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Kaur S, Verma H, Dhiman M, Kumar Mantha A. Activation of multifunctional DNA repair APE1/Ref-1 enzyme by the dietary phytochemical Ferulic acid protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ(25-35)-Induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Mitochondrion 2024:101947. [PMID: 39151817 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder associated with the amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau hallmarks. The molecular insights into how neuroinflammation is initially triggered and how it affects neuronal cells are yet at the age of infancy. In this study, SH-SY5Y cells were used as a model for neurons by differentiating and were co-cultured with differentiated THP1 cells (microglia model) as well as treated with Aβ(25-35) and with antioxidant FA to study inflammatory, oxidative stress responses and their effects on co-cultured neurons. Neurons co-cultured with microglial cells showed pronounced increase in ROS levels, NOS expression, truncated N-terminal form (34 kDa) of APE1 expression and AIF's translocation in the nucleus. The pre-treatment of FA, on the other hand reversed these effects. It was further evaluated how FA/Aβ treatment altered microglial phenotype that in turn affected the neurons. Microglial cells showed M1 phenotype upon Aβ(25-35) stress, while FA induced M2 phenotype against Aβ stress, suggesting that FA alleviated Aβ induced phenotype and its associated effects in the co-cultured neurons by altering the phenotype of microglial cells and induced expression of full length (37 kDa) APE1 enzyme and inhibiting AIF's nuclear translocation, thus inhibiting apoptosis. This is the first study that revealed Aβ induced cleavage of APE1 enzyme in differentiated neurons, suggesting that APE1 may be the potential early target of Aβ that loses its function and exacerbates AD pathology. FA activated a fully functional form of APE1 against Aβ stress. The impaired function of APE1 could be the initial mechanism by which Aβ induces oxidative and inflammatory responses and dietary phytochemical FA can be a potential therapeutic strategy in managing the disease by activating APE1 that not only repairs oxidative DNA base damage but also maintains mitochondrial function and alleviate neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda Village, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda Village, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda Village, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda Village, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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Joo HK, Kim S, Choi E, Jin H, Lee YR, Lee EO, Kim CS, Jeon BH. Heterozygous Apex1 deficiency exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation in a murine model. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:96-108. [PMID: 39067624 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The biological role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (Apex1) in modulating systemic inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of Apex1 deficiency on systemic inflammation triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model. The methods involved transcriptomic analysis and assessments of inflammatory responses in age-matched 8-week-old Apex1+/- and wild-type Apex1+/+ mice, generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Apex1+/- mice displayed no overt changes in body weight, however, Apex1 protein expressions in tissues were significantly reduced compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, in Apex1+/- mice transcriptomic analysis showed that genes associated with antioxidant pathways were downregulated, and levels of superoxide production, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased. Moreover, hematological analysis showed increased neutrophil levels and a twofold increase in the count of splenic lymphocyte antigen 6 family member G+ (Ly6G+) neutrophils in the Apex1+/- mice compared to those in Apex1+/+ mice. Furthermore, following LPS treatment, the levels of cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, increased in the Apex1+/- mice. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed a significant reduction in the survival rates of Apex1+/- mice treated with LPS compared to those of Apex1+/+ mice. The hepatic and lung injury scores and Ly6G+ neutrophil infiltration levels also increased in Apex1+/- mice after LPS treatment. These results showed that Apex1 deficiency exacerbated the LPS-induced tissue damage in the lung and liver. These findings illustrate that in vivo Apex1 deficiency exacerbates LPS-induced systemic inflammation, tissue damage, and mortality in a murine model, highlighting the crucial role of Apex1 in mitigating inflammatory responses and maintaining a holistic physiological equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Joo
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Eunju Choi
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ran Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
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3
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Zuchegna C, Porcellini A, Messina S. Redox-sensitive small GTPase H-Ras in murine astrocytes, an in vitro study. Redox Rep 2022; 27:150-157. [PMID: 35822835 PMCID: PMC9291712 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2094109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the protooncogenes small GTPases Ras are redox-sensitive proteins, how they are regulated by redox signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) is still poorly understood. Alteration in redox-sensitive targets by redox signaling may have myriad effects on Ras stability, activity and localization. Redox-mediated changes in astrocytic RAS may contribute to the control of redox homeostasis in the CNS that is connected to the pathogenesis of many diseases. RESULTS AND METHODS Here, we investigated the transient physiological induction, at both transcriptional and translational levels, of small GTPases Ras in response to redox stimulation. Cultured astrocytes were treated with hydrogen peroxide as in bolus addition and relative mRNA levels of murine hras and kras genes were detected by qRT-PCR. We found that de novo transcription of hras mRNA in reactive astrocytes is redox-sensitive and mimics the prototypical redox-sensitive gene iNOS. Protein abundance in combination with protein turnover measurements by cycloheximide-chase experiments revealed distinct translation efficiency, GTP-bound enrichment, and protein turnover rates between the two isoforms H-Ras and K-Ras. CONCLUSION Reports from recent years support a significant role of H-Ras in driving redox processes. Beyond its canonical functions, Ras may impact on the core astrocytic cellular machinery that operates during redox stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Zuchegna
