicity towards human normal cells. We subsequently confirmed that Ecn restrained xenograft tumor growth and metastasis of BC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, Ecn activated the p38 signaling pathway but inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, while over-expression of β-catenin and the p38 inhibitor both attenuated the inhibitory effects of Ecn on BC cells. Remarkably, Ecn combined with cisplatin (DDP) or gemcitabine (Gem) had synergistic inhibitory effects on BC cells. In summary, our results validate that Ecn inhibits the tumor growth of human BC cells via p38 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. More meaningfully, our results suggest a potential strategy to enhance DDP- or Gem-induced inhibitory effects on BC cells by combining with Ecn.

Novel nano-drug delivery system for natural products and their application

The development of natural products for potential new drugs faces obstacles such as unknown mechanisms, poor solubility, and limited bioavailability, which limit the broadened applicability of natural products. Therefore, there is a need for advanced pharmaceutical formulations of active compounds or natural products. In recent years, novel nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) for natural products, including nanosuspensions, nanoliposomes, micelle, microemulsions/self-microemulsions, nanocapsules, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have been developed to improve solubility, bioavailability, and tissue distribution as well as for prolonged retention and enhanced permeation. Here, we updated the NDDS delivery systems used for natural products with the potential enhancement in therapeutic efficiency observed with nano-delivery systems.

Medicarpin suppresses lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are considered dominant treatment strategies for LC in the clinic. However, drug resistance and meta-stasis are two major challenges in cancer therapies. Medicarpin (MED) is an isoflavone compound isolated from alfalfa, which is usually used in traditional medicine. This study was de sig ned to evaluate the anti-LC effect and reveal the underlying mechanisms of MED in vivo and in vitro. We found that MED could significantly inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of A549 and H157 cell lines. Basically, MED induced cell apoptosis of LC cells by upregu lating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and Bak1, leading to the cleavage of caspase-3 (Casp3). Moreover, MED inhibited the proliferation of LC cells via downregulating the expression of proliferative protein Bid. Overall, MED inhibited LC cell growth in vitro and in vivo via suppressing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis, suggesting the therapeutic potential of MED in treating LC.

ThermomiR-377-3p-induced suppression of Cirbp expression is required for effective elimination of cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells by hyperthermia

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the development of adjunctive therapeutic hyperthermia for cancer therapy has received considerable attention. However, the mechanisms underlying hyperthermia resistance are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of cold‑inducible RNA binding protein (Cirbp) in regulating hyperthermia resistance and underlying mechanisms in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

METHODS

CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, tumor sphere formation assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot were employed to examine the effects of hyperthermia (HT), HT + oridonin(Ori) or HT + radiotherapy (RT) on the proliferation and stemness of NPC cells. RNA sequencing was applied to gain differentially expressed genes upon hyperthermia. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were used to evaluate the effects of RNAi-mediated Cirbp silencing or Cirbp overexpression on the sensitivity or resistance of NPC cells and cancer stem-like cells to hyperthermia by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, tumorsphere formation assay and apoptosis assay, and in subcutaneous xenograft animal model. miRNA transient transfection and luciferase reporter assay were used to demonstrate that Cirbp is a direct target of miR-377-3p. The phosphorylation levels of key members in ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

Our results firstly revealed that hyperthermia significantly attenuated the stemness of NPC cells, while combination treatment of hyperthermia and oridonin dramatically increased the killing effect on NPC cells and cancer stem cell (CSC)‑like population. Moreover, hyperthermia substantially improved the sensitivity of radiation‑resistant NPC cells and CSC‑like cells to radiotherapy. Hyperthermia noticeably suppressed Cirbp expression in NPC cells and xenograft tumor tissues. Furthermore, Cirbp inhibition remarkably boosted anti‑tumor‑killing activity of hyperthermia against NPC cells and CSC‑like cells, whereas ectopic expression of Cirbp compromised tumor‑killing effect of hyperthermia on these cells, indicating that Cirbp overexpression induces hyperthermia resistance. ThermomiR-377-3p improved the sensitivity of NPC cells and CSC‑like cells to hyperthermia in vitro by directly suppressing Cirbp expression. More importantly, our results displayed the significantly boosted sensitization of tumor xenografts to hyperthermia by Cirbp silencing in vivo, but ectopic expression of Cirbp almost completely counteracted hyperthermia-mediated tumor cell-killing effect against tumor xenografts in vivo. Mechanistically, Cirbp silencing-induced inhibition of DNA damage repair by inactivating ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways, decrease in stemness and increase in cell death contributed to hyperthermic sensitization; conversely, Cirbp overexpression-induced promotion of DNA damage repair, increase in stemness and decrease in cell apoptosis contributed to hyperthermia resistance.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for Cirbp in positively regulating hyperthermia resistance and suggest that thermomiR-377-3p and its target gene Cirbp represent promising targets for therapeutic hyperthermia.

