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França DAD, Silva FPD, Zanini DDS, Iglesias L, Portillo L, Cortez H, Biondo AW, Duré AÍDL, Silva MVF, Miret J, Langoni H. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence in sheep herd from Paraguay: First evidence of bacterial circulation in the country. One Health 2024; 18:100660. [PMID: 38179312 PMCID: PMC10765107 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever, a disease that poses risks to public health and damages livestock. We discovered the circulation of C. burnetii for the first time in Paraguay, based on the seropositivity of a flock of >300 sheep. The animals were tested by IFA for anti-C. burnetii antibodies and by SAM for anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies, an important differential diagnosis for reproductive disorders in sheep in Paraguay. C. burnetii seropositivity was determined in 45%, in contrast to Leptospira spp. which had no reactive samples. Cases of miscarriage and fetal resorption were associated with high seropositivity titers. This study suggests the circulation of a unique genotype in the country and an imminent risk to public health, since in addition to being highly transmissible and infectious to humans, Q fever is still not a cause for concern on the part of government and health agencies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Alves de França
- São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Unesp Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Filipe Pereira da Silva
- Octavio Magalhaes Institute, Prof. Octavio Coelho De Magalhaes, s/n, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30210-290, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dayane da Silva Zanini
- São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Unesp Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Lorena Iglesias
- Universidad Nacional de Canindeyú, Calle Itambey, Curuguaty 140802, Paraguay
| | - Laura Portillo
- Universidad Nacional de Canindeyú, Calle Itambey, Curuguaty 140802, Paraguay
| | - Herminia Cortez
- Universidad Nacional de Canindeyú, Calle Itambey, Curuguaty 140802, Paraguay
| | | | - Ana Íris de Lima Duré
- Octavio Magalhaes Institute, Prof. Octavio Coelho De Magalhaes, s/n, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30210-290, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Ferreira Silva
- Octavio Magalhaes Institute, Prof. Octavio Coelho De Magalhaes, s/n, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30210-290, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge Miret
- Universidad Nacional de Canindeyú, Calle Itambey, Curuguaty 140802, Paraguay
| | - Helio Langoni
- São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Unesp Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
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2
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Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Cevidanes A, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. Coxiella burnetii infection persistence in a goat herd during seven kidding seasons after an outbreak of abortions: the effect of vaccination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0220123. [PMID: 38412030 PMCID: PMC10952520 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02201-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii infection was monitored during seven kidding seasons (2017-2023) in a dairy goat herd that after an outbreak of Q fever abortions was vaccinated with an inactivated phase I vaccine. Due to the high infection rate just after the outbreak, only the replacement stock was vaccinated during the first three kidding seasons, and when the average herd immunity had decreased (fourth kidding season onwards), the whole herd was vaccinated. Vaginal swabs, feces, and milk were analyzed by PCR to monitor infection, and dust and aerosols were analyzed to measure C. burnetii environmental contamination. One year after the onset of the outbreak, a significant reduction in C. burnetii shedding loads was observed, but the percentage of shedding animals remained high until the third kidding season. By the seventh kidding season, no shedders were detected. The bacterial load excreted was significantly lower in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated animals, and in yearlings compared with multiparous. C. burnetii was detected by PCR in aerosols collected inside the animal premises throughout the study period except in the last season; whereas, aerosols collected outdoors tested negative in the last three kidding seasons. Viable C. burnetii was detectable in environmental dust collected inside the barn until the third kidding season following the outbreak. These results indicate that after an outbreak of Q fever, the risk of infection for humans and susceptible animals can remain high for at least three kidding seasons when the number of C. burnetii animal shedders is still high, even when bacterial excretion is low. IMPORTANCE Q fever is a zoonosis distributed worldwide. Ruminants are the main reservoir, and infection can cause high rates of abortion. After entering a farm, Coxiella burnetii infection can persist in the animal population over several lambing/kidding periods. Once infection is established in a herd, vaccination with the inactivated Phase I vaccine significantly reduces bacterial shedding, but although at low levels, excretion may continue to occur for several lambing/kidding seasons. The time that C. burnetii remains viable in the farm environment after an outbreak of Q fever determines the period when risk of infection is high for the people in close contact. This work showed that this period extends at least three kidding seasons after the outbreak. These results provided valuable information on the epidemiology of C. burnetii infection in goat herds and may help to develop guidelines for controlling the disease and reducing infection risk for susceptible people and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion I. Zendoia
