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Sola-Sevilla N, Puerta E. SIRT2 as a potential new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:124-131. [PMID: 37488853 PMCID: PMC10479864 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia globally with an increasing incidence over the years, bringing a heavy burden to individuals and society due to the lack of an effective treatment. In this context, sirtuin 2, the sirtuin with the highest expression in the brain, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes and discusses the complex roles of sirtuin 2 in different molecular mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease such as amyloid and tau pathology, microtubule stability, neuroinflammation, myelin formation, autophagy, and oxidative stress. The role of sirtuin 2 in all these processes highlights its potential implication in the etiology and development of Alzheimer's disease. However, its presence in different cell types and its enormous variety of substrates leads to apparently contradictory conclusions when it comes to understanding its specific functions. Further studies in sirtuin 2 research with selective sirtuin 2 modulators targeting specific sirtuin 2 substrates are necessary to clarify its specific functions under different conditions and to validate it as a novel pharmacological target. This will contribute to the development of new treatment strategies, not only for Alzheimer's disease but also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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2
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Duchateau L, Küҫükali F, De Roeck A, Wittens MMJ, Temmerman J, Weets I, Timmers M, Engelborghs S, Bjerke M, Sleegers K. CSF biomarker analysis of ABCA7 mutation carriers suggests altered APP processing and reduced inflammatory response. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:195. [PMID: 37946268 PMCID: PMC10634183 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene ABCA7 has suggested functions in lipid metabolism and the immune system. Rare premature termination codon (PTC) mutations and an expansion of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the gene, both likely cause a lower ABCA7 expression and hereby increased risk for AD. However, the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. By studying CSF biomarkers reflecting different types of AD-related pathological processes, we aim to get a better insight in those processes and establish a biomarker profile of mutation carriers. METHODS The study population consisted of 229 AD patients for whom CSF was available and ABCA7 sequencing and VNTR genotyping had been performed. This included 28 PTC mutation and 16 pathogenic expansion carriers. CSF levels of Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, P-tau181, T-tau, sAPPα, sAPPβ, YKL-40, and hFABP were determined using ELISA and Meso Scale Discovery assays. We compared differences in levels of these biomarkers and the Aβ ratio between AD patients with or without an ABCA7 PTC mutation or expansion using linear regression on INT-transformed data with APOE-status, age and sex as covariates. RESULTS Carriers of ABCA7 expansion mutations had significantly lower Aβ1-42 levels (P = 0.022) compared with non-carrier patients. The effect of the presence of ABCA7 mutations on CSF levels was especially pronounced in APOE ε4-negative carriers. In addition, VNTR expansion carriers had reduced Aβ1-40 (P = 0.023), sAPPα (P = 0.047), sAPPβ (P = 0.016), and YKL-40 (P = 0.0036) levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results are suggestive for an effect on APP processing by repeat expansions given the changes in the amyloid-related CSF biomarkers that were found in carriers. The decrease in YKL-40 levels in expansion carriers moreover suggests that these patients potentially have a reduced inflammatory response to AD damage. Moreover, our findings suggest the existence of a mechanism, independent of lowered expression, affecting neuropathology in expansion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Duchateau
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Building V, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Fahri Küҫükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Building V, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Arne De Roeck
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Building V, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Present Address: Argenx, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mandy M J Wittens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology, University Hospital Brussels, Generaal Jacqueslaan 137, Elsene, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Joke Temmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Ilse Weets
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology, University Hospital Brussels, Generaal Jacqueslaan 137, Elsene, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Bru-BRAIN, University Hospital Brussels, Generaal Jacqueslaan 137, Elsene, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology, University Hospital Brussels, Generaal Jacqueslaan 137, Elsene, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Building V, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.
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Fronza MG, Alves D, Praticò D, Savegnago L. The neurobiology and therapeutic potential of multi-targeting β-secretase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β and acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102033. [PMID: 37595640 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting almost 50 million of people around the world, characterized by a complex and age-related progressive pathology with projections to duplicate its incidence by the end of 2050. AD pathology has two major hallmarks, the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, alongside with several sub pathologies including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, loss of neurogenesis and synaptic dysfunction. In recent years, extensive research pointed out several therapeutic targets which have shown promising effects on modifying the course of the disease in preclinical models of AD but with substantial failure when transposed to clinic trials, suggesting that modulating just an isolated feature of the pathology might not be sufficient to improve brain function and enhance cognition. In line with this, there is a growing consensus that an ideal disease modifying drug should address more than one feature of the pathology. Considering these evidence, β-secretase (BACE1), Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has emerged as interesting therapeutic targets. BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in the Aβ production, GSK-3β is considered the main kinase responsible for Tau hyperphosphorylation, and AChE play an important role in modulating memory formation and learning. However, the effects underlying the modulation of these enzymes are not limited by its primarily functions, showing interesting effects in a wide range of impaired events secondary to AD pathology. In this sense, this review will summarize the involvement of BACE1, GSK-3β and AChE on synaptic function, neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, we will present and discuss new perspectives on the modulation of these pathways on AD pathology and future directions on the development of drugs that concomitantly target these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Fronza
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), UFPel, RS, Brazil
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple - ACT, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Chau DDL, Ng LLH, Zhai Y, Lau KF. Amyloid precursor protein and its interacting proteins in neurodevelopment. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1647-1659. [PMID: 37387352 PMCID: PMC10629809 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the pathogenic amyloid-β peptide is derived from it. Two closely related APP family proteins (APPs) have also been identified in mammals. Current knowledge, including genetic analyses of gain- and loss-of-function mutants, highlights the importance of APPs in various physiological functions. Notably, APPs consist of multiple extracellular and intracellular protein-binding regions/domains. Protein-protein interactions are crucial for many cellular processes. In past decades, many APPs interactors have been identified which assist the revelation of the putative roles of APPs. Importantly, some of these interactors have been shown to influence several APPs-mediated neuronal processes which are found defective in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Studying APPs-interactor complexes would not only advance our understanding of the physiological roles of APPs but also provide further insights into the association of these processes to neurodegeneration, which may lead to the development of novel therapies. In this mini-review, we summarize the roles of APPs-interactor complexes in neurodevelopmental processes including neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, axonal guidance and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Laura Lok-Haang Ng
