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Morales-Bordon D, Encinoso M, Arencibia A, Jaber JR. Cranial Investigations of Crested Porcupine ( Hystrix cristata) by Anatomical Cross-Sections and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2551. [PMID: 37627342 PMCID: PMC10451156 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to describe an atlas of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) head by applying advanced imaging techniques such as MRI. Furthermore, by combining the images acquired through these techniques with anatomical sections, we obtained an adequate description of the structures that form the CNS and associated structures of this species. This anatomical information could serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for the clinical evaluation of different pathological processes in porcupines, such as abscesses, skull malformations, fractures, and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morales-Bordon
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Producción Animal, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - Mario Encinoso
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Alberto Arencibia
- Departamento de Morfologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - José Raduan Jaber
- Departamento de Morfologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain;
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Jorge K, Tolliver S, Gasper D, Mans C, Yap SW. Variations in the morphology of lagomorph confluence sinuum on contrast enhanced CT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 37133973 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of lagomorph confluence sinuum anatomy on contrast-enhanced CT may prevent the misdiagnoses of intracranial, extra-axial masses. The purpose of this retrospective, observational, descriptive study was to describe the characteristics of the confluence sinuum in rabbits on contrast-enhanced CT. Images of 24 rabbits who had pre- and postcontrast CT sequences of the skull were reviewed by an American College of Veterinary Radiology-certified veterinary radiologist and third-year radiology resident. Degree of contrast enhancement within the region of the confluence sinuum was graded based on consensus as no (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or marked (3) contrast enhancement. Hounsfield units (HU) of the confluence sinuum was measured in three different regions of interest, averaged for each patient, and divided into each group for comparison using one-way ANOVA analysis. Contrast enhancement was mild in 45.8% (11/24) rabbits, moderate in 33.3% (8/24), marked in 20.8% (5/24), and none in 0.0% (0/24). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the average HU of the mild and marked group (P-value = 0.0001) and moderate and marked groups (P-value = 0.0010). Two rabbits with marked contrast enhancement were initially misdiagnosed with an intracranial, extra-axial mass along the parietal lobe based on contrast-enhanced CT. On necropsy, no gross or histopathological abnormalities were identified in the brain for these rabbits. In summary, contrast enhancement was identified in all rabbits (24/24) on contrast-enhanced CT imaging . This normal structure can be variable in size should not be mistaken for a pathological lesion in the absence of mass effect, secondary calvarial lysis, or hyperostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Jorge
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara Tolliver
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christoph Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seng Wai Yap
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Dimitrov R, Stamatova-Yovcheva K. MRI Anatomical Investigation of Rabbit Bulbourethral Glands. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091519. [PMID: 37174556 PMCID: PMC10177450 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomical MRI is appropriate for the interpretation of soft tissue findings in the retroperitoneal part of the pelvic cavity. The aim of the current study was to use rabbits as an imaging model to optimize MRI protocols for the investigation of bulbourethral glands. The research was conducted on twelve clinically healthy, sexually mature male rabbits, eight months of age (New Zealand White), weighing 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg. Tunnel MRI equipment was used. The transverse MRI in the T2-weighted sequence obtained detailed images that were of higher anatomical contrast than those in T1-weighted sequences. The hyperintensity of the glandular findings at T2, compared to the adjacent soft tissues, was due to the content of secretory fluids. The quality of the anatomical tissue contrast has not shown much dependence on the choice of the sequence in dorsal MRI. The sagittal visualization of the rabbit bulbourethral glands corresponded to the localization of the research plane toward a median plane. The imaging results could be used as a morphological base for clinical practice and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosen Dimitrov
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Kamelia Stamatova-Yovcheva
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Coeuriot CTN, Guise L, Cazin CC, Meregalli R, Fusellier MS. Tympanic bullae ultrasonography is feasible in nonsedated healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1934-1940. [PMID: 36170214 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.06.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of ultrasonography of the tympanic bullae (TB) in live, nonsedated rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). ANIMALS 40 healthy rabbits undergoing TB ultrasonography without sedation between September 2021 and May 2022. PROCEDURES For each rabbit, fur was clipped over an area (3 X 3 cm) at the level of the angular process of each mandible, then 3 ultrasonographic planes of each TB were imaged via ventral approach, with measurement of the time taken to complete the examination. Three items were assessed for each plane: TB depth, wall integrity, and contents (present or absent). Results were compared for rabbits grouped as standard-sized breed type versus dwarf-sized breed type. RESULTS The examination could be carried out successfully in 36 of 40 (90%) of rabbits with clipping. The restraint and examination were relatively well tolerated by the animals, except for the transverse sections. Obtaining oblique and longitudinal sections, carried out on 33 of 40 (83%) rabbits in our study, allowed for evaluation of the TB. The examination was feasible with all rabbit sizes. The depth of the TB was found to be linked to the size of the rabbit and especially to the size of its jaw. Visualization of the distal bulla wall was observed in 2 of the 40 (5%) subjects, consistent with abnormal fluid contents or bulla osteitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonography of the TB was easy to learn and rapid to perform, with a mean examination time of < 10 minutes (mean of 8.71 minutes) without any sedation.