Genus Helleborus: a comprehensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications

The genus Helleborus belongs to the Ranunculaceae family, distributed in southeastern Europe and western Asia. In folk medicine, it is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine for rheumatoid arthritis and bruises. Through reviewing recent articles, it was found that two hundred and twenty-six compounds have been isolated and identified from the genus Helleborus. These compounds include steroids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, anthraquinones, phenolics and others. Among them, the main chemical constituents are steroids. Pharmacological studies show Helleborus has anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This article reviews the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of the genus Helleborus. Hopefully, it will provide a reference for in-depth research and exploitation of the genus Helleborus.

Molecular mechanism of Spatholobi Caulis treatment for cholangiocarcinoma based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of malignant tumor originating from the intrahepatic, periportal, or distal biliary system. The treatment means for CCA is limited, and its prognosis is poor. Spatholobi Caulis (SC) is reported to have effects on anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, but its role in CCA is unclear. First, the potential molecular mechanism of SC for CCA treatment was explored based on network pharmacology, and the core targets were verified by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Then, we explored the inhibitory effect of SC on the malignant biological behavior of CCA in vitro and in vivo and also explored the related signaling pathways. The effect of combination therapy of SC and cisplatin (DDP) in CCA was also explored. Finally, we conducted a network pharmacological study and simple experimental verification on luteolin, one of the main components of SC. Network pharmacology analysis showed that the core targets of SC on CCA were AKT1, CASP3, MYC, TP53, and VEGFA. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicated a good combination between the core target protein and the corresponding active ingredients. In vitro, SC inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CCA cells. In vivo experiments, the results were consistent with in vitro experiments, and there was no significant hepatorenal toxicity of SC at our dosage. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, we found PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might be the main signaling pathway of SC action on CCA by using AKT agonist SC79. To explore whether SC was related to the chemotherapy sensitivity of CCA, we found that SC combined with DDP could more effectively inhibit the progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Finally, we found luteolin may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of CCA cells. Our study demonstrates for the first time that SC inhibits the progression of CCA by suppressing EMT through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and SC could enhance the effectiveness of cisplatin therapy for CCA.

Determination of Medicago orbicularis Antioxidant, Antihemolytic, and Anti-Cancerous Activities and Its Augmentation of Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

The anti-lung cancer properties of the plant Medicago orbicularis have not been explored yet. Therefore, we identified its phytochemical composition and investigated the antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancerous properties of extracts of this plant in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The results show that all parts of M. orbicularis (stems, leaves, and fruits) exhibit remarkable hemolytic activities and modest antioxidant capacity. In addition, all extracts showed a dose-dependent anti-cancerous cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with fruit extracts being the most potent. This cytotoxic effect could be related, at least partly, to the induction of apoptosis, where M. orbicularis fruit extracts reduced the ratio of anti-apoptotic BCL-2/pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby promoting cellular death. Furthermore, the use of M. orbicularis, in combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, was assessed. Indeed, the combination of cisplatin and M. orbicularis fruit extracts was more cytotoxic and induced more aggregation of A549 cells than either treatment alone. GC-MS analysis and total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination indicated that M. orbicularis is rich in compounds that have anti-cancerous effects. We propose M. orbicularis as a potential source of anti-cancerous agents to manage the progression of lung cancer and its resistance to therapy.

