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Ortiz Sanjuán JM, Argüello H, Cabrera-Rubio R, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Garrido JJ, Ekhlas D, Burgess CM, Manzanilla EG. Effects of removing in-feed antibiotics and zinc oxide on the taxonomy and functionality of the microbiota in post weaning pigs. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:18. [PMID: 38627869 PMCID: PMC11022352 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) causes piglet morbidity and mortality at weaning and is a major driver for antimicrobial use worldwide. New regulations in the EU limit the use of in-feed antibiotics (Ab) and therapeutic zinc oxide (ZnO) to prevent PWD. New approaches to control PWD are needed, and understanding the role of the microbiota in this context is key. In this study, shotgun metagenome sequencing was used to describe the taxonomic and functional evolution of the faecal microbiota of the piglet during the first two weeks post weaning within three experimental groups, Ab, ZnO and no medication, on commercial farms using antimicrobials regularly in the post weaning period. RESULTS Diversity was affected by day post weaning (dpw), treatment used and diarrhoea but not by the farm. Microbiota composition evolved towards the dominance of groups of species such as Prevotella spp. at day 14dpw. ZnO inhibited E. coli overgrowth, promoted higher abundance of the family Bacteroidaceae and decreased Megasphaera spp. Animals treated with Ab exhibited inconsistent taxonomic changes across time points, with an overall increase of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Megasphaera elsdenii. Samples from non-medicated pigs showed virulence-related functions at 7dpw, and specific ETEC-related virulence factors were detected in all samples presenting diarrhoea. Differential microbiota functions of pigs treated with ZnO were related to sulphur and DNA metabolism, as well as mechanisms of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance, whereas Ab treated animals exhibited functions related to antimicrobial resistance and virulence. CONCLUSION Ab and particularly ZnO maintained a stable microbiota composition and functionality during the two weeks post weaning, by limiting E. coli overgrowth, and ultimately preventing microbiota dysbiosis. Future approaches to support piglet health should be able to reproduce this stable gut microbiota transition during the post weaning period, in order to maintain optimal gut physiological and productive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Ortiz Sanjuán
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Raúl Cabrera-Rubio
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Department of Food Safety, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Department of Food Safety, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edgar G Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Sanchez-Gendriz I, de Souza GF, de Andrade IGM, Neto ADD, de Medeiros Tavares A, Barros DMS, de Morais AHF, Galvão-Lima LJ, de Medeiros Valentim RA. Data-driven computational intelligence applied to dengue outbreak forecasting: a case study at the scale of the city of Natal, RN-Brazil. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6550. [PMID: 35449179 PMCID: PMC9023501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is recognized as a health problem that causes significant socioeconomic impacts throughout the world, affecting millions of people each year. A commonly used method for monitoring the dengue vector is to count the eggs that Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have laid in spatially distributed ovitraps. Given this approach, the present study uses a database collected from 397 ovitraps allocated across the city of Natal, RN—Brazil. The Egg Density Index for each neighborhood was computed weekly, over four complete years (from 2016 to 2019), and simultaneously analyzed with the dengue case incidence. Our results illustrate that the incidence of dengue is related to the socioeconomic level of the neighborhoods in the city of Natal. A deep learning algorithm was used to predict future dengue case incidence, either based on the previous weeks of dengue incidence or the number of eggs present in the ovitraps. The analysis reveals that ovitrap data allows earlier prediction (four to six weeks) compared to dengue incidence itself (one week). Therefore, the results validate that the quantification of Aedes aegypti eggs can be valuable for the early planning of public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sanchez-Gendriz
- Laboratory for Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. .,Department of Computer Engineering and Automation, UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fontoura de Souza
- Advanced Nucleus of Technological Innovation (NAVI), Federal Institute of Rio Grande Do Norte (IFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ion G M de Andrade
- Laboratory for Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniele M S Barros
- Laboratory for Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Antonio Higor Freire de Morais
- Advanced Nucleus of Technological Innovation (NAVI), Federal Institute of Rio Grande Do Norte (IFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J Galvão-Lima
- Laboratory for Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alexsandro de Medeiros Valentim