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuqi Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Hershkovits AS, Gelley S, Hanna R, Kleifeld O, Shulman A, Fishman A. Shifting the balance: soluble ADAM10 as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1171123. [PMID: 37266401 PMCID: PMC10229884 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1171123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulation of amyloid β in the brain is regarded as a key initiator of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the amyloidogenic pathway yields neurotoxic amyloid β species. In the non-amyloidogenic pathway, APP is processed by membrane-bound ADAM10, the main α-secretase in the nervous system. Here we present a new enzymatic approach for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease using a soluble form of ADAM10. Methods The ability of the soluble ADAM10 to shed overexpressed and endogenous APP was determined with an ADAM10 knockout cell line and a human neuroblastoma cell line, respectively. We further examined its effect on amyloid β aggregation by thioflavin T fluorescence, HPLC, and confocal microscopy. Using N-terminal and C-terminal enrichment proteomic approaches, we identified soluble ADAM10 substrates. Finally, a truncated soluble ADAM10, based on the catalytic domain, was expressed in Escherichia coli for the first time, and its activity was evaluated. Results The soluble enzyme hydrolyzes APP and releases the neuroprotective soluble APPα when exogenously added to cell cultures. The soluble ADAM10 inhibits the formation and aggregation of characteristic amyloid β extracellular neuronal aggregates. The proteomic investigation identified new and verified known substrates, such as VGF and N-cadherin, respectively. The truncated variant also exhibited α-secretase capacity as shown with a specific ADAM10 fluorescent substrate in addition to shedding overexpressed and endogenous APP. Discussion Our in vitro study demonstrates that exogenous treatment with a soluble variant of ADAM10 would shift the balance toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway, thus utilizing its natural neuroprotective effect and inhibiting the main neurotoxic amyloid β species. The potential of such a treatment for Alzheimer's disease needs to be further evaluated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Sarah Hershkovits
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- The Interdisciplinary Program for Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Gelley
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rawad Hanna
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Mockett BG, Ryan MM. The therapeutic potential of the neuroactive peptides of soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha in Alzheimer's disease and related neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:93-101. [PMID: 35654665 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) is a multi-functional brain-derived protein that has neuroprotective, neurogenic and neurotropic properties. Moreover, it is known to facilitate synaptic function and promote neural repair. These properties suggest sAPPα may be useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurological diseases characterized by synaptic failure and neuronal loss, such as occurs in Alzheimer's disease, and for neural repair following traumatic brain injury and stroke. However, sAPPα's relatively large size and the difficulty of ongoing delivery of therapeutics to the brain mean this is not currently practicable. Importantly, however, sAPPα is composed of several neuroactive domains that each possess properties that collectively are remarkably similar to those of sAPPα itself. Here, we review the molecular structure of sAPPα and identify the domains that contribute to its overall functionality. Four peptide motifs present as possible targets for therapeutic development. We review their physiochemical and neuroactive properties, both within sAPPα and as isolated peptides, and discuss their potential for future development as multipurpose therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders of neuronal function. Further, we discuss the role of heparin binding sites, found within sAPPα's structure and overlapping with the neuroactive domains, as sites for interactions with effector proteins and synaptic receptors. The potential role of the neuroactive peptides known as Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs) as neuroprotective motifs is also reviewed. Mechanisms of peptide delivery to the brain are briefly discussed. Finally, we summarise the potential benefits and pitfalls of using the isolated peptides, either individually or in combination, for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Margaret M Ryan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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7
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Brandimarti R, Irollo E, Meucci O. The US9-Derived Protein gPTB9TM Modulates APP Processing Without Targeting Secretase Activities. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1811-1825. [PMID: 36576708 PMCID: PMC9984340 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of neuronal protein processing is often associated with neurological disorders and is highly dependent on cellular protein trafficking. A prime example is the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in intracellular vesicles, which plays a key role in age-related cognitive impairment. Most approaches to correct this altered processing aim to limit enzymatic activities that lead to toxic products, such as protein cleavage by β-secretase and the resulting amyloid β production. A viable alternative is to direct APP to cellular compartments where non-amyloidogenic mechanisms are favored. To this end, we exploited the molecular properties of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) transport protein US9 to guide APP interaction with preferred endogenous targets. Specifically, we generated a US9 chimeric construct that facilitates APP processing through the non-amyloidogenic pathway and tested it in primary cortical neurons. In addition to reducing amyloid β production, our approach controls other APP-dependent biochemical steps that lead to neuronal deficits, including phosphorylation of APP and tau proteins. Notably, it also promotes the release of neuroprotective soluble αAPP. In contrast to other neuroprotective strategies, these US9-driven effects rely on the activity of endogenous neuronal proteins, which lends itself well to the study of fundamental mechanisms of APP processing/trafficking. Overall, this work introduces a new method to limit APP misprocessing and its cellular consequences without directly targeting secretase activity, offering a novel tool to reduce cognitive decline in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Brandimarti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo,14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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8
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El-Bana MA, El-Daly SM, Omara EA, Morsy SM, El-Naggar ME, Medhat D. Preparation of pumpkin oil-based nanoemulsion as a potential estrogen replacement therapy to alleviate neural-immune interactions in an experimental postmenopausal model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 166:106730. [PMID: 36931593 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