Mechanism of gambogic acid repressing invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer by regulating macrophage polarization via tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicle-shuttled miR-21

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Gambogic acid (GA) is a promising antitumor drug for treating CRC. We aimed to elucidate its mechanism in CRC invasion/metastasis via tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicle (EV)-carried miR-21. Nude mice peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) model was subjected to GA treatment liver collection, followed by observation/counting of metastatic liver tissues/liver metastatic nodules by hematoxylin and eosin staining. miR-21 expression in metastatic liver tissues/CD68 + CD86, CD68 + CD206 cell percentages and M2 macrophage marker CD206 level in tumor tissues/interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 levels were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)/flow cytometry/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HT-29 cells were treated with GA/miR-21 mimics/negative control for 48 h. miR-21 expression/cell proliferation/migration/invasion/apoptosis were assessed by RT-qPCR/cell counting kit-8/scratch assay/transwell assay/flow cytometry. EVs were extracted from HT-29 cells and identified by transmission electron microscope/nanoparticle tracking analysis/Western blot. IL-4/IL-13-induced macrophages/PC nude mice were treated with GA and EVs, with the internalization of EVs by macrophages assessed through the uptake test. After intraperitoneal injection of GA, PC nude mice exhibited decreased tumor cell density/irregular cell number/liver metastatic nodule number/miR-21 expression, and CRC cells manifested reduced CD68 + CD206 cells/IL-10/miR-21/proliferation/migration/invasion and increased CD68 + CD86 cells/IL-12/apoptosis, while these trends were opposite after miR-21 overexpression, implying that GA curbed CRC/cell invasion/metastasis and macrophage polarization by diminishing miR-21 levels. miR-21 was encapsulated in HT-29 cell-derived EVs. M2 polarization elevated CD206 cells/IL-10, which were decreased by simultaneous GA treatment. EVs could be uptaken by macrophages. CRC cell-EV-miR-21 annulled the suppression effects of GA on macrophage M2 polarization. GA suppressed macrophage M2 polarization by lessening tumor cell derived-EV-shuttled miR-21, thereby weakening CRC invasion/metastasis.

A review of natural products targeting tumor immune microenvironments for the treatment of lung cancer

Lung cancer (LC) produces some of the most malignant tumors in the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), a component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are critical in tumor development, immune escape, and drug resistance. The TIME is composed of various immune cells, immune cytokines, etc, which are important biological characteristics and determinants of tumor progression and outcomes. In this paper, we reviewed the recently published literature and discussed the potential uses of natural products in regulating TIME. We observed that a total of 37 natural compounds have been reported to exert anti-cancer effects by targeting the TIME. In different classes of natural products, terpenoids are the most frequently mentioned compounds. TAMs are one of the most investigated immune cells about therapies with natural products in TIME, with 9 natural products acting through it. 17 natural products exhibit anti-cancer properties in LC by modulating PD-1 and PD-L1 protein activity. These natural products have been extensively evaluated in animal and cellular LC models, but their clinical trials in LC patients are lacking. Based on the current review, we have revealed that the mechanisms of LC can be treated with natural products through TIME intervention, resulting in a new perspective and potential therapeutic drugs.

Infection of PRRSV inhibits CSFV C-strain replication by inducing macrophages polarization to M1

It is a common sense that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection could cause immune failure of classical swine fever (CSF) vaccine, and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the target cells of both. To elucidate the role of macrophage polarization in PRRSV infection induced CSF vaccine failure, an immortal porcine alveolar macrophage line PAM39 cell line was used to investigate the effect of PRRSV or/and CSFV C-strain (CSFV-C) infection on macrophage polarization in vitro. Interestingly, PRRSV single infection or PRRSV co-infection with CSFV-C promoted PAM39 cells to M1, while CSFV-C single infection induced PAM39 cells to M2. After the construction of M1 and M2 PAM39 cells polarization models, M1 polarized PAM39 cells were found to inhibit the replication of CSFV-C, and Chinese medicine such as matrine, ginsenosides and astragalus polysaccharides could alleviate the polarization of PAM39 cells and the replication of CSFV-C. Furthermore, interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) co-stimulation induced NF-κB activation while matrine treatment blocked M1 polarization-induced NF-κB pathway activation. These findings provided a theoretical basis for designing a new strategy to improve the immune effect of CSFV-C based on porcine alveolar macrophage polarization subtypes.