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Yitbarek D, Dagnaw GG. Application of Advanced Imaging Modalities in Veterinary Medicine: A Review. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:117-130. [PMID: 35669942 PMCID: PMC9166686 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s367040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary anatomy has traditionally relied on detailed dissections to produce anatomical illustrations, but modern imaging modalities, now represent an enormous resource that allows for fast non-invasive visualizations in living animals for clinical and research purposes. In this review, advanced anatomical imaging modalities and their applications, safety issues, challenges, and future prospects of the techniques commonly employed for animal imaging would be highlighted. The quality of diagnostic imaging equipment in veterinary practice has greatly improved. Recent advances made in veterinary advanced imaging specifically about cross-sectional modalities (CT and MRI), nuclear medicine (PET, SPECT), and dual imaging modalities (PET/CT, PET/MR, and SPECT/CT) have become widely available, leading to greater demands and expectations from veterinary clients. These modalities allow for the creation of three-dimensional representations that can be of considerable value in the dissemination of clinical diagnosis and anatomical studies. Despite, the modern imaging modalities well established in developed countries across the globe, it is yet to remain in its infancy stage in veterinary practice in developing countries due to heavy initial investment and maintenance costs, lack of expert interpretation, a requirement of specialized technical staff and need of adjustable machines to accommodate the different range of animal sizes. Therefore, veterinarians should take advantage of these imaging techniques in designing future experiments by considering the availability of these varied imaging modalities and the creation of three-dimensional graphical representations of internal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, Email
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wu J, Zhou M, Qin K, Liao S, Tang C, Ruan Y, Hu X, Long F, Mo K, Kuang H, Deng R. Microscopic anatomical atlas study on the lateral ventricles of the rabbit cerebrum and its related structures. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2021.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Díaz Martínez E, Ayala Florenciano MD, Arencibia Espinosa A, Soler Laguía M, Kilroy D, Martínez Gomariz F, Ramírez Zarzosa G. A neuroanatomical study of the feline brain using MRI and mulligan staining: functional and pathological considerations. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2021; 22:310-317. [PMID: 35126538 PMCID: PMC8806173 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.39886.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite multiple studies describing accurate diagnoses using advanced neuroimaging techniques, low and mid-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are still the most frequent scanners in veterinary clinics. To date, these studies in cats do not show a clear distinction of nerve centres in MRI data. AIMS The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of Mulligan histological staining as a tool in facilitating the location and identification of the main structures of the feline brain in MRI. This study aims to facilitate the interpretation of MRI obtained with these types of scanners. METHODS A total of 10 feline brains were used. One specimen was used for MRI (T2 sequence using a 1.5T scanner). The other 9 brains were sectioned and stained with the three Mulligan staining techniques (Mulligan, Le Masurier and Robert). RESULTS The uptake of stain by the grey matter in these sections allowed the determination of the location and the limits of these nervous structures within the brain. The histological location of these structures was correlated with the MRI scans, leading to the successful identification of many small, indistinct nuclei. CONCLUSION Mulligan staining is proposed as a tool that facilitates the location of nerve structures in comparison with data from the most frequently-used MRI scanners in veterinary clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Díaz Martínez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain;
| | - M. D. Ayala Florenciano
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain;
| | - A. Arencibia Espinosa
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Arucas, 35413, Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - M. Soler Laguía
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain;
| | - D. Kilroy
- Division of Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F. Martínez Gomariz
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain;
| | - G. Ramírez Zarzosa
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; ,Correspondence: G. Ramírez Zarzosa, Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain. E-mail:
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Pardo ID, Rao DB, Morrison JP, Huddleston C, Bradley AE, Bolon B, Garman RH. Nervous System Sampling for General Toxicity and Neurotoxicity Studies in Rabbits. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:810-826. [PMID: 33094688 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320957637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although manuscripts for multiple species recommending nervous system sampling for histopathology evaluation in safety assessment have been published in the past 15 years, none have addressed the laboratory rabbit. Here, we describe 2 trimming schemes for evaluating the rabbit brain in nonclinical toxicity studies. In both schemes, the intact brain is cut in the coronal plane to permit bilateral assessment. The first scheme is recommended for general toxicity studies (tier 1) in screening agents where there is no anticipated neurotoxic potential; this 6-section approach is consistent with the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) "best practice" recommendations for brain sampling in nonrodents (Toxicol Pathol 41: 1028-1048, 20131). The second trimming scheme is intended for dedicated neurotoxicity studies (tier 2) to characterize known or suspected neurotoxicants where the nervous system is a key target organ. This tier 2 strategy relies on coronal trimming of the whole brain into 3-mm-thick slices and then evaluating 12 sections. Collection of spinal cord, ganglia, and nerve specimens for rabbits during nonclinical studies should follow published STP "best practice" recommendations for sampling the central nervous system1 and peripheral nervous system (Toxicol Pathol 46: 372-402, 20182).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid D Pardo