As estrogen production decreases during menopause; the brain's metabolism tends to stall and become less effective. Estrogen most likely protects against neurodegeneration. Consequently, a comprehensive study of the benefits of hormone replacement therapy as a neuroprotective effect is urgently required. This study was designed to fabricate pumpkin seed oil nanoparticles (PSO) in nanoemulsion form (PSO-NE) and investigate their potential role in attenuating the neural-immune interactions in an experimental postmenopausal model.Sixty female white albino rats were divided into six groups: control, sham, ovariectomized (OVX), and three OVX groups treated with 17β-estradiol, PSO, and PSO-NE respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and particle size analyzer were performed for nanoemulsion evaluation. Serum levels of estrogen, brain amyloid precursor protein (APP), serum levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κβ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transthyretin (TTR), and synaptophysin (SYP) were evaluated. The expression of estrogen receptors (ER-α, β) in the brain tissue was estimated. The findings revealed that the approached PSO-NE system was able to reduce the interfacial tension, enhance the dispersion entropy, lower the system free energy to an extremely small value, and augment the interfacial area. PSO-NE, showed a significant increase in the levels of estrogen, brain APP, SYP, and TTR accompanied with a significant increased in the expression of brain ER-α, β compared to the OVX group. In conclusion, the phytoestrogen content of PSO exhibited a significant prophylactic effect on neuro-inflammatory interactions, ameliorating both estrogen levels and the inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A El-Bana
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherien M El-Daly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Enayat A Omara
- Pathology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Safaa M Morsy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Institute of Textile Research and Technology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia Medhat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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Li YZ, Zhu YB, Ge AN, Gao M, Wang KL, Zeng XR, Li J, Li Y, Xu JY, Bai HH, Wu SJ. Reduced expression of APLP2 in spinal GABAergic inhibitory neurons contributed to nerve injury-induced microglial activation and pain sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109334. [PMID: 36442651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is critical for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The AD patients usually have lower pain sensitivity in addition to cognitive impairments. However, considerably less is known as yet about the role of APP and its two mammalian homologues, amyloid precursor-like protein 1 and 2 (APLP1, APLP2), in spinal processing of nociceptive information. Here we found that all APP family members were present in spinal cord dorsal horn of adult male C57BL/6J mice. Peripheral nerve injury specifically reduced the expression of spinal APLP2 that correlated with neuropathic mechanical allodynia. The loss of APLP2 was confined to inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. Targeted knockdown of APLP2 in GABAergic interneurons of GAD2-Cre mice evoked pain hypersensitivity by means of microglia activation. Our data showed that GABAergic terminals expressed APLP2, a putative cell adhesion protein that interacted with microglia-specific integrin molecule CD11b. Knocking down APLP2 in GAD2-positive neurons to disrupt the trans-cellular interaction led to microglia-dependent pain sensitization. Our data thus revealed an important role of APLP2 for GABAergic interneurons to control microglial activity and pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yue-Bin Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - An-Na Ge
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Kang-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jia-Yu Xu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Hu-Hu Bai
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shu-Jin Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
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10
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Yang L, Nao J. Focus on Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Autophagy. Neuroscience 2023; 511:13-28. [PMID: 36372296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder of the central nervous system that is typically marked by progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. Amyloid β plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau are the two hallmark pathologies of AD. In mammalian cells, autophagy clears aberrant protein aggregates, thus maintaining proteostasis as well as neuronal health. Autophagy affects production and metabolism of amyloid β and accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins, whose malfunction can lead to the progression of AD. On the other hand, defective autophagy has been found to induce the production of the neuroprotective factor fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), although the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this review, we highlight the significance of aberrant autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, discuss the possible mechanisms by which defective autophagy induces FGF21 production, and analyze the potential of FGF21 in the treatment of AD. The findings provide some insights into the potential role of FGF21 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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11
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Sehar U, Rawat P, Reddy AP, Kopel J, Reddy PH. Amyloid Beta in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12924. [PMID: 36361714 PMCID: PMC9655207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects behavior, thinking, learning, and memory in elderly individuals. AD occurs in two forms, early onset familial and late-onset sporadic; genetic mutations in PS1, PS2, and APP genes cause early onset familial AD, and a combination of lifestyle, environment and genetic factors causes the late-onset sporadic form of the disease. However, accelerated disease progression is noticed in patients with familial AD. Disease-causing pathological changes are synaptic damage, and mitochondrial structural and functional changes, in addition to increased production and accumulation of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid beta (Aβ) in the affected brain regions in AD patients. Aβ is a peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic cleavage of beta and gamma secretases. APP is a glycoprotein that plays a significant role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis like signaling, neuronal development, and intracellular transport. Aβ is reported to have both protective and toxic effects in neurons. The purpose of our article is to summarize recent developments of Aβ and its association with synapses, mitochondria, microglia, astrocytes, and its interaction with p-tau. Our article also covers the therapeutic strategies that reduce Aβ toxicities in disease progression and discusses the reasons for the failures of Aβ therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Priyanka Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jonathan Kopel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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12
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Bai N, Li N, Cheng R, Guan Y, Zhao X, Song Z, Xu H, Yi F, Jiang B, Li X, Wu X, Jiang C, Zhou T, Guo Q, Guo W, Feng Y, Wang Z, Ma M, Yu Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang C, Zhao W, Liu S, Song X, Liu H, Cao L. Inhibition of SIRT2 promotes APP acetylation and ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111062. [PMID: 35830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). SIRT2, an NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent deacetylase, accumulates in the aging brain. Here, we report that, in the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD, genetic deletion of SIRT2 or pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 ameliorates cognitive impairment. We find that suppression of SIRT2 enhances acetylation of APP, which promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of APP at the cell surface, leading to increased soluble APP-α (sAPPα). We discover that lysines 132 and 134 of the major pathogenic protein β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor are acetylated and that these residues are deacetylated by SIRT2. Strikingly, exogenous expression of wild-type or an acetylation-mimic APP mutant protects cultured primary neurons from Aβ42 challenge. Our study identifies SIRT2-mediated deacetylation of APP on K132 and K134 as a regulated post-translational modification (PTM) and suggests inhibition of SIRT2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bai
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Rong Cheng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yi Guan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhijie Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Cui Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Wendong Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Mengtao Ma
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shihui Liu
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Innovation Center of Aging-Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Innovation Center of Aging-Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