Enhancing the therapeutic potential of curcumin: a novel nanoformulation for targeted anticancer therapy to colorectal cancer with reduced miR20a and miR21 expression

Curcumin (Cur) possesses remarkable pharmacological properties, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, the utilization of Cur in pharmaceuticals faces constraints owing to its inadequate water solubility and limited bioavailability. To overcome these hurdles, there has been notable focus on exploring innovative formulations, with nanobiotechnology emerging as a promising avenue to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of these complex compounds. We report a novel safe, effective method for improving the incorporation of anticancer curcumin to induce apoptosis by reducing the expression levels of miR20a and miR21. The established method features three aspects that, to our knowledge, have not been formally verified: (1) use of a novel formula to incorporate curcumin, (2) use of all biocompatible biodegradable materials to produce this formula without leaving harmful residues, and (3) an incorporation process at temperatures of approximately 50 °C. The formula was prepared from lecithin (LE), and chitosan (CH) with an eco-friendly emulsifying agent and olive oil as the curcumin solvent. The formula was converted to nanoscale through ultrasonication and probe sonication at a frequency of 20 kHz. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the nano formula was spherical in shape with sizes ranging between 49.7 nm in diameter and negative zeta potentials ranging from 28 to 34 mV. Primers miR20a and miR21 were designed for molecular studies. Nearly complete curcumin with an encapsulation efficiency of 91.1% was established using a straight-line equation. The nano formula incorporated with curcumin was used to prepare formulations that exhibited anticancer activities. The apoptosis pathway in cancer cells was activated by the minimum inhibitory concentration of the nano formula. These findings suggest the potential of this nanoformulation as an effective and selective cancer treatment that does not affect the normal cells.

Network pharmacology combined with experimental verification to explore the potential mechanism of naringenin in the treatment of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Traditional treatment methods have become limited. Naringenin, a flavonoid abundant in various fruits and herbal medicines, has demonstrated anti-tumor properties among other effects. This research undertook to elucidate the mechanism of naringenin in the context of cervical cancer treatment by leveraging network pharmacology and performing experimental validation. Initial steps involved predicting potential naringenin targets and subsequently screening for overlaps between these targets and those related to cervical cancer, followed by analysis of their interrelationships. Molecular docking was subsequently utilized to verify the binding effect of the central target. Within the framework of network pharmacology, it was discovered that naringenin might possess anti-cancer properties specific to cervical cancer. Following this, the anti-tumor effects of naringenin on Hela cell viability, migration, and invasion were assessed employing CCK-8, transwell, wound healing assays, and western blotting. Experimental data indicated that naringenin attenuates the migration and invasion of Hela cells via downregulation EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Thus, our findings suggest that naringenin has therapeutic impacts on cervical cancer via multiple mechanisms, primarily by inhibiting the migration and invasion through the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This study offers fresh insights for future clinical studies.

Silibinin suppresses glioblastoma cell growth, invasion, stemness, and glutamine metabolism by YY1/SLC1A5 pathway

Background

Silibinin has been found to inhibit glioblastoma (GBM) progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which Silibinin regulates GBM process remains unclear.

Methods

GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and stemness are assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay, and sphere formation assay. Western blot is used to measure the protein expression levels of apoptosis-related markers, solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5), and Yin Yang-1 (YY1). Glutamine consumption, glutamate production, and α-ketoglutarate production are detected to evaluate glutamine metabolism in cells. Also, SLC1A5 and YY1 mRNA levels are examined using quantitative real-time PCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay are used to detect the interaction between YY1 and SLC1A5. Mice xenograft models are constructed to explore Silibinin roles in vivo.