- 390190Pfizer, Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Deepa B Rao
- ToxPath Specialists, LLC (a StageBio Company), Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Colleen Huddleston
- 390190Pfizer, Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Alys E Bradley
- 57146Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert H Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc, Murrysville, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Kolosova K, Gao Q, Tuznik M, Bouhabel S, Kost KM, Wang H, Li-Jessen NYK, Mongeau L, Wiseman PW. Characterizing Vocal Fold Injury Recovery in a Rabbit Model With Three-Dimensional Virtual Histology. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:1578-1587. [PMID: 32809236 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS In animal studies of vocal fold scarring and treatment, imaging-based evaluation is most often conducted by tissue slicing and histological staining. Given variation in anatomy, injury type, severity, and sacrifice timepoints, planar histological sections provide limited spatiotemporal details of tissue repair. Three-dimensional (3D) virtual histology may provide additional contextual spatial information, enhancing objective interpretation. The study's aim was to evaluate the suitability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microscale computed tomography (CT), and nonlinear laser-scanning microscopy (NM) as virtual histology approaches for rabbit studies of vocal fold scarring. METHODS A unilateral injury was created using microcup forceps in the left vocal fold of three New Zealand White rabbits. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 10, and 39 days postinjury. ex vivo imaging of excised larynges was performed with MRI, CT, and NM modalities. RESULTS The MRI modality allowed visualization of injury location and morphological internal features with 100-μm spatial resolution. The CT modality provided a view of the injury defect surface with 12-μm spatial resolution. The NM modality with optical clearing resolved second-harmonic generation signal of collagen fibers and two-photon autofluorescence in vocal fold lamina propria, muscle, and surrounding cartilage structures at submicrometer spatial scales. CONCLUSIONS Features of vocal fold injury and wound healing were observed with MRI, CT, and NM. The MRI and CT modalities provided contextual spatial information and dissection guidance, whereas NM resolved extracellular matrix structure. The results serve as a proof of concept to motivate incorporation of 3D virtual histology techniques in future vocal fold injury animal studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:1578-1587, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Kolosova
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qiman Gao
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marius Tuznik
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory of the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre at the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Bouhabel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen M Kost
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Y K Li-Jessen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul W Wiseman
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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López-Torres S, Bertrand OC, Lang MM, Silcox MT, Fostowicz-Frelik Ł. Cranial endocast of the stem lagomorph Megalagus and brain structure of basal Euarchontoglires. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200665. [PMID: 32576117 PMCID: PMC7329053 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early lagomorphs are central to our understanding of how the brain evolved in Glires (rodents, lagomorphs and their kin) from basal members of Euarchontoglires (Glires + Euarchonta, the latter grouping primates, treeshrews, and colugos). Here, we report the first virtual endocast of the fossil lagomorph Megalagus turgidus, from the Orella Member of the Brule Formation, early Oligocene, Nebraska, USA. The specimen represents one of the oldest nearly complete lagomorph skulls known. Primitive aspects of the endocranial morphology in Megalagus include large olfactory bulbs, exposure of the midbrain, a small neocortex and a relatively low encephalization quotient. Overall, this suggests a brain morphology closer to that of other basal members of Euarchontoglires (e.g. plesiadapiforms and ischyromyid rodents) than to that of living lagomorphs. However, the well-developed petrosal lobules in Megalagus, comparable to the condition in modern lagomorphs, suggest early specialization in that order for the stabilization of eye movements necessary for accurate visual tracking. Our study sheds new light on the reconstructed morphology of the ancestral brain in Euarchontoglires and fills a critical gap in the understanding of palaeoneuroanatomy of this major group of placental mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi López-Torres
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ornella C Bertrand
- School of Geosciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Madlen M Lang
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
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12