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italia
| | - Antonio Porcellini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italia
| | - Samantha Messina
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italia
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Miner KM, Jamenis AS, Bhatia TN, Clark RN, Rajasundaram D, Sauvaigo S, Mason DM, Posimo JM, Abraham N, DeMarco BA, Hu X, Stetler RA, Chen J, Sanders LH, Luk KC, Leak RK. α-synucleinopathy exerts sex-dimorphic effects on the multipurpose DNA repair/redox protein APE1 in mice and humans. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102307. [PMID: 35710046 PMCID: PMC9514220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body disorders are characterized by oxidative damage to DNA and inclusions rich in aggregated forms of α-synuclein. Among other roles, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) repairs oxidative DNA damage, and APE1 polymorphisms have been linked to cases of Lewy body disorders. However, the link between APE1 and α-synuclein is unexplored. We report that knockdown or inhibition of APE1 amplified inclusion formation in primary hippocampal cultures challenged with preformed α-synuclein fibrils. Fibril infusions into the mouse olfactory bulb/anterior olfactory nucleus (OB/AON) elicited a modest decrease in APE1 expression in the brains of male mice but an increase in females. Similarly, men with Lewy body disorders displayed lower APE1 expression in the OB and amygdala compared to women. Preformed fibril infusions of the mouse OB/AON induced more robust base excision repair of DNA lesions in females than males. No fibril-mediated loss of APE1 expression was observed in male mice when the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine was added to their diet. These findings reveal a potential sex-biased link between α-synucleinopathy and APE1 in mice and humans. Further studies are warranted to determine how this multifunctional protein modifies α-synuclein inclusions and, conversely, how α-synucleinopathy and biological sex interact to modify APE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Miner
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Anuj S Jamenis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Rachel N Clark
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Mason
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Jessica M Posimo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Nevil Abraham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Brett A DeMarco
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Laurie H Sanders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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5
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Oliveira TT, Coutinho LG, de Oliveira LOA, Timoteo ARDS, Farias GC, Agnez-Lima LF. APE1/Ref-1 Role in Inflammation and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:793096. [PMID: 35296074 PMCID: PMC8918667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.793096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional enzyme that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. APE1 is the major apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease in the base excision repair pathway and acts as a redox-dependent regulator of several transcription factors, including NF-κB, AP-1, HIF-1α, and STAT3. These functions render APE1 vital to regulating cell signaling, senescence, and inflammatory pathways. In addition to regulating cytokine and chemokine expression through activation of redox sensitive transcription factors, APE1 participates in other critical processes in the immune response, including production of reactive oxygen species and class switch recombination. Furthermore, through participation in active chromatin demethylation, the repair function of APE1 also regulates transcription of some genes, including cytokines such as TNFα. The multiple functions of APE1 make it an essential regulator of the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, APE1 inhibitors have therapeutic potential. APE1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and participates in tissue homeostasis, and its roles in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases have been elucidated. This review discusses known roles of APE1 in innate and adaptive immunity, especially in the CNS, recent evidence of a role in the extracellular environment, and the therapeutic potential of APE1 inhibitors in infectious/immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Teixeira Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Leonam Gomes Coutinho
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), São Paulo do Potengi, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Cavalcanti Farias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima,
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6