Results

Silibinin inhibits GBM cell proliferation, invasion, stemness, and glutamine metabolism, while promotes apoptosis. SLC1A5 is upregulated in GBM and its expression is decreased by Silibinin. SLC1A5 overexpression abolishes the anti-tumor effect of Silibinin in GBM cells. Transcription factor YY1 binds to SLC1A5 promoter region to induce SLC1A5 expression, and the inhibition effect of YY1 knockdown on GBM cell growth, invasion, stemness, and glutamine metabolism can be reversed by SLC1A5 overexpression. In addition, Silibinin reduces GBM tumor growth by regulating YY1/SLC1A5 pathway.

Conclusion

Silibinin plays an anti-tumor role in GBM process, which may be achieved via inhibiting YY1/SLC1A5 pathway.

Rapid identification of the compounds of Bushen Huoxue Prescription based on offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and molecular network technology

The comprehensive and efficient characterization of components in traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for elucidating its active constituents and uncovering its mechanism. Identifying the compounds of the Bushen Huoxue Prescription (BHP) is difficult because of its complex composition and the large difference in concentration among its compounds. In this study, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with reversed-phase LC (HILIC × RPLC) offline 2D-LC tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry method was established to analyze the total compounds of the BHP. Database screening and molecular networking were performed to identify the compounds. In contrast to conventional 1D chromatography, 2D chromatography increased peak capacity, enriched trace ingredients, and prevented the masking of high-abundance compounds. A total of 165 compounds were identified, and 14 potential compounds needed to be further identified. This study provided an effective method for comprehensively analyzing the complex system of traditional Chinese medicine compounds.

Melinjo Seeds (Gnetum gnemon L.) Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: A Study Based on Tracing of Resveratrol Compound

Introduction

Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. One of the polyphenols, namely, resveratrol, has been proven to have anticancer activity. Melinjo seeds which contain resveratrol need to be tested for their potential as an anti-breast cancer agent. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of melinjo seeds based on solvent variations and resveratrol tracing.

Methods

Extraction of melinjo seeds was performed using the soxhletation method. Antioxidant test was performed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil method. The in vitro cytotoxic test was carried out using the microtetrazolium method. Cytotoxic test was carried out on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a concentration range of melinjo seeds between 31,25 and 1000 μg/mL. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials are expressed in inhibitory concentration (IC)50 values. Resveratrol was traced using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC).

Results

Melinjo seed ethanol extract provided the largest total phenolics (126,154 ± 0,865 mg GAE/g sample) and total flavonoids (44,576 ± 0,611 mg QE/g sample) among all solvent fractions. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds from ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction was 263,307 ppm, 317,595 ppm, 160,878 ppm, and 181,159 ppm, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (94.6 μg/mL) among all extracts and solvent fractions. Prep-HPLC showed that the ethanol extract of melinjo seeds contained resveratrol, while the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of melinjo seeds were thought to contain resveratrol derivatives.

Conclusion

The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds showed a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, which varied based on solvent polarity and total phenolic and total flavonoid. The ethyl acetate fraction which is thought to contain resveratrol derivatives provides the most potent antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect. These results indicate that melinjo seeds containing resveratrol and its derivatives have the potential for anticancer of the breast. Further studies are still needed in determining the structure of resveratrol compounds and their derivatives to ensure their biological activity and mechanism of action.

Regulation of the Notch signaling pathway by natural products for cancer therapy

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that modulates normal biological processes involved in cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and stem cell self-renewal in a context-dependent fashion. Attributed to its pleiotropic physiological roles, both overexpression and silencing of the pathway are associated with the emergence, progression, and poorer prognosis in various types of cancer. To decrease disease incidence and promote survival, targeting Notch may have chemopreventive and anti-cancer effects. Natural products with profound historical origins have distinguished themselves from other therapies due to their easy access, high biological compatibility, low toxicity, and reliable effects at specific physiological sites in vivo. This review describes the Notch signaling pathway, particularly its normal activation process, and some main illnesses related to Notch signaling pathway dysregulation. Emphasis is placed on the effects and mechanisms of natural products targeting the Notch signaling pathway in diverse cancer types, including curcumin, ellagic acid (EA), resveratrol, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, and xanthohumol and so on. Existing evidence indicates that natural products are feasible solution to fight against cancer by targeting Notch signaling, either alone or in combination with current therapeutic agents.