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13
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Delport A, Hewer R. The amyloid precursor protein: a converging point in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4501-4516. [PMID: 35579846 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The decades of evidence that showcase the role of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and its fragment amyloidβ (Aβ), in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis are irrefutable. However, the absolute focus on the single APP metabolite Aβ as the cause for AD has resulted in APP and its other fragments that possess toxic propensity, to be overlooked as targets for treatment. The complexity of its processing and its association with systematic metabolism suggests that, if misregulated, APP has the potential to provoke an array of metabolic dysfunctions. This review discusses APP and several of its cleaved products with a particular focus on their toxicity and ability to disrupt healthy cellular function, in relation to AD development. We subsequently argue that the reduction of APP, which would result in a concurrent decrease in Aβ as well as all other toxic APP metabolites, would alleviate the toxic environment associated with AD and slow disease progression. A discussion of those drug-like compounds already identified to possess this capacity is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandré Delport
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
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14
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Manukyan AL. Noise as a cause of neurodegenerative disorders: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:2983-2993. [PMID: 35166975 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noise as an environmental stressor becomes of increasing importance in our industrialized world, and especially traffic noise from the environment represents a potential novel neurodegenerative risk factor, as well as for hearing loss. A significant number of studies have been suggested that the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has a complex role in stimulation of pathologic events. Experimental studies upon molecular pathways of traffic noise exposure proposed that it increased the level of stress hormones and mediated the inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) pathways resulting in endothelial and neuronal dysfunction. Studies have shown that neurons are especially sensitive to OS due to high polyunsaturated fatty acids content in membranes, high oxygen uptake, and weak antioxidant defense. However, OS induces the necrotic and apoptotic cell deaths in the cochlea. Chronic noise is one of the many overall reasons of obtained sensorineural hearing loss which destroys cognitive functions in human and animals, as well as suppresses neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Nevertheless, behavioral disorders caused by noise are mainly accompanied with oxidative stress, but the clear molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration due to disruption of the pro- and antioxidant systems is still not fully understood. This paper aims to highlight the down-stream pathophysiology of noise-induced mental disorders, including hearing loss, annoyance, anxiety, depression, memory loss, and Alzheimer's disease, describing the underlying mechanisms of induction of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkhen L Manukyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Koryun 2, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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15
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Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Santos MD, Penzes P. Intercellular signaling by ectodomain shedding at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:483-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Kettunen P, Bjerke M, Eckerström C, Jonsson M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Svensson J, Wallin A. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein-β in patients with subcortical small-vessel disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12296. [PMID: 35356486 PMCID: PMC8949877 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Subcortical small-vessel disease (SSVD) is the most common vascular cognitive disorder. However, because no disease-specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are available for SSVD, our aim was to identify such markers. Methods We included 170 healthy controls and patients from the Gothenburg Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) study clinically diagnosed with SSVD dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), or mixed AD/SSVD. We quantified CSF levels of amyloid-β (Aβ)x-38, Aβx-40, Aβx-42, as well as soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP)-α and sAPP-β. Results sAPP-β was lower in SSVD patients than in AD patients and controls. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that sAPP-β moderately separated SSVD from AD and controls. Moreover, the CSF/serum albumin ratio was elevated exclusively in SSVD and could moderately separate SSVD from the other groups in ROC analyses. Discussion SSVD has a biomarker profile that differs from that of AD and controls, and to some extent also from mixed AD/SSVD, suggesting that signs of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and sAPP-β could be additional tools to diagnose SSVD. Highlights Patients with subcortical small-vessel disease (SSVD) exhibited reduced levels of sAPP-β and disturbances of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).This biochemical pattern is different from that of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to some degree from that of mixed AD/SSVD.Our findings are speaking in favor of the concept that SSVD is a distinct vascular cognitive disorder (VCD) form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Kettunen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Clinical Biology and Center for NeurosciencesUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Carl Eckerström
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion MedicineSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong KongChina
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Internal MedicineSkaraborg Central HospitalSkövdeSweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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17
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Recent Advances in Our Molecular and Mechanistic Understanding of Misfolded Cellular Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Prion Disease (PrD). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020166. [PMID: 35204666 PMCID: PMC8961532 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring neuron-abundant proteins including amyloid Aβ42 peptide and the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) can, over time and under pathological situations, assume atypical conformations, altering their normal biological structure and function, and causing them to aggregate into insoluble and neurotoxic intracellular inclusions. These misfolded proteins ultimately contribute to the pathogenesis of several progressive, age-related and ultimately lethal human neurodegenerative disorders. The molecular mechanism of this pathological phenomenon of neuronal protein misfolding lends support to the ‘prion hypothesis’, which predicts that the aberrant folding of endogenous natural protein structures into unusual pathogenic isoforms can induce the atypical folding of other similar brain-abundant proteins, underscoring the age-related, progressive nature and potential transmissible and spreading capabilities of the aberrant protein isoforms that drive these invariably fatal neurological syndromes. The abnormal folding and aggregation of host proteins is a consistent feature of both amyloidopathies and tauopathies that encompass a continuous spectrum of brain diseases that include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), prion disorders (PrD) such as scrapie in sheep and goats (Bovidae), experimental prion infection of rodents (Muridae), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS) in humans (Hominidae), and other fatal prion-driven neurological disorders. Because AD patients accumulate both misfolded tau and Aβ peptides, AD may be somewhat unique as the first example of a ‘double prion disorder’. This commentary will examine current research trends in this fascinating research area, with a special emphasis on AD and PrD, and the novel pathological misfolded protein processes common to both intractable neurological disorders.
