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Stor MLE, Horbach SER, Lokhorst MM, Tan E, Maas SM, van Noesel CJM, van der Horst CMAM. Genetic mutations and phenotype characteristics in peripheral vascular malformations: A systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:1314-1328. [PMID: 38037869 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular malformations (VMs) are clinically diverse with regard to the vessel type, anatomical location, tissue involvement and size. Consequently, symptoms and disease impact differ significantly. Diverse causative mutations in more and more genes are discovered and play a major role in the development of VMs. However, the relationship between the underlying causative mutations and the highly variable phenotype of VMs is not yet fully understood. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide an overview of known causative mutations in genes in VMs and discuss associations between the causative mutations and clinical phenotypes. PubMed and EMBASE libraries were systematically searched on November 9th, 2022 for randomized controlled trials and observational studies reporting causative mutations in at least five patients with peripheral venous, lymphatic, arteriovenous and combined malformations. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted on patient and VM characteristics, molecular sequencing method and results of molecular analysis. In total, 5667 articles were found of which 69 studies were included, reporting molecular analysis in a total of 4261 patients and 1686 (40%) patients with peripheral VMs a causative mutation was detected. In conclusion, this systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of causative germline and somatic mutations in various genes and associated phenotypes in peripheral VMs. With these findings, we attempt to better understand how the underlying causative mutations in various genes contribute to the highly variable clinical characteristics of VMs. Our study shows that some causative mutations lead to a uniform phenotype, while other causal variants lead to more varying phenotypes. By contrast, distinct causative mutations may lead to similar phenotypes and result in almost indistinguishable VMs. VMs are currently classified based on clinical and histopathology features, however, the findings of this systematic review suggest a larger role for genotype in current diagnostics and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L E Stor
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S E R Horbach
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Lokhorst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Tan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C J M van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Diagnostics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C M A M van der Horst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Revencu N, Eijkelenboom A, Bracquemart C, Alhopuro P, Armstrong J, Baselga E, Cesario C, Dentici ML, Eyries M, Frisk S, Karstensen HG, Gene-Olaciregui N, Kivirikko S, Lavarino C, Mero IL, Michiels R, Pisaneschi E, Schönewolf-Greulich B, Wieland I, Zenker M, Vikkula M. Assessment of gene-disease associations and recommendations for genetic testing for somatic variants in vascular anomalies by VASCERN-VASCA. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:213. [PMID: 38778413 PMCID: PMC11110196 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular anomalies caused by somatic (postzygotic) variants are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases with overlapping or distinct entities. The genetic knowledge in this field is rapidly growing, and genetic testing is now part of the diagnostic workup alongside the clinical, radiological and histopathological data. Nonetheless, access to genetic testing is still limited, and there is significant heterogeneity across the approaches used by the diagnostic laboratories, with direct consequences on test sensitivity and accuracy. The clinical utility of genetic testing is expected to increase progressively with improved theragnostics, which will be based on information about the efficacy and safety of the emerging drugs and future molecules. The aim of this study was to make recommendations for optimising and guiding the diagnostic genetic testing for somatic variants in patients with vascular malformations. RESULTS Physicians and lab specialists from 11 multidisciplinary European centres for vascular anomalies reviewed the genes identified to date as being involved in non-hereditary vascular malformations, evaluated gene-disease associations, and made recommendations about the technical aspects for identification of low-level mosaicism and variant interpretation. A core list of 24 genes were selected based on the current practices in the participating laboratories, the ISSVA classification and the literature. In total 45 gene-phenotype associations were evaluated: 16 were considered definitive, 16 strong, 3 moderate, 7 limited and 3 with no evidence. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a detailed evidence-based view of the gene-disease associations in the field of vascular malformations caused by somatic variants. Knowing both the gene-phenotype relationships and the strength of the associations greatly help laboratories in data interpretation and eventually in the clinical diagnosis. This study reflects the state of knowledge as of mid-2023 and will be regularly updated on the VASCERN-VASCA website (VASCERN-VASCA, https://vascern.eu/groupe/vascular-anomalies/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Revencu
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Eijkelenboom
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Bracquemart
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Service de Génétique, CHU Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN EA 7450, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Pia Alhopuro
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, CIBER-ER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, and Genomic Unit, Molecular and Genetic Medicine Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulalia Baselga
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Cesario
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital and Research Institute, IRCCS, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Lisa Dentici
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Melanie Eyries
- Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Paris, France
| | - Sofia Frisk
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Gásdal Karstensen
- Department of Genetics, Center of Diagnostics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nagore Gene-Olaciregui
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sirpa Kivirikko
- Department of Clinical Genetics, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inger-Lise Mero
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodolphe Michiels
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisa Pisaneschi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital and Research Institute, IRCCS, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Bitten Schönewolf-Greulich
- Department of Genetics, Center of Diagnostics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilse Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
- Human Molecular Genetics , de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium.