Efficacy and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicines as a Complementary Therapy Combined With Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Gastric Cancer: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

BACKGROUND

In China, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), as a complementary therapy combined with chemotherapy, is widely used in the treatment of gastric cancer (GC). In order to systematically evaluate and synthesize existing evidence to provide a scientific basis for the efficacy and safety of this complementary therapy, we present an overview of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) on the topic of TCMs as a complementary therapy in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of GC.

METHODS

SRs/MAs on TCMs combined with chemotherapy for GC were comprehensively searched in 8 databases. Methodological quality, risk of bias, reporting quality, and quality of evidence were assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the Risk of Bias in Systematic (ROBIS) scale, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 (PRISMA 2020), as well as the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system.

RESULTS

Thirteen published SRs/MAs were included in our study. In terms of methodology, all SRs/MAs were considered to be of very low quality. Only 3 SRs/MAs has been assessed as low risk of bias. None of the SRs/MAs has been fully reported on the checklist. A total of 97 outcome indicators extracted from the included SRs/MAs were evaluated, and only 1 item was assessed as high quality.

CONCLUSIONS

TCMs may be an effective and safe complementary therapy in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of GC. However, this conclusion must be treated with caution as the quality of the evidence provided by SRs/MAs is generally low.

β-elemene enhances cisplatin sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells via the miR-17-5p/STAT3 axis

In China, β-elemene, a sesquiterpene compound derived from Curcuma wenyujin, is clinically used to treat many human malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nonetheless, the role of β-elemene in regulating cisplatin sensitivity of NSCLC cells and the related mechanisms are not clear. This study was conducted to investigate the role of β-elemene in sensitizing NSCLC cells to cisplatin. In this work, cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell lines were constructed. CCK-8, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays were executed to examine cell viability, growth, and apoptosis. MiR-17-5p and STAT3 expression levels in cells were detected by qRT-PCR. Western blot was executed to determine the expression levels of STAT3 and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) in the cells. Dual-luciferase reporter gene experiments were performed to verify the targeting relationship between miR-17-5p and STAT3. Herein, we report that, β-elemene inhibits the viability, and induces the apoptosis of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. Additionally, β-elemene induces the upregulation miR-17-5p and downregulation of STAT3. STAT3 is validated to be a target of miR-17-5p in NSCLC cells. Additionally, the role of β-elemene to repress the viability of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells is partially counteracted by miR-17-5p inhibitor or STAT3 overexpression. In summary, our study suggests that β-elemene enhances cisplatin sensitivity of NSCLC cells by modulating miR-17-5p/STAT3 axis, and it may be a choice for the complementary treatment of NSCLC patients.

Bioactive compounds from Actinidia arguta fruit as a new strategy to fight glioblastoma

In recent years, there has been a significant demand for natural products as a mean of disease prevention or as an alternative to conventional medications. The driving force for this change is the growing recognition of the abundant presence of valuable bioactive compounds in natural products. On recent years Actinia arguta fruit, also known as kiwiberry, has attracted a lot of attention from scientific community due to its richness in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamins, carotenoids and fiber. These bioactive compounds contribute to the fruit's diverse outstanding biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. Due to these properties, the fruit may have the potential to be used in the treatment/prevention of various types of cancer, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, displaying 90 % of recurrence rate within a span of 2 years. Despite the employment of an aggressive approach, the prognosis remains unfavorable, emphasizing the urgent requirement for the development of new effective treatments. The preclinical evidence suggests that kiwiberry has potential impact on glioblastoma by reducing the cancer self-renewal, modulating the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the cell phenotype and metabolism, and influencing the consolidation of the tumor microenvironment. Even though, challenges such as the imprecise composition and concentration of bioactive compounds, and its low bioavailability after oral administration may be drawbacks to the development of kiwiberry-based treatments, being urgent to ensure the safety and efficacy of kiwiberry for the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma. This review aims to highlight the potential impact of A. arguta bioactive compounds on glioblastoma, providing novel insights into their applicability as complementary or alternative therapies.