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Nowakowska-Gołacka J, Czapiewska J, Sominka H, Sowa-Rogozińska N, Słomińska-Wojewódzka M. EDEM1 Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism and Amyloid-β Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010117. [PMID: 35008544 PMCID: PMC8745108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein 1 (EDEM1) is a quality control factor directly involved in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) process. It recognizes terminally misfolded proteins and directs them to retrotranslocation which is followed by proteasomal degradation in the cytosol. The amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is synthesized and N-glycosylated in the ER and transported to the Golgi for maturation before being delivered to the cell surface. The amyloidogenic cleavage pathway of APP leads to production of amyloid-β (Aβ), deposited in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Here, using biochemical methods applied to human embryonic kidney, HEK293, and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we show that EDEM1 is an important regulatory factor involved in APP metabolism. We find that APP cellular levels are significantly reduced after EDEM1 overproduction and are increased in cells with downregulated EDEM1. We also report on EDEM1-dependent transport of APP from the ER to the cytosol that leads to proteasomal degradation of APP. EDEM1 directly interacts with APP. Furthermore, overproduction of EDEM1 results in decreased Aβ40 and Aβ42 secretion. These findings indicate that EDEM1 is a novel regulator of APP metabolism through ERAD.
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Dai L, Shen Y. Insights into T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13511. [PMID: 34725916 PMCID: PMC8672785 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells, the critical immune cells of the adaptive immune system, are often dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are involved in AD pathology. Reports highlight neuroinflammation as a crucial modulator of AD pathogenesis, and aberrant T cells indirectly contribute to neuroinflammation by secreting proinflammatory mediators via direct crosstalk with glial cells infiltrating the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying T‐cell abnormalities in AD appear multifactorial. Risk factors for AD and pathological hallmarks of AD have been tightly linked with immune responses, implying the potential regulatory effects of these factors on T cells. In this review, we discuss how the risk factors for AD, particularly Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Aβ, α‐secretase, β‐secretase, γ‐secretase, Tau, and neuroinflammation, modulate T‐cell activation and the association between T cells and pathological AD hallmarks. Understanding these associations is critical to provide a comprehensive view of appropriate therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Dai
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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20
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Mohamed Asik R, Suganthy N, Aarifa MA, Kumar A, Szigeti K, Mathe D, Gulyás B, Archunan G, Padmanabhan P. Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular View of β-Amyloid Induced Morbific Events. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091126. [PMID: 34572312 PMCID: PMC8468668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a dynamic peptide of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which accelerates the disease progression. At the cell membrane and cell compartments, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes amyloidogenic cleavage by β- and γ-secretases and engenders the Aβ. In addition, externally produced Aβ gets inside the cells by receptors mediated internalization. An elevated amount of Aβ yields spontaneous aggregation which causes organelles impairment. Aβ stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein via acceleration by several kinases. Aβ travels to the mitochondria and interacts with its functional complexes, which impairs the mitochondrial function leading to the activation of apoptotic signaling cascade. Aβ disrupts the Ca2+ and protein homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex (GC) that promotes the organelle stress and inhibits its stress recovery machinery such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). At lysosome, Aβ precedes autophagy dysfunction upon interacting with autophagy molecules. Interestingly, Aβ act as a transcription regulator as well as inhibits telomerase activity. Both Aβ and p-tau interaction with neuronal and glial receptors elevate the inflammatory molecules and persuade inflammation. Here, we have expounded the Aβ mediated events in the cells and its cosmopolitan role on neurodegeneration, and the current clinical status of anti-amyloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohamed Mohamed Asik
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natarajan Suganthy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mohamed Asik Aarifa
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
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21
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From Menopause to Neurodegeneration-Molecular Basis and Potential Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168654. [PMID: 34445359 PMCID: PMC8395405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of menopause on neurodegenerative diseases, especially the changes in steroid hormones, have been well described in cell models, animal models, and humans. However, the therapeutic effects of hormone replacement therapy on postmenopausal women with neurodegenerative diseases remain controversial. The steroid hormones, steroid hormone receptors, and downstream signal pathways in the brain change with aging and contribute to disease progression. Estrogen and progesterone are two steroid hormones which decline in circulation and the brain during menopause. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which plays an import role in neuroprotection, is rapidly decreased in serum after menopause. Here, we summarize the actions of estrogen, progesterone, and IGF-1 and their signaling pathways in the brain. Since the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is higher in women than in men, the associations of steroid hormone changes and AD are emphasized. The signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms for how steroid hormones and IGF-1 provide neuroprotection are also addressed. Finally, the molecular mechanisms of potential estrogen modulation on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) are also addressed. We provide the viewpoint of why hormone therapy has inconclusive results based on signaling pathways considering their complex response to aging and hormone treatments. Nonetheless, while diagnosable AD may not be treatable by hormone therapy, its preceding stage of mild cognitive impairment may very well be treatable by hormone therapy.
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22
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Liu C, Cheng ZY, Xia QP, Hu YH, Wang C, He L. GPR40 receptor agonist TAK-875 improves cognitive deficits and reduces β-amyloid production in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2133-2146. [PMID: 34173034 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is expressed in brain in addition to periphery and is associated with cognitive function such as space orientation, memory, and learning. However, the effects and mechanisms of GPR40 agonist in improving the AD progression remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of a potent and selective GPR40 agonist TAK-875 on the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. RESULTS The results showed that intracerebroventricular administration of TAK-875 significantly rescued cognitive deficits in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, and these effects may be mediated by the regulation of phospholipase C/protein kinase C signaling pathway, which enhanced α-secretase ADAM10 activity, promoted amyloid precursor protein non-amyloidogenic processing pathway, and reduced β-amyloid production. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GPR40 may be a potential therapeutic target for AD, and GPR40 agonists may become promising AD drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Qing-Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China.