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana L. García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Laidoudi Y, Rousset E, Dessimoulie AS, Prigent M, Raptopoulo A, Huteau Q, Chabbert E, Navarro C, Fournier PE, Davoust B. Tracking the Source of Human Q Fever from a Southern French Village: Sentinel Animals and Environmental Reservoir. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041016. [PMID: 37110439 PMCID: PMC10142994 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, also known as the causal agent of Q fever, is a zoonotic pathogen infecting humans and several animal species. Here, we investigated the epidemiological context of C. burnetii from an area in the Hérault department in southern France, using the One Health paradigm. In total, 13 human cases of Q fever were diagnosed over the last three years in an area comprising four villages. Serological and molecular investigations conducted on the representative animal population, as well as wind data, indicated that some of the recent cases are likely to have originated from a sheepfold, which revealed bacterial contamination and a seroprevalence of 47.6%. However, the clear-cut origin of human cases cannot be ruled out in the absence of molecular data from the patients. Multi-spacer typing based on dual barcoding nanopore sequencing highlighted the occurrence of a new genotype of C. burnetii. In addition, the environmental contamination appeared to be widespread across a perimeter of 6 km due to local wind activity, according to the seroprevalence detected in dogs (12.6%) and horses (8.49%) in the surrounding populations. These findings were helpful in describing the extent of the exposed area and thus supporting the use of dogs and horses as valuable sentinel indicators for monitoring Q fever. The present data clearly highlighted that the epidemiological surveillance of Q fever should be reinforced and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sophia Antipolis, Unité fièvre Q animale, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Myriam Prigent
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sophia Antipolis, Unité fièvre Q animale, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alizée Raptopoulo
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sophia Antipolis, Unité fièvre Q animale, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Quentin Huteau
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence Rickettsies, Bartonella et Coxiella, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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4
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Stable prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in wildlife after a decade of surveillance in northern Spain. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jansen W, Cargnel M, Boarbi S, Mertens I, Van Esbroeck M, Fretin D, Mori M. Belgian bulk tank milk surveillance program reveals the impact of a continuous vaccination protocol for small ruminants against Coxiella burnetii. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e141-e152. [PMID: 34357703 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endemic Q fever in small ruminants remains an ongoing challenge for veterinary and human public health agencies. Though surveillance programs are implemented in Belgium, infection patterns and vaccination profiles, driving variables, as well as geographical clustering were not presented until now. Based on data from a decade of bulk tank milk analysis between 2009 and 2019, shedding in dairy goat herds declined from 16% (8/50) to 6% (10/162), whereas seroprevalence remained between 32% and 40%. Merely up to two shedding dairy sheep flocks were detected until 2019; seroprevalence peaked in 2017 (43%, 12/28) and declined thereafter. The number of animals in the holding influenced significantly (p = .048) the likelihood of shedding, whereas other established risk factors such as uncovered manure, high abortion rates and diversified farm structure could not be confirmed to significantly affect infection on Belgian herd level. Intermittent, incomplete and unsynchronized vaccinated herds shed Coxiella burnetii significantly more often and longer (p < .001) than continuously, complete and synchronized vaccinated herds. Spatial analyses revealed restricted but matching, homogenous clusters with ≤35 km diameter, concentrated in the coastal region close to the border to the Netherlands from 2009 to 2012, and broadened, heterogeneous clusters with ≥45 km diameter between 2014 and 2016 spreading south-west. Though the majority of human cases was notified in this region, the animal clusters could not be allied with Q fever cases. The impact of environmental factors as well as the role of wildlife, rodents and ticks on the transmission between flocks and to humans remains to be elucidated to harness additional epidemiological drivers of Q fever in Belgium. In conclusion, attempts to reduce the burden of Q fever in Belgium should particularly focus on the timely, complete and synchronized vaccination of flocks, including the breeding sire, and particularity in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Jansen
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickael Cargnel
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samira Boarbi
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Mertens
- Federal Agency for the Safety in the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Fretin
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcella Mori
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, López CM, Alonso E, Beraza X, Ocabo B, García-Pérez AL. Analysis of environmental dust in goat and sheep farms to assess Coxiella burnetii infection in a Q fever endemic area: Geographical distribution, relationship with human cases and genotypes. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:666-676. [PMID: 34240552 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples (dust and aerosols) is an easy tool to investigate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the farm environment. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of C. burnetii DNA in dust collected inside animal premises from 272 small ruminant farms in Bizkaia (northern Spain), a region with recent reports of human Q fever cases and outbreaks. Within each farm, 5 samples of dust were collected from difference surfaces, and data on animal census, management procedures, characteristics of the premises and geographic location were collected. Real-time PCR analysis of the dust samples detected presence of C. burnetii DNA in 98 farms (36.0%), flock-prevalence being higher in sheep (38.9%) or mixed ovine-caprine production systems (36.8%), compared to goats (25.0%). Larger bacterial burdens were observed in mixed farms, compared to sheep (p < .05). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis identified 5 different genotypes, with SNP8 being the predominant genotype (73%), followed by SNP6 (11%), SNP2 (9%), SNP4 (5%) and SNP1 (2%). Proportion of farms where C. burnetii DNA was detected differed among the different agricultural counties, and a higher proportion of C. burnetii DNA positive farms was associated with the occurrence of recent human Q fever outbreaks at several geographical locations. Dust sampling in domestic ruminant farms coupled with real-time PCR to screen for the presence of C. burnetii and estimate bacterial load can be a useful tool to identify herds and regions with high prevalence, define priority actions and monitor the effect of control measures. If combined with molecular genotyping and spatial distribution maps, it can help to identify farm contamination sources and trace the origin of human outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion I Zendoia