Therapeutic effect and metabolic fingerprinting of triple-negative breast cancer cells following exposure to a novel pH-responsive, gambogic acid-loaded micelle

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and lacks effective therapeutic targets. The use of gambogic acid (GA), a class of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine with anti-tumour potential, is limited in tumour therapy owing to its drawbacks and unclear organ toxicity. In this study, we used the pH-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer, PEOz-PCL, to create nanodrugs for GA delivery to MDA-MB-231 cells. The pH-responsive GA-loaded micelles were prepared through nanoprecipitation with a more homogeneous size. The average particle size was 42.29 ± 1.74 nm, and the zeta potential value was 9.88 ± 0.17 mV. The encapsulation rate was 85.06%, and the drug loading rate was 10.63%. The process was reproducible, and sustained release reached 80% in 96 h at acid pH 5.0. Furthermore, cellular tests using CCK-8, TUNEL, and flow cytometry revealed that pH-responsive GA-loaded micelles killed MDA-MB-231 cells more effectively and had much higher activity and targeting compared with free drugs. Metabolomic analysis of the changes in differential metabolites revealed that pH-responsive GA-loaded micelles may inhibit TNBC cells by causing amino acid anabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and glucose metabolism, as well as by affecting their energy sources. The study outcomes will help understand the mechanism of action and the therapeutic efficacy of pH-responsive GA-loaded micellesin vivo.

Drug monomers from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. promoting tight junction protein expression for therapeutic effects on lung cancer

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for treatment of various diseases, including cancer by activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Tanshinone (TanIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CPT) are major lipophilic compounds extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., which are considered to be the effective compounds affecting the efficacy of the anti-tumor therapy of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. We have explored the mechanism of CPT and TanIIA exerting inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to provide experimental data support for guiding the translational development and clinical application of anti-tumor components of TCM. The subcutaneous tumor model and in vitro culture model of A549 cells was constructed to evaluate CPT and TanIIA's tumour-inhibitory effect respectively. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis were conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signalling pathways related to CPT and TanIIA treatment. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to explore the mechanism of CPT and TanIIA intervention on NSCLC. Both CPT and TanIIA significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 tumor cells and tumor growth in animal models. After intervention, the migration ability decreased and the level of apoptosis increased. RNA-seq results showed that both CPT and TanIIA could cause gene differential expression, miR-21-5p as one of the most significant gene expression differences between the two groups, and could act on cell connectivity. CPT and TanIIA play a regulatory role in regulating tight junction proteins (Occludin and ZO1), and Occludin mRNA and protein levels were reduced in an in vitro miR-21-5p overexpression A549 cell model. The mechanisms may be related to the reduction of miR-21-5p expression to increase the level of promoted tight junction protein expression for the purpose of inhibiting proliferation and invasion of NSCLC.

Improved Solubility and Activity of Natural Product in Nanohydrogel

With the development of technology, natural material components are widely used in various fields of science. Natural product components in phytochemical compounds are secondary metabolites produced by plants; they have been shown to have many pharmacological activities. Phytochemical compounds obtained from plants have an important role in herbal medicine. Herbal medicine is safer and cheaper than synthetic medicine. However, herbal medicines have weaknesses, such as low solubility, less stability, low bioavailability, and experiencing physical and chemical degradation, reducing their pharmacological activity. Recent herbal nano-delivery developments are mostly plant-based. A nanotechnology-based system was developed to deliver herbal therapies with better bioavailability, namely the nanohydrogel system. Nanohydrogel is a delivery system that can overcome the disadvantages of using herbal compounds because it can increase solubility, increase pharmacological activity and bioavailability, reduce toxicity, slow delivery, increase stability, improve biodistribution, and prevent physical or chemical degradation. This review article aimed to provide an overview of recent advances in developing nanohydrogel formulations derived from natural ingredients to increase solubility and pharmacological activity, as well as a summary of the challenges faced by delivery systems based on nanohydrogel derived from natural materials. A total of 25 phytochemicals derived from natural products that have been developed into nanohydrogel were proven to increase the activity and solubility of these chemical compounds.