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Petkova M, Ferby I, Mäkinen T. Lymphatic malformations: mechanistic insights and evolving therapeutic frontiers. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172844. [PMID: 38488007 PMCID: PMC10940090 DOI: 10.1172/jci172844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system is gaining recognition for its multifaceted role and broad pathological significance. Once perceived as a mere conduit for interstitial fluid and immune cell transport, recent research has unveiled its active involvement in critical physiological processes and common diseases, including inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and atherosclerosis. Consequently, abnormal development or functionality of lymphatic vessels can result in serious health complications. Here, we discuss lymphatic malformations (LMs), which are localized lesions that manifest as fluid-filled cysts or extensive infiltrative lymphatic vessel overgrowth, often associated with debilitating, even life-threatening, consequences. Genetic causes of LMs have been uncovered, and several promising drug-based therapies are currently under investigation and will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Petkova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Ferby
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Sasaki Y, Ishikawa K, Hatanaka KC, Oyamada Y, Sakuhara Y, Shimizu T, Saito T, Murao N, Onodera T, Miura T, Maeda T, Funayama E, Hatanaka Y, Yamamoto Y, Sasaki S. Targeted next-generation sequencing for detection of PIK3CA mutations in archival tissues from patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome in an Asian population : List the full names and institutional addresses for all authors. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:270. [PMID: 37667289 PMCID: PMC10478188 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare slow-flow combined vascular malformation with limb hypertrophy. KTS is thought to lie on the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum, but reports are limited. PIK3CA encodes p110α, a catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) that plays an essential role in the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. We aimed to demonstrate the clinical utility of targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in identifying PIK3CA mosaicism in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from patients with KTS. RESULTS Participants were 9 female and 5 male patients with KTS diagnosed as capillaro-venous malformation (CVM) or capillaro-lymphatico-venous malformation (CLVM). Median age at resection was 14 years (range, 5-57 years). Median archival period before DNA extraction from FFPE tissues was 5.4 years (range, 3-7 years). NGS-based sequencing of PIK3CA achieved an amplicon mean coverage of 119,000x. PIK3CA missense mutations were found in 12 of 14 patients (85.7%; 6/8 CVM and 6/6 CLVM), with 8 patients showing the hotspot variants E542K, E545K, H1047R, and H1047L. The non-hotspot PIK3CA variants C420R, Q546K, and Q546R were identified in 4 patients. Overall, the mean variant allele frequency for identified PIK3CA variants was 6.9% (range, 1.6-17.4%). All patients with geographic capillary malformation, histopathological lymphatic malformation or macrodactyly of the foot had PIK3CA variants. No genotype-phenotype association between hotspot and non-hotspot PIK3CA variants was found. Histologically, the vessels and adipose tissues of the lesions showed phosphorylation of the proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, including p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-4EBP1. CONCLUSIONS The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in mesenchymal tissues was activated in patients with KTS. Amplicon-based targeted NGS could identify low-level mosaicism from low-input DNA extracted from FFPE tissues, potentially providing a diagnostic option for personalized medicine with inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sasaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishikawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Kanako C Hatanaka
- Center for Development of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oyamada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakuhara
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Saito
- Research Division of Genome Companion Diagnostics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
- Riken Genesis Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Murao
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Taku Maeda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Emi Funayama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hatanaka
- Center for Development of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Division of Genome Companion Diagnostics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoru Sasaki
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tonan Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
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Guevara-Hoyer K, Fuentes-Antrás J, de la Fuente-Muñoz E, Fernández-Arquero M, Solano F, Pérez-Segura P, Neves E, Ocaña A, Pérez de Diego R, Sánchez-Ramón S. Genomic crossroads between non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and common variable immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:937872. [PMID: 35990641 PMCID: PMC9390007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.937872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) represents the largest group of primary immunodeficiencies that may manifest with infections, inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer, mainly B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Indeed, NHL may result from chronic or recurrent infections and has, therefore, been recognized as a clinical phenotype of CVID, although rare. The more one delves into the mechanisms involved in CVID and cancer, the stronger the idea that both pathologies can be a reflection of the same primer events