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Guerrero M, Veuthey C, Del Sol M, Ottone NE. Dissection of white matter association fasciculi in bovine (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) brains. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:550-562. [PMID: 32281688 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral fasciculi (association, commissural and projection) pass through the cerebral white matter in organized groups connecting regions, hemispheres, gyri, areas and brain lobes to each other. The study can be done in vivo through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) but presenting some technical problems. The post-mortem study by dissection allows to have a clearer view of its location, path and connections. In this work, we dissect, identify and compare the fasciculi of association of the white matter of the dorsolateral face of bovine hemispheres (Bos taurus), pig hemispheres (Sus scrofa domesticus) and rabbit hemispheres (Oryctolagus cuniculus), applying the Klingler´s technique. In 30 cerebral hemispheres (10 of each species, five right and five left), we applied the Klingler technique to identify and isolate the occipitofrontal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus; we established its location by fixing landmarks, and determined the difference in its length and width between the right and left hemispheres as well as between species using the statistical tests of t-student and one-way ANOVA. We identify the gyri, sulci and fasciculi of the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres of the three species. We found statistically significant differences in several fasciculi between species principally in the occipitofrontal fasciculus. The preparation of the brains through the modified Klingler technique allowed a successful identification of the fascicules of association of the dorsolateral face of the cerebral hemispheres and the empowerment of these animal models for future research work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guerrero
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Chair of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Veuthey
- Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mariano Del Sol
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nicolas E Ottone
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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13
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Kwan V, Quesenberry K, Le Roux AB. Mensuration of the rabbit pituitary gland from computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:322-328. [PMID: 32170792 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective reference interval observational study was to determine the mensuration of the pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) by analyzing CT studies in rabbits without clinical evidence of pituitary disease or central neurologic signs. Though diseases of the rabbit pituitary gland are uncommon, the pituitary gland is essential in regulation of the rabbit's endocrine system, as in other species. Currently, there are minimal published studies that detail the rabbit head anatomy on cross-sectional imaging, and even less specifically examining the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland was measured by one observer at a single time point from transverse and reconstructed sagittal CT images in a soft-tissue algorithm in 62 rabbits for a total of 66 rabbit head CT studies. The rabbits ranged from 0.84 to 14 years in age (mean ± SD: 5.46 ± 3.05 years) and 0.92 to 4.95 kg in weight (2.21 ± 0.83 kg). Linear pituitary measurements were performed using electronic calipers. The mean ± SD pituitary height was 4.22 ± 0.57 mm, width was 4.48 ± 0.71 mm, and length was 6.02 ± 0.70 mm. The pituitary gland height-to-brain area ratio was 1.10 ± 0.16 mm-1 , which is much higher than the values reported in normal dogs and cats. The age, weight, and sex of the rabbits were not found to have a significant impact on pituitary gland mensuration. These measurements could be useful as a reference range for future rabbit head CT studies and to rule out pituitary enlargement or disease when evaluating rabbit pituitary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vionna Kwan
- Veterinary Emergency Group, White Plains, New York
| | - Katherine Quesenberry
- Department of Avian and Exotic Medicine, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexandre B Le Roux
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York
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A magnetic resonance multi-atlas for the neonatal rabbit brain. Neuroimage 2018; 179:187-198. [PMID: 29908313 PMCID: PMC6203700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rabbit model has become increasingly popular in neurodevelopmental studies as it is best suited to bridge the gap in translational research between small and large animals. In the context of preclinical studies, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often the best modality to investigate structural and functional variability of the brain, both in vivo and ex vivo. In most of the MRI-based studies, an important requirement to analyze the acquisitions is an accurate parcellation of the considered anatomical structures. Manual segmentation is time-consuming and typically poorly reproducible, while state-of-the-art automated segmentation algorithms rely on available atlases. In this work we introduce the first digital neonatal rabbit brain atlas consisting of 12 multi-modal acquisitions, parcellated into 89 areas according to a hierarchical taxonomy. Delineations were performed iteratively, alternating between segmentation propagation, label fusion and manual refinements, with the aim of controlling the quality while minimizing the bias introduced by the chosen sequence. Reliability and accuracy were assessed with cross-validation and intra- and inter-operator test-retests. Multi-atlas, versioned controlled segmentations repository and supplementary materials download links are available from the software repository documentation at https://github.com/gift-surg/SPOT-A-NeonatalRabbit.