Biological Potential and Mechanisms of Tea's Bioactive Compounds in Tea: An Updated Review

BACKGROUND

Tea (Camellia sinensis) has a rich history and is widely consumed across many countries, and is categorized into green tea, white tea, oolong tea, yellow tea, black tea, and dark tea based on the level of fermentation. Based on a review of previous literature, the commonly recognized bioactive substances in tea include tea polyphenols, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, macro minerals, trace elements, and vitamins, which have been known to have various potential health benefits, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-obesity properties, cardiovascular protection, immune regulation, and control of the intestinal microbiota. Most studies have only pointed out the characteristics of tea's bioactivities, so a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms of tea's bioactivities and their use risks are vital.

AIM

of Review The aim of this paper is to summarize the bioactive substances of tea and their pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for the application of bioactive substances in tea and outlining future research directions for the study of bioactive substances in tea. Key Scientific Concepts of Review This review summarizes the main biologically active substances, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms and discusses the potential risks. It may help researchers to grasp more comprehensive progress in the study of tea bioactive substances to further promote the application of tea as a natural bioactive substance in the medical field.

Potential of cucurbitacin as an anticancer drug

In Chinese medicine, the Cucurbitaceae family contains many compounds known as cucurbitacins, which have been categorized into 12 classes ranging from A to T and more than 200 derivatives. Cucurbitacins are a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids with potent anticancer properties. The eight components of cucurbitacins with the strongest anticancer activity are cucurbitacins B, D, E, I, IIa, L-glucoside, Q, and R. Cucurbitacins have also been reported to suppress JAK-STAT 3, mTOR, VEGFR, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK signaling pathways, all of which are crucial for the survival and demise of cancer cells. In this paper, we review the progress in research on cucurbitacin-induced apoptosis, autophagy, cytoskeleton disruption, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell proliferation, inhibition of invasion and migration, inhibition of angiogenesis, epigenetic alterations, and synergistic anticancer effects in tumor cells. Recent studies have identified cucurbitacins as promising molecules for therapeutic innovation with broad versatility in immune response. Thus, cucurbitacin is a promising class of anticancer agents that can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of many types of cancer.Therefore, based on the research reports in the past five years at home and abroad, we further summarize and review the structural characteristics, chemical and biological activities, and studies of cucurbitacins based on the previous studies to provide a reference for further development and utilization of cucurbitacins.

Herba Patriniae and its component Isovitexin show anti-colorectal cancer effects by inducing apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest via p53 activation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most prevalent cancer of the digestive tract. Herba Patriniae (also known as Bai Jiang Cao, HP) have been widely used to manage diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, and several cancers, including CRC. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological action of HP on CRC remain unclear. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of HP against CRC using network pharmacology analysis and in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results revealed nine bioactive compounds of HP. Furthermore, 3460 CRC-related targets of the identified active compounds were predicted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Furthermore, 65 common targets were identified through the intersection of two related targets. Moreover, ten hub genes, including CDK4, CDK2, CDK1, CCND1, CCNB1, CCNA2, MYC, E2F1, CHEK1, and CDKN1A were identified through the topological analysis. Meanwhile, the GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the core target genes were majorly enriched in the p53 and HIF-1 signaling pathways. Moreover, HP promoted apoptosis and suppressed cell proliferation by activating the p53 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, while a similar effect was observed for Isovitexin (the primary component of HP). Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of HP and its component Isovitexin against CRC, providing a theoretical foundation for additional experimental verification of its clinical application.

A review on the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of natural products by targeting the endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis pathway

Cancer poses a substantial risk to human life and wellbeing as a result of its elevated incidence and fatality rates. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is an important pathway that regulates cellular homeostasis. When ERS is under- or overexpressed, it activates the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)- and activating transcription Factor 6 (ATF6)-related apoptotic pathways to induce apoptosis. Tumor cells and microenvironment are susceptible to ERS, making the modulation of ERS a potential therapeutic approach for treating tumors. The use of natural products to treat tumors has substantially progressed, with various extracts demonstrating antitumor effects. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the effectiveness of natural products in inducing apoptosis by specifically targeting and regulating the ERS pathway. Further investigation and elaboration of its mechanism of action are still needed. This paper examines the antitumor mechanism of action by which natural products exert antitumor effects from the perspective of ERS regulation to provide a theoretical basis and new research directions for tumor therapy.