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23
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Pourhamzeh M, Joghataei MT, Mehrabi S, Ahadi R, Hojjati SMM, Fazli N, Nabavi SM, Pakdaman H, Shahpasand K. The Interplay of Tau Protein and β-Amyloid: While Tauopathy Spreads More Profoundly Than Amyloidopathy, Both Processes Are Almost Equally Pathogenic. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1339-1354. [PMID: 32696288 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, in which amyloid precursor protein (APP) misprocessing and tau protein hyperphosphorylation are well-established pathogenic cascades. Despite extensive considerations, the central mediator of neuronal cell death upon AD remains under debate. Therefore, we examined the direct interplay between tauopathy and amyloidopathy processes. We employed primary culture neurons and examined pathogenic P-tau and Aβ oligomers upon hypoxia treatment by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. We observed both tauopathy and amyloidopathy processes upon the hypoxia condition. We also applied Aβ1-42 or P-tau onto primary cultured neurons. We overexpressed P-tau in SH-SY5Y cells and found Aβ accumulation. Furthermore, adult male rats received Aβ1-42 or pathogenic P-tau in the dorsal hippocampus and were examined for 8 weeks. Learning and memory performance, as well as anxiety behaviors, were assessed by Morris water maze and elevated plus-maze tests. Both Aβ1-42 and pathogenic P-tau significantly induced learning and memory deficits and enhanced anxiety behavior after treatment 2 weeks. Aβ administration induced robust tauopathy distribution in the cortex, striatum, and corpus callosum as well as CA1. On the other hand, P-tau treatment developed Aβ oligomers in the cortex and CA1 only. Our findings indicate that Aβ1-42 and pathogenic P-tau may induce each other and cause almost identical neurotoxicity in a time-dependent manner, while tauopathy seems to be more distributable than amyloidopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Fazli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Massood Nabavi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pakdaman
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Artesunate restores the levels of inhibitory synapse proteins and reduces amyloid-β and C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of the amyloid precursor protein in an AD-mouse model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 113:103624. [PMID: 33933588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia, characterized histopathologically by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is a major component of amyloid plaques and is released together with carboxy-terminal fragments (CTFs) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) through proteolytic cleavage, thought to contribute to synapse dysfunction and loss along the progression of AD. Artemisinins, primarily antimalarial drugs, reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive capabilities in mouse models of AD. Furthermore, artemisinins were demonstrated to target gephyrin, the main scaffold protein of inhibitory synapses and modulate GABAergic neurotransmission in vitro. Previously, we reported a robust decrease of inhibitory synapse proteins in the hippocampus of 12-month-old double transgenic APP-PS1 mice which overexpress in addition to the Swedish mutated form of the human APP a mutated presenilin 1 (PS1) gene and are characterized by a high plaque load at this age. Here, we provide in vivo evidence that treating these mice with artemisinin or its semisynthetic derivative artesunate in two different doses (10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), these compounds affect differently inhibitory synapse components, amyloid plaque load and APP-processing. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated the rescue of gephyrin and γ2-GABAA-receptor protein levels in the brain of treated mice with both, artemisinin and artesunate, most efficiently with a low dose of artesunate. Remarkably, artemisinin reduced only in low dose the amyloid plaque load correlating with lower levels of mutated human APP (hAPPswe) whereas artesunate treatment in both doses resulted in significantly lower plaque numbers. Correspondingly, the level of APP-cleavage products, specifically the amount of CTFs in hippocampus homogenates was reduced significantly only by artesunate, in line with the findings in hAPPswe expressing cultured hippocampal neurons evidencing a concentration-dependent inhibition of CTF-release by artesunate already in the nanomolar range. Thus, our data support artemisinins as neuroprotective multi-target drugs, exhibiting a potent anti-amyloidogenic activity and reinforcing key proteins of inhibitory synapses.
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25
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Elmazoglu Z, Galván-Arzate S, Aschner M, Rangel-López E, Bayraktar O, Santamaría A, Karasu Ç. Redox-active phytoconstituents ameliorate cell damage and inflammation in rat hippocampal neurons exposed to hyperglycemia+Aβ 1-42 peptide. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104993. [PMID: 33610590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia causing progressive loss of memory and compromised cognitive functions. Although the neurotoxic mechanisms underlying AD have yet to be fully elucidated, hyperglycemia seems to trigger oxidative and inflammatory responses in the brain of afflicted patients. Removal of free radicals reduces the neurotoxic effects of hyperglycemia in AD models. In this study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the antioxidant phytoconstituents oleuropein (OLE), rutin (RUT), luteolin (LUT) and S-allylcysteine (SAC) in an experimental model combining the exposure to high glucose (HG, mimicking chronic hyperglycemia) plus amyloid-β peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42, mimicking AD) in primary hippocampal neurons. Cells were pre-treated with OLE, RUT, LUT or SAC (10-1000 nM), and then co-treated with high glucose (GLU, 150 mM) for 24 h plus 500 nM oligomeric Aβ1-42 for 24 h more. Cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were assessed as indices of survival/toxicity and oxidative stress, respectively. Activity/expression of antioxidant enzymes, toxic adducts, inflammatory molecules, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the pattern of amyloid aggregation were also assessed. The GLU + Aβ1-42 treatment significantly decreased cell viability, increased ROS formation, reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, augmented Advanced Glycation End Products- and 4-hydroxynonenal-adducts generation, increased 3-nitrotyrosine and inflammatory outcomes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor α, decreased MMP and augmented amyloid aggregation. All phytoconstituents reduced in a differential manner all toxic endpoints, with SAC showing the highest efficacy in preventing loss of cell viability and oxidative damage, whereas RUT was most efficacious in mitigating inflammatory endpoints. Combined, the results of this study suggest that protection afforded by these compounds against GLU + Aβ1-42-induced cell damage in hippocampal neurons is attributable to their properties as redox modulators, which might act through a concerted mechanism oriented to reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sonia Galván-Arzate
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Michael Aschner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Oğuz Bayraktar
- Ege University, Department of Bioengineering, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, 14269, Mexico.
| | - Çimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
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26
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Elmazoglu Z, Rangel-López E, Medina-Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Túnez I, Aschner M, Santamaría A, Karasu Ç. Cannabinoid-profiled agents improve cell survival via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and Nrf2 activation in a toxic model combining hyperglycemia+Aβ 1-42 peptide in rat hippocampal neurons. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104817. [PMID: 32781098 PMCID: PMC7572748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder linked to various converging toxic mechanisms. Evidence suggests that hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and excitotoxicity, all of which play important roles in the onset and progression of AD pathogenesis. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) orchestrates major physiological responses, including neuronal plasticity, neuroprotection, and redox homeostasis, to name a few. The multi-targeted effectiveness of the ECS emerges as a potential approach to treat AD. Here we characterized the protective properties of the endocannabinoids arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the synthetic cannabinoids CP 55-940 and WIN 55,212-2, and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597, on a combined hyperglycemia + oligomeric amyloid β peptide (Aβ1-42) neurotoxic model in primary hippocampal neurons which exhibit several AD features. Cells were treated with cannabinoid agents at increased concentrations (1 nM-1 μM) for 6 h, and then co-treated with 150 mM glucose (GLU, 24 h), followed by incubation with 500 nM Aβ1-42 (24 h). Cell viability/survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GPx and GRx) activities, biological products of oxidative damage (AGE and HNE adducts) and nitrosative stress (3-NT), several endpoints of inflammation (iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α), amyloid quantification, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the involvement of the Nrf2 pathway, were all evaluated. The combined high glucose + amyloid beta 1-42 (GLU + Aβ1-42) condition decreased cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, while augmenting oxidative damage and inflammation. All agents tested preserved cell viability and stimulated mitochondrial membrane potential, while reducing all the evaluated toxic endpoints in a differential manner, with URB597 showing the highest efficacy. The neuroprotective efficacy of all cannabinoid agents, except for URB597, led to partial recruitment of specific antioxidant activity and Nrf2 pathway regulation. Our results support the neuroprotective potential of these agents at low concentrations against the damaging effects of GLU + Aβ1-42, affording new potential modalities for the design of AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, 14269, Mexico.
| | - Çimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
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27
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Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32677986 PMCID: PMC7364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within the last few decades provide growing evidence for a central role of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as glial contributions to various molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect to Aβ- and tau-associated mechanisms, and discuss glial dysfunction in AD with emphasis on neuronal and glial receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also discuss other critical factors that may affect AD pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related to environment, lifestyle habits, and describe the potential role of apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral and bacterial infection, sleep, and microbiota. Although we have gained much towards understanding various aspects underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder, greater commitment towards research in molecular mechanism, diagnostics and treatment will be needed in future AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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28
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Dar NJ, Glazner GW. Deciphering the neuroprotective and neurogenic potential of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2315-2330. [PMID: 31960113 PMCID: PMC11105086 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein expressed largely within the central nervous system. Upon cleavage, it does not produce the toxic amyloid peptide (Aβ) only, which is involved in neurodegenerative progressions but via a non-amyloidogenic pathway it is metabolized to produce a soluble fragment (sAPPα) through α-secretase. While a lot of studies are focusing on the role played by APP in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, sAPPα is reported to have numerous neuroprotective effects and it is being suggested as a candidate with possible therapeutic potential against Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms through which sAPPα precisely works remain elusive. We have presented a comprehensive review of how sAPPα is regulating the neuroprotective effects in different biological models. Moreover, we have focused on the role of sAPPα during different developmental stages of the brain, neurogenic microenvironment in the brain and how this metabolite of APP is regulating the neurogenesis which is regarded as a compelling approach to ameliorate the impaired learning and memory deficits in dementia and diseases like Alzheimer's disease. sAPPα exerts beneficial physiological, biochemical and behavioral effects mitigating the detrimental effects of neurotoxic compounds. It has shown to increase the proliferation rate of numerous cell types and promised the synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, cell survival and cell adhesion. Taken together, we believe that further studies are warranted to investigate the exact mechanism of action so that sAPPα could be developed as a novel therapeutic target against neuronal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Gordon W Glazner
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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29
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Tang SY, Liu DX, Li Y, Wang KJ, Wang XF, Su ZK, Fang WG, Qin XX, Wei JY, Zhao WD, Chen YH. Caspr1 Facilitates sAPPα Production by Regulating α-Secretase ADAM9 in Brain Endothelial Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:23. [PMID: 32210761 PMCID: PMC7068801 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr1) in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), one of the major cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), has been revealed recently. However, the physiological role of Caspr1 in BMECs remains unclear. We previously reported the nonamyloidogenic processing of amyloid protein precursor (APP) pathway in the human BMECs (HBMECs). In this study, we found Caspr1 depletion reduced the levels of soluble amyloid protein precursor α (sAPPα) in the supernatant of HBMECs, which could be rescued by expression of full-length Caspr1. Our further results showed that ADAM9, the α-secretase essential for processing of APP to generate sAPPα, was decreased in Caspr1-depleted HBMECs. The reduced sAPPα secretion in Caspr1-depleted HBMECs was recovered by expression of exogenous ADAM9. Then, we identified that Caspr1 specifically regulates the expression of ADAM9, but not ADAM10 and ADAM17, at transcriptional level by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Caspr1 knockout attenuated the activation of NF-κB and prevented the nuclear translocation of p65 in brain endothelial cells, which was reversed by expression of full-length Caspr1. The reduced sAPPα production and ADAM9 expression upon Caspr1 depletion were effectively recovered by NF-κB agonist. The results of luciferase assays indicated that the NF-κB binding sites are located at −859 bp to −571 bp of ADAM9 promoter. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Caspr1 facilitates sAPPα production by transcriptional regulation of α-secretase ADAM9 in brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Tang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kang-Ji Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xia-Fei Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Kang Su
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Qin
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wei
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Enhancing α-secretase Processing for Alzheimer's Disease-A View on SFRP1. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020122. [PMID: 32098349 PMCID: PMC7071437 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides generated via sequential β- and γ-secretase processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are major etiopathological agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, an initial APP cleavage by an α-secretase, such as the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein ADAM10, precludes β-secretase cleavage and leads to APP processing that does not produce Aβ. The latter appears to underlie the disease symptom-attenuating effects of a multitude of experimental therapeutics in AD animal models. Recent work has indicated that an endogenous inhibitor of ADAM10, secreted-frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), is elevated in human AD brains and associated with amyloid plaques in mouse AD models. Importantly, genetic or functional attenuation of SFRP1 lowered Aβ accumulation and improved AD-related histopathological and neurological traits. Given SFRP1's well-known activity in attenuating Wnt signaling, which is also commonly impaired in AD, SFRP1 appears to be a promising therapeutic target for AD. This idea, however, needs to be addressed with care because of cancer enhancement potentials resulting from a systemic loss of SFRP1 activity, as well as an upregulation of ADAM10 activity. In this focused review, I shall discuss α-secretase-effected APP processing in AD with a focus on SFRP1, and explore the contrasting perspectives arising from the recent findings.
