Oxidative stress in prostate hyperplasia and carcinogenesis

Response surface methodology optimizes selenium inhibition of prostate cancer PC-3 cell viability

BACKGROUND

The rising incidence of prostate cancer in the U.S. necessitates innovative therapeutic approaches to this disease. Though extensive research has studied Selenium as an anticarcinogen against prostate cancer, results have varied due to overlooked experimental confounds. Recent studies have identified differential effects of various selenium compounds on prostate cancer cells. This study leverages Mixture Design Response Surface Methodology to characterize the ideal combination of select Se forms against the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line.

METHODS

The PC-3 cell line was chosen as a model for its representation of advanced-stage malignancy. Three Se compounds-sodium selenite, methylseleninic acid, and nano-selenium-were selected for their promising antineoplastic potential. Nano-Se particles were synthesized and subsequently characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Cells were cultured, treated with Se compounds, and assessed for viability using an Alamar Blue Assay. IC50 values of individual Se compounds were determined, and treatment combinations evaluated. In collaboration with statical modeling experts, MDRSM was utilized to optimize Se compound combinations.

RESULTS

Absolute IC50 values were identified for methylseleninic acid (5.01 μmol/L), sodium selenite (13.8 μmol/L), and nano-selenium (14.6 μmol/L). Combining methylseleninic acid and sodium selenite resulted in only 5% PC-3 cell viability, whereas individual treatments reduced viability by approximately 45%. Among the tested mixtures, the 50:50 combination of MSA and sodium selenite most effectively decreased PC-3 cell viability. Regression analysis indicated the special cubic model had a strong fit (multiple r² = 0.9853), predicting maximum cell viability reduction from the methylseleninic acid and selenite mixture.

CONCLUSION

The specific form of Selenium plays a pivotal role in determining its physiological effects and therapeutic potential against prostate cancer. All three selenium compounds showed variable antineoplastic effects, with a 50:50 mixture of methylseleninic acid and selenite exhibiting optimal results. Nano-selenium, when combined with selenite, showed no additive effect, implying a shared mechanism of action. Our research underscores the critical need to consider Se compound forms as distinct entities in prostate cancer treatment and encourages further exploration of Se compounds against prostate cancer.

The Effects of Caloric Restriction on Inflammatory Targets in the Prostates of Aged Rats

Numerous animal models have demonstrated that caloric restriction (CR) is an excellent tool to delay aging and increase the quality of life, likely because it counteracts age-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The aging process can affect the prostate in three ways: the onset of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. In this study, we used 14 aged male Sprague Dawley rats, which were allocated into two groups, at the age of 18 months old. One group was fed ad libitum (a normal diet (ND)), and the other group followed a caloric restriction diet with a 60% decrease in intake. The rats were sacrificed at the age of 24 months. By immunohistochemical (IHC) and Western blot (WB) analyses, we studied the variations between the two groups in immune inflammation and fibrosis-related markers in aged prostate tissues. Morphological examinations showed lower levels of prostatic hyperplasia and fibrosis in the CR rats vs. the ND rats. The IHC results revealed that the prostates of the CR rats exhibited a lower immune proinflammatory infiltrate level and a reduced expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, together with significantly reduced expressions of mesenchymal markers and the profibrotic factor TGFβ1. Finally, by WB analysis, we observed a reduced expression of ERα, which is notoriously implicated in prostate stromal proliferation, and increased expressions of SOD1 and Hsp70, both exerting protective effects against oxidative stress. Overall, these data suggest that CR brings potential benefits to prostatic tissues as it reduces the physiological immune-inflammatory processes and the tissue remodeling caused by aging.

Shedding light on the shadows: oxidative stress and its pivotal role in prostate cancer progression

Objectives

Data on oxidative protein damage, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation in progression of prostate cancer remain elusive. So far, the influence of the presence of perineural invasion on the level of oxidative stress has not been described. Additionally, there is limited data on the level of oxidative stress in patients' urine.

Methods

We compared the levels of oxidative stress markers in serum and urine in 50 patients with prostate cancer depending on the tumor stage and histological grade, the Gleason score, and the presence of perineural invasion.

