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Celotto L, Rost F, Machate A, Bläsche J, Dahl A, Weber A, Hans S, Brand M. Single-cell RNA sequencing unravels the transcriptional network underlying zebrafish retina regeneration. eLife 2023; 12:RP86507. [PMID: 37988404 PMCID: PMC10662954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lesioned zebrafish retina, Müller glia produce multipotent retinal progenitors that generate all retinal neurons, replacing lost cell types. To study the molecular mechanisms linking Müller glia reactivity to progenitor production and neuronal differentiation, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of Müller glia, progenitors and regenerated progeny from uninjured and light-lesioned retinae. We discover an injury-induced Müller glia differentiation trajectory that leads into a cell population with a hybrid identity expressing marker genes of Müller glia and progenitors. A glial self-renewal and a neurogenic trajectory depart from the hybrid cell population. We further observe that neurogenic progenitors progressively differentiate to generate retinal ganglion cells first and bipolar cells last, similar to the events observed during retinal development. Our work provides a comprehensive description of Müller glia and progenitor transcriptional changes and fate decisions in the regenerating retina, which are key to tailor cell differentiation and replacement therapies for retinal dystrophies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Celotto
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Fabian Rost
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Anja Machate
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Juliane Bläsche
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Technische Universität Dresden, DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Anke Weber
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
| | - Michael Brand
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), FetscherstraßeDresdenGermany
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Nelson AT, Wang Y, Nelson ER. TLX, an Orphan Nuclear Receptor With Emerging Roles in Physiology and Disease. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6360449. [PMID: 34463725 PMCID: PMC8462384 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TLX (NR2E1), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a transcription factor that has been described to be generally repressive in nature. It has been implicated in several aspects of physiology and disease. TLX is best known for its ability to regulate the proliferation of neural stem cells and retinal progenitor cells. Dysregulation, overexpression, or loss of TLX expression has been characterized in numerous studies focused on a diverse range of pathological conditions, including abnormal brain development, psychiatric disorders, retinopathies, metabolic disease, and malignant neoplasm. Despite the lack of an identified endogenous ligand, several studies have described putative synthetic and natural TLX ligands, suggesting that this receptor may serve as a therapeutic target. Therefore, this article aims to briefly review what is known about TLX structure and function in normal physiology, and provide an overview of TLX in regard to pathological conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on TLX and cancer, and the potential utility of this receptor as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Correspondence: Erik R. Nelson, PhD, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 S Goodwin Ave (MC-114), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Majidi S, Ogilvie JM, Flaveny CA. Retinal Degeneration: Short-Term Options and Long-Term Vision for Future Therapy. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2021; 118:466-472. [PMID: 34658442 PMCID: PMC8504501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leading cause blindness is the loss of retinal ganglion cells which connect the retina to the brain. Degenerative retinal diseases include retinal dystrophy, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, which are currently incurable as the mammalian retina has no intrinsic regenerative capacity. By utilizing insight gained from retinal regeneration in simpler species we define an approach that may unlock regenerative programs in the mammalian retina that potentially facilitate the clinical restoration of retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Majidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Judith M Ogilvie
- Department of Biology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin A Flaveny
- Department of Biology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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4
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Korecki AJ, Cueva-Vargas JL, Fornes O, Agostinone J, Farkas RA, Hickmott JW, Lam SL, Mathelier A, Zhou M, Wasserman WW, Di Polo A, Simpson EM. Human MiniPromoters for ocular-rAAV expression in ON bipolar, cone, corneal, endothelial, Müller glial, and PAX6 cells. Gene Ther 2021; 28:351-372. [PMID: 33531684 PMCID: PMC8222000 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small and cell-type restricted promoters are important tools for basic and preclinical research, and clinical delivery of gene therapies. In clinical gene therapy, ophthalmic trials have been leading the field, with over 50% of ocular clinical trials using promoters that restrict expression based on cell type. Here, 19 human DNA MiniPromoters were bioinformatically designed for rAAV, tested by neonatal intravenous delivery in mouse, and successful MiniPromoters went on to be tested by intravitreal, subretinal, intrastromal, and/or intravenous delivery in adult mouse. We present promoter development as an overview for each cell type, but only show results in detail for the recommended MiniPromoters: Ple265 and Ple341 (PCP2) ON bipolar, Ple349 (PDE6H) cone, Ple253 (PITX3) corneal stroma, Ple32 (CLDN5) endothelial cells of the blood-retina barrier, Ple316 (NR2E1) Müller glia, and Ple331 (PAX6) PAX6 positive. Overall, we present a resource of new, redesigned, and improved MiniPromoters for ocular gene therapy that range in size from 784 to 2484 bp, and from weaker, equal, or stronger in strength relative to the ubiquitous control promoter smCBA. All MiniPromoters will be useful for therapies involving small regulatory RNA and DNA, and proteins ranging from 517 to 1084 amino acids, representing 62.9-90.2% of human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Korecki