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Chen W, Wang S, Xing D. New Horizons for the Roles and Association of APE1/Ref-1 and ABCA1 in Atherosclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5251-5271. [PMID: 34703267 PMCID: PMC8526300 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s330147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. APE1/Ref-1 and ABCA1 play key roles in the progression of atherosclerosis. APE1/Ref-1 suppresses atherosclerosis via multiple mechanisms, including reducing the IL-6-, TNF-α-, and IL-1β-mediated proinflammatory responses, suppressing ROS-mediated oxidant activity and Bax/Bcl-2-mediated vascular calcification and apoptosis, and reducing LOX-1-mediated cholesterol uptake. However, APE1/Ref-1 also promotes atherosclerosis by increasing the activity of the NK-κB and S1PR1 pathways. APE1/Ref-1 localizes to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and can be secreted from the cell. APE1/Ref-1 localization is dynamically regulated by the disease state and may be responsible for its proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects. ABCA1 promotes cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory responses by binding to apoA-I and regulates apoptotic cell clearance and HSPC proliferation to protect against inflammatory responses. Interestingly, in addition to mediating these functions, ABCA1 promotes the secretion of acetylated APE1/Ref-1 (AcAPE1/Ref-1), a therapeutic target, which protects against atherosclerosis development. The APE1/Ref-1 inhibitor APX3330 is being evaluated in a phase II clinical trial. The LXR agonist LXR-623 (WAY-252623) is an agonist of ABCA1 and the first LXR-targeting compound to be evaluated in clinical trials. In this article, we review the roles of ABCA1 and APE1/Ref-1 in atherosclerosis and focus on new insights into the ABCA1-APE1/Ref-1 axis and its potential as a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Radiotherapy Department of Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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7
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Kung WM, Lin MS. Beneficial Impacts of Alpha-Eleostearic Acid from Wild Bitter Melon and Curcumin on Promotion of CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2: Therapeutic Roles in CNS Injuries and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073289. [PMID: 33804820 PMCID: PMC8037269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function are related to the cause of aging, neurodegeneration, and neurotrauma. The activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), exaggerating these two pathologies, underlies the pathogenesis for the aforementioned injuries and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) belongs to the human NEET protein family with the [2Fe-2S] cluster. CISD2 has been verified as an NFκB antagonist through the association with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β). This protective protein can be attenuated under circumstances of CNS injuries and diseases, thereby causing NFκB activation and exaggerating NFκB-provoked neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function. Consequently, CISD2-elevating plans of action provide pathways in the management of various disease categories. Various bioactive molecules derived from plants exert protective anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and serve as natural antioxidants, such as conjugated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Herein, we have summarized pharmacological characters of the two phytochemicals, namely, alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acids derived from wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.), and curcumin, a polyphenol derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. In this review, the unique function of the CISD2-elevating effect of α-ESA and curcumin are particularly emphasized, and these natural compounds are expected to serve as a potential therapeutic target for CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2665-1900
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8
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Loretelli C, Ben Nasr M, Giatsidis G, Bassi R, Lancerotto L, D'Addio F, Valderrama-Vasquez A, Scherer SS, Salvatore L, Madaghiele M, Abdelsalam A, Ippolito E, Assi E, Usuelli V, El Essawy B, Sannino A, Pietramaggiori G, Zuccotti GV, Orgill DP, Fiorina P. Embryonic stem cell extracts improve wound healing in diabetic mice. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:883-890. [PMID: 32124076 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Impaired wound healing significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients, necessitating the development of novel treatments to improve the wound healing process. We here investigated the topical use of acellular embryonic stem cell extracts (EXTs) in wound healing in diabetic db/db mice. METHODS Wounds were induced in diabetic db/db mice, which were subsequently treated with EXTs, with 3T3 fibroblast cell line protein extracts (3T3XTs) or with saline as a control. Pathology and mechanistic assays were then performed. RESULTS The in vivo topical administration of EXTs facilitates wound closure, contraction and re-epithelialization. Moreover, EXTs reduced the number of wound-infiltrating CD45+ inflammatory cells and increased the rate of repair and of angiogenesis as compared to controls. Interestingly, the EXT effect was partly enhanced by the use of a collagen-based biocompatible scaffold. In vivo, topical administration of EXTs increased the percentage of regulatory T cells in the wounded tissue, while in vitro EXT treatment reduced T cell-mediated IFN-γ production. Proteomic screening revealed 82 proteins differentially segregating in EXTs as compared to 3T3 extracts, with APEX1 identified as a key player for the observed immunomodulatory effect of EXTs. CONCLUSIONS EXTs are endowed with immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties; their use improves wound healing in diabetic preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Loretelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th Floor, Rm EN530, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Giorgio Giatsidis
- Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th Floor, Rm EN530, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Luca Lancerotto
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. John's Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valderrama-Vasquez
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th Floor, Rm EN530, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Saja Sandra Scherer
- Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelsalam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elio Ippolito
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Assi
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Basset El Essawy
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pietramaggiori
- Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Dennis Paul Orgill
- Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th Floor, Rm EN530, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
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9
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The Biological Role of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease1/Redox Factor-1 as a Therapeutic Target for Vascular Inflammation and as a Serologic Biomarker. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030057. [PMID: 32164272 PMCID: PMC7148461 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction promotes vascular inflammation by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species and adhesion molecules. Vascular inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases and atherosclerotic disorders. However, whether there is an endogenous system that can participate in circulating immune surveillance or managing a balance in homeostasis is unclear. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (henceforth referred to as APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein that can be secreted from cells. It functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease in the DNA base repair pathway and modulates redox status and several types of transcriptional factors, in addition to its anti-inflammatory activity. Recently, it was reported that the secretion of APE1/Ref-1 into the extracellular medium of cultured cells or its presence in the plasma can act as a serological biomarker for certain disorders. In this review, we summarize the possible biological functions of APE1/Ref-1 according to its subcellular localization or its extracellular secretions, as therapeutic targets for vascular inflammation and as a serologic biomarker.
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Wang Y, Zhao CS. Sigma-1 receptor activation ameliorates LPS-induced NO production and ROS formation through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in cultured astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134387. [PMID: 31330223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that astrocytes play a critical role in neuroinflammation and protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) activation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory reactions and oxidative/nitrosative stress in cultured astrocytes. We found that SA4503, a selective Sig-1R agonist, attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory reactions and oxidative/nitrosative stress by downregulating the expression of iNOS and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and upregulating glutathione (GSH) in cultured astrocytes. To investigate the mechanism by which SA4503 caused these effects, we then examined the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) through western blotting. The results revealed that SA4503 treatment increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression significantly. These results suggested that the antioxidative/nitrosative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of Sig-1R activation in astrocytes were partially mediated by Nrf2 and HO-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chuan-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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11
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Lee SR, Quan KT, Byun HS, Park I, Kang K, Piao X, Ju E, Ro H, Na M, Hur GM. Accelerated degradation of cFLIP L and sensitization of the TRAIL DISC-mediated apoptotic cascade by pinoresinol, a lignan isolated from Rubia philippinensis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13505. [PMID: 31534206 PMCID: PMC6751165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived lignans have numerous biological effects including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Screening of purified constituents of Rubia philippinensis from human glioblastoma cells resistant to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has suggested that the lignan pinoresinol was a highly active TRAIL sensitizer. Here we show that treatment with nontoxic doses of pinoresinol in combination with TRAIL induced rapid apoptosis and caspase activation in many types of glioblastoma cells, but not in normal astrocytes. Analyses of apoptotic signaling events revealed that pinoresinol enhanced the formation of TRAIL-mediated death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and complete processing of procaspase-8 within the DISC in glioblastoma cells, in which caspase-8 was inactivated. Mechanistically, pinoresinol downregulated the expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIPL) and survivin through proteasome-mediated degradation, without affecting death receptors or downstream intracellular apoptosis-related proteins. Furthermore, the sensitization of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by pinoresinol strictly depended on the expression level of cFLIPL, which was regulated through de novo protein synthesis, rather than by NF-κB or p53 signaling. Taken together, our results indicate that pinoresinol facilitates DISC-mediated caspase-8 activation by targeting cFLIPL in an early event in apoptotic signaling, which provides a potential therapeutic module for TRAIL-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ra Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Khong Trong Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Byun