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31
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Phosphorylation Signaling in APP Processing in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010209. [PMID: 31892243 PMCID: PMC6981488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the central nervous system is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The regulation of the processing of the single- transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays an important role in the generation of Aβ in the brain. The phosphorylation of APP and key enzymes involved in the proteolytic processing of APP has been demonstrated to be critical for modulating the generation of Aβ by either altering the subcellular localization of APP or changing the enzymatic activities of the secretases responsible for APP processing. In addition, the phosphorylation may also have an impact on the physiological function of these proteins. In this review, we summarize the kinases and signaling pathways that may participate in regulating the phosphorylation of APP and secretases and how this further affects the function and processing of APP and Aβ pathology. We also discuss the potential of approaches that modulate these phosphorylation-signaling pathways or kinases as interventions for AD pathology.
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Janitschke D, Nelke C, Lauer AA, Regner L, Winkler J, Thiel A, Grimm HS, Hartmann T, Grimm MOW. Effect of Caffeine and Other Methylxanthines on Aβ-Homeostasis in SH-SY5Y Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E689. [PMID: 31684105 PMCID: PMC6920871 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylxanthines (MTX) are alkaloids derived from the purine-base xanthine. Whereas especially caffeine, the most prominent known MTX, has been formerly assessed to be detrimental, this point of view has changed substantially. MTXs are discussed to have beneficial properties in neurodegenerative diseases, however, the mechanisms of action are not completely understood. Here we investigate the effect of the naturally occurring caffeine, theobromine and theophylline and the synthetic propentofylline and pentoxifylline on processes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). All MTXs decreased amyloid-β (Aβ) level by shifting the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing from the Aβ-producing amyloidogenic to the non-amyloidogenic pathway. The α-secretase activity was elevated whereas β-secretase activity was decreased. Breaking down the molecular mechanism, caffeine increased protein stability of the major α-secretase ADAM10, downregulated BACE1 expression and directly decreased β-secretase activity. Additionally, APP expression was reduced. In line with literature, MTXs reduced oxidative stress, decreased cholesterol and a decreased in Aβ1-42 aggregation. In conclusion, all MTXs act via the pleiotropic mechanism resulting in decreased Aβ and show beneficial properties with respect to AD in neuroblastoma cells. However, the observed effect strength was moderate, suggesting that MTXs should be integrated in a healthy diet rather than be used exclusively to treat or prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Janitschke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Anna Andrea Lauer
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Liesa Regner
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jakob Winkler
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Andrea Thiel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Heike Sabine Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Is brain iron trafficking part of the physiology of the amyloid precursor protein? J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1171-1177. [PMID: 31578640 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein is so named, because a proteolytic fragment of it was found associated with a neuropathic disorder now known as Alzheimer's disease. This fragment, Aβ, along with tau makes up the plaques and tangles that are the hallmark of AD. Iron (and other first-row transition metals) is found associated with these proteinaceous deposits. Much research has focused on the relationship of the plaques and iron to the etiology of the disease. This commentary asks another question, one only more recently addressed namely, what is the physiologic function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its secretase-generated soluble species? Overall, the data make clear that APP and its products have neurotrophic functions and some data indicate one of these may be to modulate the trafficking of iron in the brain.
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de Leeuw S, Tackenberg C. Alzheimer's in a dish - induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease modeling. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:21. [PMID: 31338163 PMCID: PMC6624934 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the discovery of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technique more than a decade ago, extensive progress has been made to develop clinically relevant cell culture systems. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, accounting for approximately two thirds of all cases of dementia. The massively increasing number of affected individuals explains the major interest of research in this disease as well as the strong need for better understanding of disease mechanisms. Main body IPSC-derived neural cells have been widely used to recapitulating key aspects of AD. In this Review we highlight the progress made in studying AD pathophysiology and address the currently available techniques, such as specific differentiation techniques for AD-relevant cell types as well as 2D and 3D cultures. Finally, we critically discuss the key challenges and future directions of this field and how some of the major limitations of the iPSC technique may be overcome. Conclusion Stem cell-based disease models have the potential to induce a paradigm shift in biomedical research. In particular, the combination of the iPSC technology with recent advances in gene editing or 3D cell cultures represents a breakthrough for in vitro disease modeling and provides a platform for a better understanding of disease mechanisms in human cells and the discovery of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherida de Leeuw
- 1Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,2Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- 1Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,2Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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