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15
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Jin P, Pan Y, Pan Z, Xu J, Lin M, Sun Z, Chen M, Xu M. Alzheimer-like brain metabolic and structural features in cholesterol-fed rabbit detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:61. [PMID: 29587752 PMCID: PMC5870103 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is known to increase the risk of AD in later life, the purpose of this study is to illustrate brain metabolic and structural changes in a cholesterol-fed rabbit model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) by using clinical 3 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). METHODS The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University approved the study. Totally 16 Japanese White Rabbits (JWR) were randomly divided into 2 groups including normal control group fed with routine diet (group NC) and high cholesterol diet group (group CD) fed a 2% cholesterol diet with 0.24 ppm copper in the drinking water for 12 weeks. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and structural image of rabbit brain were performed by using a 3 Tesla (T) MRI scanner with an 8 channel Rabbit coil. The chemical metabolites were identified by LC Model including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), Glycerophosphatidylcholine (GPC), phosphorylcholine (PCH), and myoinositol (MI). The relative concentrations (/Cr) were analyzed. Additionally, Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain was measured postmortem. For comparisons of MR and Aβ data between groups, two-tailed t-tests were performed. RESULTS The ratio of NAA/Cr (0.76 ± 0.10) and Glu/Cr (0.90 ± 0.14) in group CD were lower than those in the group NC (0.87 ± 0.06, 1.13 ± 0.22, respectively, P < 0.05). Compared to the group NC (2.88 ± 0.09 cm3, 0.63 ± 0.08 cm3, respectively), the cortical and hippocampal volumes (2.60 ± 0.14 cm3 and 0.47 ± 0.07 cm3, respectively) of rabbits brain decreased in the group CD while the third and lateral ventricular volumes enlarged (44.56 ± 6.01 mm3 vs 31.40 ± 6.14 mm3, 261.40 ± 30.98 mm3 vs 153.81 ± 30.08 mm3, P < 0.05). These metabolic and structural changes were additionally accompanied by the significant increase of Aβ1-42 in the cortex and hippocampus (163.60 ± 16.26 pg/mg and 215.20 ± 69.86 pg/mg, respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION High cholesterol diet can induce the brain metabolic and structural changes of the rabbit including lowered level of NAA and Glu and the atrophy of the brain which were similar to those of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 People’s Republic of China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yongming Pan
- Laboratory Animal Research Center/Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center/Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Min Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minli Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center/Comparative Medical Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Maosheng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006 People’s Republic of China
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Schneider NY, Datiche F, Coureaud G. Brain anatomy of the 4-day-old European rabbit. J Anat 2018; 232:747-767. [PMID: 29441579 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a widely used model in fundamental, medical and veterinary neurosciences. Besides investigations in adults, rabbit pups are relevant to study perinatal neurodevelopment and early behaviour. To date, the rabbit is also the only species in which a pheromone - the mammary pheromone (MP) - emitted by lactating females and active on neonatal adaptation has been described. The MP is crucial since it contributes directly to nipple localisation and oral seizing in neonates, i.e. to their sucking success. It may also be one of the non-photic cues arising from the mother, which stimulates synchronisation of the circadian system during pre-visual developmental stages. Finally, the MP promotes neonatal odour associative and appetitive conditioning in a remarkably rapid and efficient way. For these different reasons, the rabbit offers a currently unique opportunity to determine pheromonal-induced brain processing supporting adaptation early in life. Therefore, it is of interest to create a reference work of the newborn rabbit pup brain, which may constitute a tool for future multi-disciplinary and multi-approach research in this model, and allow comparisons related to the neuroethological basis of social and feeding behaviour among newborns of various species. Here, in line with existing experimental studies, and based on original observations, we propose a functional anatomical description of brain sections in 4-day-old rabbits with a particular focus on seven brain regions which appear important for neonatal perception of sensory signals emitted by the mother, circadian adaptation to the short and single daily nursing of the mother in the nest, and expression of specific motor actions involved in nipple localisation and milk intake. These brain regions involve olfactory circuits, limbic-related areas important in reward, motivation, learning and memory formation, homeostatic areas engaged in food anticipation, and regions implicated in circadian rhythm and arousal, as well as in motricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Y Schneider
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), CNRS UMR, 6265, INRA 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Datiche
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (Research Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior), CNRS UMR, 6265, INRA 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Coureaud
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (Lyon Neuroscience Research Center) INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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He BD, Ebrahimi M, Palafox L, Srinivasan L. Signal quality of endovascular electroencephalography. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:016016. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/1/016016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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