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - InWha Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuezhe Piao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Joo HK, Lee YR, Lee EO, Park MS, Choi S, Kim CS, Park JB, Jeon BH. The extracellular role of Ref-1 as anti-inflammatory function in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 139:16-23. [PMID: 31100475 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 (Ref-1), a multifunctional protein secreted from stimulated cells, has been identified as a new serological biomarker. Despite recent reports on the role of Ref-1 in inflammation, the biological function of secreted Ref-1 remains unknown, especially in vivo. This study aimed to evaluate the possible roles of secreted Ref-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation in vivo. We generated a secretory Ref-1 adenoviral vector system, AdPPT-LS-Ref-1, by conjugation of preprotrypsin leading sequence (PPT-LS) with full-length Ref-1 sequences. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in endothelial cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 in Raw264.7 cells was inhibited by secretory Ref-1, and this inhibitory effect was abrogated following neutralization of Ref-1 with anti-Ref-1 antibody. Plasma Ref-1 levels following administration of AdPPT-LS-Ref-1 (2 × 109 ifu, i.p.) for 24 h were substantially higher than those recorded following administration of Adβgal (84.6 ± 7.2 ng/ml vs. 4.4 ± 1.5 ng/ml). Treatment with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.v. for 6 h) markedly increased VCAM-1 expression, cathepsin or myeloperoxidase activity, which were significantly suppressed by treatment with AdPPT-LS-Ref-1. Furthermore, LPS-induced cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, were significantly inhibited in AdPPT-LS-Ref-1-treated mice. However, LPS-induced myeloperoxidase activities were not suppressed by treatment with the redox mutant of secretory Ref-1, AdPPT-LS-Ref-1(C65A/C93A), or wild-type AdRef-1. Collectively, these results suggest that secreted Ref-1 has anti-inflammatory properties and that its redox cysteine residue is associated with the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Furthermore, our findings indicate that secretory Ref-1 may be useful as a therapeutic biomolecule against systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Joo
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yu Ran Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Park
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunga Choi
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Bong Park
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
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13
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Dowell J, Elser BA, Schroeder RE, Stevens HE. Cellular stress mechanisms of prenatal maternal stress: Heat shock factors and oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134368. [PMID: 31299286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of the brain prenatally is affected by maternal experience and exposure. Prenatal maternal psychological stress changes brain development and results in increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, multiple levels of prenatal stress mechanisms (offspring brain, placenta, and maternal physiology) are discussed and their intersection with cellular stress mechanisms explicated. Heat shock factors and oxidative stress are closely related to each other and converge with the inflammation, hormones, and cellular development that have been more deeply explored as the basis of prenatal stress risk. Increasing evidence implicates cellular stress mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with prenatal stress including affective disorders, schizophrenia, and child-onset psychiatric disorders. Heat shock factors and oxidative stress also have links with the mechanisms involved in other kinds of prenatal stress including external exposures such as environmental toxicants and internal disruptions such as preeclampsia. Integrative understanding of developmental neurobiology with these cellular and physiological mechanisms is necessary to reduce risks and promote healthy brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dowell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Elser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Rachel E Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Hanna E Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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14
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Zaky A, Bouali-Benazzouz R, Favereaux A, Tell G, Landry M. APE1/Ref-1 redox function contributes to inflammatory pain sensitization. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:1-11. [PMID: 29772245 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is a complex and multifactorial disorder. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), also called Redox Factor-1 (Ref-1), is constitutively expressed in the central nervous system and regulates various cellular functions including oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated APE1 modulation and associated pain behavior changes in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain in rats. In addition we tested the anti-inflammatory effects of E3330, a selective inhibitor of APE1-redox activity, in CFA pain condition. We demonstrate that APE1 expression and subcellular distribution are significantly altered in rats at 4 days post CFA injection. We observed around 30% reduction in the overall APE1 mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, our data point to an increased nuclear accumulation in the inflamed group as compared to the sham group. E3330 inhibitor injection in CFA rats normalized APE1 mRNA expression and changed its distribution toward cytosolic accumulation. Furthermore, intrathecal injection of E3330 decreased inflammation (i.e. reduced IL-6 expression) and alleviated pain, as assessed by measuring the paw withdrawal threshold with the von Frey test. In conclusion, our data indicate that changes in APE1 expression and sub-cellular distribution are implicated in inflammatory pain mechanisms mediated by APE1 redox functions. Further studies are required to elucidate the exact function of APE1 in inflammatory pain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharram Bek, PO Box 21511, Egypt; Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Rabia Bouali-Benazzouz
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Alexandre Favereaux
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.