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Jorge L. Cueva-Vargas
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Oriol Fornes
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Jessica Agostinone
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Rachelle A. Farkas
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Jack W. Hickmott
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Siu Ling Lam
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Anthony Mathelier
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Michelle Zhou
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Wyeth W. Wasserman
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Elizabeth M. Simpson
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Twenty-Seven Tamoxifen-Inducible iCre-Driver Mouse Strains for Eye and Brain, Including Seventeen Carrying a New Inducible-First Constitutive-Ready Allele. Genetics 2019; 211:1155-1177. [PMID: 30765420 PMCID: PMC6456315 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.301984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand gene function, the cre/loxP conditional system is the most powerful available for temporal and spatial control of expression in mouse. However, the research community requires more cre recombinase expressing transgenic mouse strains (cre-drivers) that restrict expression to specific cell types. To address these problems, a high-throughput method for large-scale production that produces high-quality results is necessary. Further, endogenous promoters need to be chosen that drive cell type specific expression, or we need to further focus the expression by manipulating the promoter. Here we test the suitability of using knock-ins at the docking site 5′ of Hprt for rapid development of numerous cre-driver strains focused on expression in adulthood, using an improved cre tamoxifen inducible allele (icre/ERT2), and testing a novel inducible-first, constitutive-ready allele (icre/f3/ERT2/f3). In addition, we test two types of promoters either to capture an endogenous expression pattern (MaxiPromoters), or to restrict expression further using minimal promoter element(s) designed for expression in restricted cell types (MiniPromoters). We provide new cre-driver mouse strains with applicability for brain and eye research. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of using the locus 5′ of Hprt for the rapid generation of substantial numbers of cre-driver strains. We also provide a new inducible-first constitutive-ready allele to further speed cre-driver generation. Finally, all these strains are available to the research community through The Jackson Laboratory.
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O'Leary JD, O'Leary OF, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Regulation of behaviour by the nuclear receptor TLX. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 17:e12357. [PMID: 27790850 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Tlx (Nr2e1) is a key regulator of both embryonic and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Several different mouse models have been developed which target Tlx in vivo including spontaneous deletion models (from birth) and targeted and conditional knockouts. Although some conflicting findings have been reported, for the most part studies have demonstrated that Tlx is important in regulating processes that underlie neurogenesis, spatial learning, anxiety-like behaviour and interestingly, aggression. More recent data have demonstrated that disrupting Tlx during early life induces hyperactivity and that Tlx plays a role in emotional regulation. Moreover, there are sex- and age-related differences in some behaviours in Tlx knockout mice during adolescence and adulthood. Here, we discuss the role of Tlx in motor-, cognitive-, aggressive- and anxiety-related behaviours during adolescence and adulthood. We examine current evidence which provides insight into Tlx during neurodevelopment, and offer our thoughts on the function of Tlx in brain and behaviour. We further hypothesize that Tlx is a key target in understanding the emergence of neurobiological disorders during adolescence and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - O F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Y M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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8
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Corso-Díaz X, de Leeuw CN, Alonso V, Melchers D, Wong BKY, Houtman R, Simpson EM. Co-activator candidate interactions for orphan nuclear receptor NR2E1. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:832. [PMID: 27782803 PMCID: PMC5080790 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NR2E1 (Tlx) is an orphan nuclear receptor that regulates the maintenance and self-renewal of neural stem cells, and promotes tumourigenesis. Nr2e1-null mice exhibit reduced cortical and limbic structures and pronounced retinal dystrophy. NR2E1 functions mainly as a repressor of gene transcription in association with the co-repressors atrophin-1, LSD1, HDAC and BCL11A. Recent evidence suggests that NR2E1 also acts as an activator of gene transcription. However, co-activator complexes that interact with NR2E1 have not yet been identified. In order to find potential novel co-regulators for NR2E1, we used a microarray assay for real-time analysis of co-regulator–nuclear receptor interaction (MARCoNI) that contains peptides representing interaction motifs from potential co-regulatory proteins, including known co-activator nuclear receptor box sequences (LxxLL motif). Results We found that NR2E1 binds strongly to an atrophin-1 peptide (Atro box) used