observed from different angles. The potential effects of germline variants on specific somatic modifications in malignancies suggest that it might be possible to anticipate critical events during tumor development. In the same way, a somatic alteration in NHL could be conditioning a similar response at the transcriptional level in the shared signaling pathways with genetic germline alterations in CVID. We aimed to explore the genomic substrate shared between these entities to better characterize the CVID phenotype immunodeficiency in NHL. By means of an in-silico approach, we interrogated the large, publicly available datasets contained in cBioPortal for the presence of genes associated with genetic pathogenic variants in a panel of 50 genes recurrently altered in CVID and previously described as causative or disease-modifying. We found that 323 (25%) of the 1,309 NHL samples available for analysis harbored variants of the CVID spectrum, with the most recurrent alteration presented in NHL occurring in PIK3CD (6%) and STAT3 (4%). Pathway analysis of common gene alterations showed enrichment in inflammatory, immune surveillance, and defective DNA repair mechanisms similar to those affected in CVID, with PIK3R1 appearing as a central node in the protein interaction network. The co-occurrence of gene alterations was a frequent phenomenon. This study represents an attempt to identify common genomic grounds between CVID and NHL. Further prospective studies are required to better know the role of genetic variants associated with CVID and their reflection on the somatic pathogenic variants responsible for cancer, as well as to characterize the CVID-like phenotype in NHL, with the potential to influence early CVID detection and therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Cancer Immunomonitoring and Immuno-Mediated Pathologies Support Unit, IdSSC, Department of Clinical Immunology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IML and IdSSC, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Kissy Guevara-Hoyer,
| | - Jesús Fuentes-Antrás
- Oncology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente-Muñoz
- Cancer Immunomonitoring and Immuno-Mediated Pathologies Support Unit, IdSSC, Department of Clinical Immunology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IML and IdSSC, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Arquero
- Cancer Immunomonitoring and Immuno-Mediated Pathologies Support Unit, IdSSC, Department of Clinical Immunology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IML and IdSSC, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Solano
- Department of Hematology, General University Hospital Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | | | - Esmeralda Neves
- Department of Immunology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Hospital and University Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Oncology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Cancer Immunomonitoring and Immuno-Mediated Pathologies Support Unit, IdSSC, Department of Clinical Immunology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IML and IdSSC, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Genetic and Molecular Determinants of Lymphatic Malformations: Potential Targets for Therapy. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10010011. [PMID: 35225964 PMCID: PMC8883961 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformations are fluid-filled congenital defects of lymphatic channels occurring in 1 in 6000 to 16,000 patients. There are various types, and they often exist in conjunction with other congenital anomalies and vascular malformations. Great strides have been made in understanding these malformations in recent years. This review summarize known molecular and embryological precursors for lymphangiogenesis. Gene mutations and dysregulations implicated in pathogenesis of lymphatic malformations are discussed. Finally, we touch on current and developing therapies with special attention on targeted biotherapeutics.
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7
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Stritt S, Koltowska K, Mäkinen T. Homeostatic maintenance of the lymphatic vasculature. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:955-970. [PMID: 34332911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is emerging as a multifaceted regulator of tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Lymphatic vessels drain fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs) and the systemic circulation. Their recently uncovered functions extend beyond drainage and include direct modulation of adaptive immunity and paracrine regulation of organ growth. The developmental mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel growth have been described with increasing precision. It is less clear how the essential functional features of lymphatic vessels are established and maintained. We discuss the mechanisms that maintain lymphatic vessel integrity in adult tissues and control vessel repair and regeneration. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the pathological vessel changes that contribute to disease, and provides an opportunity for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang S, Wang W, Zhang X, Gui J, Zhang J, Guo Y, Liu Y, Han L, Liu Q, Li Y, Sun N, Liu Z, Du J, Tai J, Ni X. Correction to: A somatic mutation in PIK3CD unravels a novel candidate gene for lymphatic malformation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:321. [PMID: 34281585 PMCID: PMC8290575 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xuexi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yuanhu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lin Han
- Running-Gene Inc, Health Valley 602, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Nian Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jiangnan Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jun Tai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
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