| | - Marc Landry
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, CNRS, Bordeaux, France.
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15
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Elevation of Serum APE1/Ref-1 in Experimental Murine Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122664. [PMID: 29292734 PMCID: PMC5751266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that causes cardiogenic shock and death. However, endomyocardial biopsy that is, the gold standard for a diagnosis is limited. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein, which is involved in DNA-based excision repair pathway, and in redox signaling, its changes are observed in various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and coronary artery disease. We analyzed serum APE1/Ref-1 in experimental murine myocarditis. To induce myocarditis, coxsackievirus B3 was injected intraperitoneally to BALB/c mice. The serum APE1/Ref-1, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and troponin I were measured. The histology and virus titers measurements were performed. The troponin I and inflammation were significantly elevated at day 3, peaked to day 7 and decreased at day 10. The NT-proBNP and virus titers were significantly peaked at day 3, and dropped at day 7 and 10. The serum APE1/Ref-1 was gradually raised and its elevation is still maintained until a later time, namely day 10. Also, its level was positively correlated with myocardial inflammation, reflecting severity of myocardial injury. We suggest that serum APE1/Ref-1 can be used to assess for myocardial injury in viral myocarditis without endomyocardial biopsy.
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16
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de Andrade AM, Fernandes MDC, de Fraga LS, Porawski M, Giovenardi M, Guedes RP. Omega-3 fatty acids revert high-fat diet-induced neuroinflammation but not recognition memory impairment in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1871-1881. [PMID: 28756577 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a consequence of overeating and may predispose to the development of cognitive decline and neurological disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of omega-3 supplementation on memory and neuroinflammatory markers in rats fed a high-fat diet. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: standard diet (SD); standard diet + omega-3 (SD + O); high fat diet (HFD); and high fat diet + omega-3 (HFD + O). Diet administration was performed for 20 weeks and omega-3 supplementation started at the 16th week. HFD significantly increased body weight, while omega-3 supplementation did not modify the total weight gain. However, animals from the HFD + O group showed a lower level of visceral fat along with an improvement in insulin sensitivity following HFD. Thus, our results demonstrate a beneficial metabolic role of omega-3 following HFD. On the other hand, HFD animals presented an impairment in object recognition memory, which was not recovered by omega-3. In addition, there was an increase in GFAP-positive cells in the cerebral cortex of the HFD group, showing that omega-3 supplementation can be effective to decrease astrogliosis. However, no differences in GFAP number of cells were found in the hippocampus. We also demonstrated a significant increase in gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in cerebral cortex of the HFD group, reinforcing the anti-inflammatory role of this family of fatty acids. In summary, omega-3 supplementation was not sufficient to reverse the memory deficit caused by HFD, although it played an important role in reducing the neuroinflammatory profile. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids may play an important role in the central nervous system, preventing the progression of neuroinflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Marcelino de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/308, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Hepatologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/308, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Márcia Giovenardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/308, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/308, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/308, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/308, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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