Results

We found a significantly de-creased level of serum thiol groups and TAC in participants with prostate cancer. Similarly, serum Amadori products and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in patients than in healthy men. There was a significantly decrease in TAC and a significantly increased MDA in the urine of prostate cancer patients. As the stage of cancer increased, a decrease in the thiol group concentration and TAC as well as an increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in the serum was observed. The serum level of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) increased in the group with Gleason scores greater than 7. Furthermore, serum thiol groups and TAC were reduced in the group with Gleason >7 as compared to Gleason <7. The presence of perineural invasion significantly reduced serum and urinary TAC and increased urinary AOPP concentration.

Conclusions

These results indicate a significant role for oxidative damage in prostate carcinogenesis and its progression. Characterizing oxidative and nitrosative damage to proteins may be useful in designing targeted therapies for prostate cancer patients.

Effects of ferritin heavy chain on oxidative stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis in geese follicular granulosa cells

1. The ferritin heavy chain (FHC) has a vital impact on follicular development in geese, due to its ability to regulate apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) and follicular atresia. However, its specific regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. The present study characterised how FHC regulates oxidative stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis in goose GCs by interfering with and overexpressing the FHC gene.2. After 72 h of interference with FHC expression, the activity of GCs decreased remarkably (p < 0.05), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased significantly (p < 0.05). The overexpression of FHC for 72 h was found to significantly reduce the expression of CAT and SOD genes (p < 0.05).3. Interfering with FHC expression revealed that the expression levels of the cell proliferation gene Aurora kinase A (AURORA-A) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while the expression levels of the apoptosis genes B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and cysteine aspartate-specific protease 8 (CASPASE 8) increased (p < 0.05). Further research has shown that, when interfering with FHC expression for 72 h, apoptosis rate increased by 1.19-fold (p < 0.05), but the current data showed a lower apoptosis rate after FHC overexpression by 59.41%, 63.39%, and 52.31% at three different treatment times (p < 0.05).4. In conclusion, FHC improved the antioxidant capacity of GCs, promotes GCs proliferation, and inhibits GCs apoptosis of ovarian follicles in Sichuan white geese.

Targeting benign prostate hyperplasia treatments: AR/TGF-β/NOX4 inhibition by apocynin suppresses inflammation and proliferation

INTRODUCTION

Apocynin (Apo), an NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, has been widely used to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, the therapeutic effects of Apo on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a multifactorial disease associated with chronic inflammation and hormone imbalance, remain unknown.

OBJECTIVES

The link between androgen signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prostate cell proliferation may contribute to the pathogenesis of BPH; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the specific signaling pathway involved and to demonstrate whether the anti-oxidant Apo plays a role in the prevention and treatment of BPH.

METHODS

Ingenuity pathway analysis and si-RNA transfection were conducted to demonstrate the androgen receptor (AR) and NOX4 linkage in BPH. Pathological markers of BPH were measured by H&E staining, immunoblotting, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence to examine the effect of Apo. Rats stimulated with testosterone and BPH-1 cells were used as BPH models.

RESULTS

AR and NOX4 network-mediated oxidative stress was upregulated in the BPH model. Next, we examined the effects of Apo on oxidative stress and chronic prostatic inflammation in BPH mouse models. In a testosterone-induced BPH rat model, Apo alleviated pathological prostate enlargement and suppressed androgen/AR signaling. Apo suppressed the upregulation of proinflammatory markers and promoted the expression of anti-oxidant factors. Furthermore, Apo regulated the TGF-β/Glut9/activin pathway and macrophage programming. In BPH-1 cells, Apo suppressed AR-mediated proliferation and upregulation of TGFB and NOX4 expression by alleviating oxidative stress. Apo activated anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory systems and regulated macrophage polarization in BPH-1 cells. AR knockdown partially abolished the beneficial effects of Apo in prostate cells, indicating AR-dependent effects of Apo.

CONCLUSION

In contrast with existing BPH therapies, Apo may provide a new application for prostatic disease treatment, especially for BPH, by targeting the AR/TGF-β/NOX4 signaling pathway.

The association between several serum micronutrients and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Results from NHANES 2003-2006

BACKGROUND

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition that affects the quality of life of older men. Specific micronutrients, including retinol, retinyl esters, carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the correlation between serum concentrations of these micronutrients and BPH is unclear.