- Laboratory for Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Liu X, Dang W, Liu H, Song Y, Li Y, Xu W. Associations between chronic work stress and plasma chromogranin A/catestatin among healthy workers. J Occup Health 2022; 64:e12321. [PMID: 35297526 PMCID: PMC9176708 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasma chromogranin A (CgA) may play a critical role on linking work stress to health outcomes. The aim of our study was to investigate the associations between work stress and plasma CgA levels in healthy workers without chronic diseases. METHODS The study included 260 healthy workers from EHOP study. Work stressors were assessed by the Chinese version of the 23-item ERI-Q questionnaire. Plasma CgA and catestatin levels were measured by ELISA kits. The demographic characteristics were collected from medical records. RESULTS Among the final 260 subjects including 173 males (66.5%) and 87 females (33.5%), the average age was 37.6 ± 10.6 years old. Effort, overcommitment, and ERI were positively associated with plasma CgA level, respectively (r = 0.267, 0.319, and 0.304, all p < .001), while reward was negatively associated with CgA level (r = -0.237, p < .001). The workers with high effort, overcommitment, or ERI had significantly higher plasma CgA levels, while the workers with high rewards had significantly lower plasma CgA levels. The workers with both high overcommitment and high ERI had highest plasma CgA levels. In the linear regression analysis, after adjustment for confounders, effort, overcommitment, and ERI were respectively positively related to plasma CgA, while reward negatively related to plasma CgA. The associations between work stress and plasma catestatin was not significant. The ratio of CgA and catestatin was associated with work stress. CONCLUSIONS Work stress is associated with plasma CgA which may be play a crucial role on the pathway from chronic work stress to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Dang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Song
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weixian Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Fahlman Å, Lindsjö J, Bergvall UA, Ågren EO, Norling TA, Stridsberg M, Kjellander P, Höglund O. Measurement of catestatin and vasostatin in wild boar Sus scrofa captured in a corral trap. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:337. [PMID: 34461992 PMCID: PMC8404316 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to analyse the chromogranin A-derived peptides vasostatin and catestatin in serum from wild boar (Sus scrofa) captured in a corral trap. Acute capture-related stress quickly leads to a release of adrenalin and noradrenalin, but these hormones have a short half-life in blood and are difficult to measure. Chromogranin A (CgA), a glycoprotein which is co-released with noradrenalin and adrenalin, is relatively stable in circulation and the CgA-derived peptides catestatin and vasostatin have been measured in domestic species, but not yet in wildlife. Results Vasostatin and catestatin could be measured and the median (range) serum concentrations were 0.91 (0.54–2.86) and 0.65 (0.35–2.62) nmol/L, respectively. We conclude that the CgA-derived peptides vasostatin and catestatin can be measured in wild boar serum and may thus be useful as biomarkers of psychophysical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Fahlman
- SLU Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johan Lindsjö
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, SLU, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika A Bergvall
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, SLU, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Erik O Ågren
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Therese Arvén Norling
- Department of Organismal Biology, Genome Engineering Zebrafish, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, SLU, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Odd Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chmelíková E, Bolechová P, Chaloupková H, Svobodová I, Jovičić M, Sedmíková M. Salivary cortisol as a marker of acute stress in dogs: a review. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106428. [PMID: 32213439 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Public interest in the welfare of domestic dogs has increased in recent years. Dogs under human care should experience as little stress as possible, and as such it is necessary to measure and quantify their levels of stress. Stress parameters that can be measured noninvasively may help to identify the poor welfare of animals. This review aimed to determine whether and under what conditions the hormone cortisol in dog saliva can be used as a noninvasive acute stress marker. The use of salivary cortisol as a stress marker has some disadvantages, which can lead to data misinterpretations. A key factor is the standardized method of sampling and subsequent processing before analysis. In addition, possible circadian alternation and individual variability of cortisol hormone levels should be consistently considered during the preparation of the experimental scheme, statistical data processing and final interpretation of the results. Because of the complex nature of the stress response, the observation of salivary cortisol should be supplemented with behavioral observations, but it should be noted that behavioral stress symptoms may not always be positively correlated with stress hormone production. Besides behavioral observations, it is advisable to supplement the measurement of cortisol by other salivary stress markers of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathways. This comprehensive assessment of the stress impact on the individual will enable one to characterize the level and type of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chmelíková
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - P Bolechová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - H Chaloupková
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - I Svobodová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - M Jovičić
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - M Sedmíková