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús F Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xabier Beraza
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Blanca Ocabo
- Departamento de Agricultura, Servicio de Ganadería, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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7
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Álvarez-Alonso R, Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Jado I, Hurtado A, López CM, García-Pérez AL. Monitoring Coxiella burnetii Infection in Naturally Infected Dairy Sheep Flocks Throughout Four Lambing Seasons and Investigation of Viable Bacteria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:352. [PMID: 32754620 PMCID: PMC7365863 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection in four naturally infected sheep flocks, and in their farm environment, was monitored throughout four lambing seasons. Flocks with an active infection were selected based on the presence of C. burnetii DNA in bulk-tank milk (BTM) and a high seroprevalence in yearlings during the previous milking period (Spring 2015). During four consecutive lambing seasons (2015/16–2018/19), samples were collected within 1 week after each lambing period from animals (vaginal swabs, milk and feces from ewes, and yearlings) and the environment (dust indoor sheep premises). BTM samples and aerosols (outdoors and indoors) were monthly collected between lambing and the end of milking. Real-time PCR analyses showed different trends in C. burnetii shedding in the flocks, with a general progressive decrease in bacterial shedding throughout the years, interrupted in three flocks by peaks of reinfection associated with specific management practices. A significant relationship was found between C. burnetii fecal shedding and the bacterial burden detected in dust, whereas shedding by vaginal route affected the detection of C. burnetii in indoor aerosols. Three genotypes were identified: SNP8 (three flocks, 52.9% of the samples), SNP1 (two flocks, 44.8% samples), and SNP5 (one flock, two environmental samples). Coxiella burnetii viability in dust measured by culture in Vero cells was demonstrated in two of the flocks, even during the fourth lambing season. The results showed that infection can remain active for over 5 years if effective control and biosafety measures are not correctly implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez-Alonso
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Ion I Zendoia
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús F Barandika
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
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8
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Alonso E, Eizaguirre D, Lopez-Etxaniz I, Olaizola JI, Ocabo B, Barandika JF, Jado I, Álvarez-Alonso R, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. A Q fever outbreak associated to courier transport of pets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225605. [PMID: 31765433 PMCID: PMC6876792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
On August 3rd, 2017, a Q fever outbreak alert was issued at a courier company that in addition to urgent freight transport offered pet delivery services. The epidemiological investigation set the exposition period between June 1 and August 8. In this period, 180 workers from two operational platforms for parcel distribution located in two provinces of the Basque Country (Bizkaia and Araba) were exposed; 64 filled a questionnaire and provided blood samples for serological testing, resulting in 10 confirmed cases (15.6%) and six (9.4%) probable cases. Nine workers (8 confirmed and 1 probable) showed Q fever symptoms, including pneumonia (five cases), and required medical care services, including one hospital admission. The attack rate was 25% (16/64), being higher among workers that visited the Bizkaia platform. This suggested that the origin of the outbreak was in the Bizkaia platform, where animals in transit waited at a pet holding site until being moved to their destination. Environmental samples consisting on 19 surface dust and two aerosol samples were collected at the Bizkaia platform to investigate the presence of C. burnetti DNA. All dust samples were positive by real time PCR, the lowest Ct values being found in dust collected at the pet holding facilities, and therefore suggesting that contamination originated at the pet holding site. The genotype identified in dust was SNP1/MST13, one of the most commonly identified genotypes in goats and sheep in the Basque Country. During the exposure period, two deliveries of miniature goats were made, of which only one could be investigated and tested negative. Although the contamination source could not be unequivocally identified, transport of ruminants was banned at the company, and Q fever was included among the occupational-associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Domingo Eizaguirre
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
| | - Idoia Lopez-Etxaniz
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN-Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Olaizola
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN-Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Blanca Ocabo
- Department of Agriculture, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús Felix Barandika
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez-Alonso
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Luisa García-Pérez
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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