as positive control and to 19 other peptides that constitute candidate NR2E1 partners. Two of these proteins, p300 and androgen receptor (AR), were further validated by reciprocal pull-down assays. The specificity of NR2E1 binding to peptides in the array was evaluated using two single amino acid variants, R274G and R276Q, which disrupted the majority of the binding interactions observed with wild-type NR2E1. The decreased binding affinity of these variants to co-regulators was further validated by pull-down assays using atrophin1 as bait. Despite the high conservation of arginine 274 in vertebrates, its reduced interactions with co-regulators were not significant in vivo as determined by retinal phenotype analysis in single-copy Nr2e1-null mice carrying the variant R274G. Conclusions We showed that MARCoNI is a specific assay to test interactions of NR2E1 with candidate co-regulators. In this way, we unveiled 19 potential co-regulator partners for NR2E1, including eight co-activators. All the candidates here identified need to be further validated using in vitro and in vivo models. This assay was sensitive to point mutations in NR2E1 ligand binding domain making it useful to identify mutations and/or small molecules that alter binding of NR2E1 to protein partners. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3173-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Genetics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Charles N de Leeuw
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vivian Alonso
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | | | - Bibiana K Y Wong
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada. .,Genetics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada. .,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A1, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 3N9, Canada.
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9
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The nuclear receptor Tlx regulates motor, cognitive and anxiety-related behaviours during adolescence and adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2016; 306:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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de Leeuw CN, Korecki AJ, Berry GE, Hickmott JW, Lam SL, Lengyell TC, Bonaguro RJ, Borretta LJ, Chopra V, Chou AY, D'Souza CA, Kaspieva O, Laprise S, McInerny SC, Portales-Casamar E, Swanson-Newman MI, Wong K, Yang GS, Zhou M, Jones SJM, Holt RA, Asokan A, Goldowitz D, Wasserman WW, Simpson EM. rAAV-compatible MiniPromoters for restricted expression in the brain and eye. Mol Brain 2016; 9:52. [PMID: 27164903 PMCID: PMC4862195 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small promoters that recapitulate endogenous gene expression patterns are important for basic, preclinical, and now clinical research. Recently, there has been a promising revival of gene therapy for diseases with unmet therapeutic needs. To date, most gene therapies have used viral-based ubiquitous promoters-however, promoters that restrict expression to target cells will minimize off-target side effects, broaden the palette of deliverable therapeutics, and thereby improve safety and efficacy. Here, we take steps towards filling the need for such promoters by developing a high-throughput pipeline that goes from genome-based bioinformatic design to rapid testing in vivo. METHODS For much of this work, therapeutically interesting Pleiades MiniPromoters (MiniPs; ~4 kb human DNA regulatory elements), previously tested in knock-in mice, were "cut down" to ~2.5 kb and tested in recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), the virus of choice for gene therapy of the central nervous system. To evaluate our methods, we generated 29 experimental rAAV2/9 viruses carrying 19 different MiniPs, which were injected intravenously into neonatal mice to allow broad unbiased distribution, and characterized in neural tissues by X-gal immunohistochemistry for icre, or immunofluorescent detection of GFP. RESULTS The data showed that 16 of the 19 (84 %) MiniPs recapitulated the expression pattern of their design source. This included expression of: Ple67 in brain raphe nuclei; Ple155 in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and retinal bipolar ON cells; Ple261 in endothelial cells of brain blood vessels; and Ple264 in retinal Müller glia. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the methodology and MiniPs presented here represent important advances for basic and preclinical research, and may enable a paradigm shift in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N de Leeuw
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Andrea J Korecki
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Garrett E Berry
- Gene Therapy Centre, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A
| | - Jack W Hickmott
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Siu Ling Lam
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Tess C Lengyell
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Russell J Bonaguro
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Lisa J Borretta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Vikramjit Chopra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Alice Y Chou
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Cletus A D'Souza
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Olga Kaspieva
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Laprise
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Simone C McInerny
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Elodie Portales-Casamar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Magdalena I Swanson-Newman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kaelan Wong
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - George S Yang
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Michelle Zhou
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Centre, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W 28 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A1, Canada.
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