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Srithunyarat T, Hagman R, Höglund OV, Stridsberg M, Hanson J, Lagerstedt AS, Pettersson A. Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, and visual analog scale scoring for stress assessment in healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:74-80. [PMID: 29195227 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine glycoprotein chromogranin A is a useful biomarker for stress in humans. Chromogranin A epitopes catestatin and vasostatin can be measured in dogs using radioimmunoassays. The objective of this study was to evaluate catestatin and vasostatin as canine stress biomarkers in a clinical setting. Blood and saliva were collected from 33 healthy dogs that were familiar with sampling procedures and the animal hospital environment (control group) and 30 healthy dogs that were unacquainted (stress group). During sampling, stress behavior was scored by the same observer using visual analog scale (VAS). Plasma was analyzed for catestatin and vasostatin, serum for cortisol, and saliva for catestatin. Differences between groups were analyzed using two-sample t-tests and P<0.05 was considered significant. Stress behavior VAS score in the control group was significantly lower than in the stress group during blood (P=0.002) and saliva (P=0.0009) sampling. Serum cortisol and saliva catestatin concentrations in the stress group were higher than the control group (P=0.003 and P<0.0001, respectively). Serum cortisol concentrations were correlated with those of saliva (r=0.34, P=0.04) and plasma catestatin (r=0.29, P=0.03). Plasma catestatin and vasostatin did not differ significantly between groups. In conclusion, concentrations of saliva catestatin, and serum cortisol, and stress behavior VAS scores were significantly higher in the stress group. The results indicate that saliva catestatin may be useful as a biomarker for acute psychological stress in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Srithunyarat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - O V Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A S Lagerstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, and pain assessments in dogs suffering from traumatic bone fractures. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:129. [PMID: 28327184 PMCID: PMC5359833 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic bone fractures cause moderate to severe pain, which needs to be minimized for optimal recovery and animal welfare, illustrating the need for reliable objective pain biomarkers for use in a clinical setting. The objectives of this study were to investigate catestatin (CST) and vasostatin (VS) concentrations as two new potential biomarkers, and cortisol concentrations, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF), and visual analog scale (VAS) in dogs suffering from traumatic bone fractures before and after morphine administration in comparison with healthy dogs. Methods Fourteen dogs with hind limb or pelvic fractures and thirty healthy dogs were included. Dogs with fractures were divided into four groups according to analgesia received before participation. Physical examination, CMPS-SF, pain and stress behavior VAS scores were recorded in all dogs. Saliva and blood were collected once in healthy dogs and in dogs with fractures before and 35–70 min after morphine administration. Blood samples were analyzed for CST, VS, and cortisol. Saliva volumes, however, were insufficient for analysis. Results Catestatin and cortisol concentrations, and CMPS-SF, and VAS scores differed significantly between dogs with fractures prior to morphine administration and healthy dogs. After morphine administration, dogs with fractures had significantly decreased CMPS-SF and VAS scores and, compared to healthy dogs, CST concentrations, CMPS-SF, and VAS scores still differed significantly. However, CST concentrations remained largely within the normal range. Absolute delta values for CST significantly correlated with delta values for CMPS-SF. Catestatin and cortisol did not differ significantly before and after morphine administration. Vasostatin concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions Catestatin and cortisol concentrations, CMPS-SF, and VAS scores differed significantly in the dogs with traumatic bone fractures compared to the healthy dogs. Morphine treatment partially relieved pain and stress according to the subjective but not according to the objective assessments performed. However, because of the large degree of overlap with normal values, our results suggest that plasma CST concentrations have a limited potential as a clinically useful biomarker for pain-induced stress.
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Srithunyarat T, Höglund OV, Hagman R, Olsson U, Stridsberg M, Lagerstedt AS, Pettersson A. Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale and visual analog scale for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:381. [PMID: 27484122 PMCID: PMC4969733 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stress reaction induced by surgery and associated pain may be detrimental for patient recovery and should be minimized. The neuropeptide chromogranin A (CGA) has shown promise as a sensitive biomarker for stress in humans. Little is known about CGA and its derived peptides, catestatin (CST) and vasostatin (VS), in dogs undergoing surgery. The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare concentrations of CGA epitopes CST and VS, cortisol, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF) and visual analog scales (VAS) for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy. Methods Thirty healthy privately owned female dogs admitted for elective ovariohysterectomy were included. Physical examination, CMPS-SF, pain behavior VAS, and stress behavior VAS were recorded and saliva and blood samples were collected before surgery, 3 h after extubation, and once at recall 7–15 days after surgery. Dogs were premedicated with morphine and received carprofen as analgesia for 7 days during the postoperative period. Results At 3 h after extubation, CMPS-SF and pain behavior VAS scores had increased (p < 0.0001) and stress behavior VAS scores, temperature, respiratory rate (p < 0.0001), plasma CST concentrations (p = 0.002) had decreased significantly compared to before surgery. No significant differences were observed in the subjective and physiological parameters between before surgery and at recall, but plasma CST (p = 0.04) and serum cortisol (p = 0.009) were significantly lower at recall. Plasma VS, saliva CST, and heart rate did not differ significantly at any observed time. Conclusion Study parameters for evaluating surgery-induced stress and pain changed in dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy. To further evaluate CST and VS usefulness as pain biomarkers, studies on dogs in acute painful situations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanikul Srithunyarat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Odd V Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sofie Lagerstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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