METHODS

We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 2067 representative US men. BPH was assessed using the self-reported questionnaire. This association was explored by adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

After fully adjusting for confounders, for every 0.01 μmol/L increase in serum retinyl esters, the risk of BPH increased by 2% (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03; p = 0.006). Based on the Bonferroni-corrected p-value, we found this correlation to be significant. One μmol/L increase in total carotenoids was associated with a 22% increase in BPH risk (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.03-1.46; p = 0.025). By analyzing the correlation between different types of carotenoids and BPH, we also found that β-carotenoids (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03-1.99; p = 0.036) was also positively correlated with BPH. The subgroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between serum vitamin E (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.04; p = 0.018) and BPH in men under 60 years of age. Serum retinyl ester (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04; p = 0.008) and carotenoid (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.22-1.87; p < 0.001) concentrations were positively correlated with BPH in men over 60 years of age.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that excessive serum retinyl esters, total carotenoids, and especially β-carotenoids are potential risk factors for BPH, and this association should be further investigated.

Heat shock factor 1 directly regulates transsulfuration pathway to promote prostate cancer proliferation and survival

There are limited therapeutic options for patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa). We previously found that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) expression is increased in PCa and is an actionable target. In this manuscript, we identify that HSF1 regulates the conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine in the transsulfuration pathway by altering levels of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). We find that HSF1 directly binds the CBS gene and upregulates CBS mRNA levels. Targeting CBS decreases PCa growth and induces tumor cell death while benign prostate cells are largely unaffected. Combined inhibition of HSF1 and CBS results in more pronounced inhibition of PCa cell proliferation and reduction of transsulfuration pathway metabolites. Combination of HSF1 and CBS knockout decreases tumor size for a small cell PCa xenograft mouse model. Our study thus provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of HSF1 function and an effective therapeutic strategy against advanced PCa.

STEAP4 modulates cell proliferation and oxidative stress in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a quite common chronic disease plagued elderly men and its etiology remains unclear. It was reported that the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 (STEAP4) could modulate cell proliferation/apoptosis ratio and oxidative stress in cancers. Our current study aimed to explore the expression, biological function, and underlying mechanism of STEAP4 in BPH progress. Human prostate tissues and cell lines were utilized. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining were employed. STEAP4 knockdown (STEAP4-KD) or STEAP4 overexpression (STEAP4-OE) cell models were established. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes were identified by Western Blot. In addition, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and fibrosis biomarker (collagen I and α-SMA) were analyzed. It was indicated that STEAP4 was mainly located in the prostate epithelium and upregulated in BPH tissues. STEAP4 deficiency induced apoptosis and inhibited cell survival, but had no effect on the cell cycle, fibrosis, and EMT process. In addition, ROS changes were observed in the STEAP4-KD model. Consistently, overproduction of STEAP4 suppressed apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation, as well as facilitated ROS production. We further examined AKT / mTOR, p38MAPK / p-p38MAPK, and WNT/ β-Catenin signaling pathway and demonstrated that STEAP4 regulated the proliferation and apoptosis of prostate cells through AKT / mTOR signaling, rather than p38MAPK / p-p38MAPK and WNT/ β-Catenin pathways. Furthermore, activating AKT / mTOR signaling with SC79 significantly reversed apoptosis triggered by STEAP4 deficiency, whereas suppressing AKT / mTOR signaling with MK2206 reduced the increase of cell viability triggered by STEAP4 overproduction. Our original data demonstrated that STEAP4 is crucial in the onset and progression of prostate hyperplasia and may become a new target for the treatment of BPH.

Enhancing date seed phenolic bioaccessibility in soft cheese through a dehydrated liposome delivery system and its effect on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats

Introduction

The consumption of dairy products, including soft cheese, has been associated with numerous health benefits due to their high nutritional value. However, the phenolic compounds bioaccessibility present in soft cheese is limited due to their poor solubility and stability during digestion. So, this study aimed to develop an innovative soft cheese enriched with date seed phenolic compounds (DSP) extracted ultrasonically and incorporated into homogeneous liposomes and study its attenuation effect on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats.

Methods

Date seed phenolic compounds were extracted using 98 and 50% ethanol along with water as solvents, employing ultrasonication at 10, 20, and 30-min intervals. The primary and secondary DSP-liposomes were prepared and dehydrated. The particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology were measured. Incorporating dehydrated liposomes (1-3% w/w) into soft cheese and their impact on BPH using male Sprague-Dawley rats was assessed. After inducing BPH, rats were fed a cheese diet with dehydrated DSP-liposomes. Over 8 weeks, parameters including nutrition parameters, prostate enlargement analysis, biochemical parameters, hormones level, oxidative stress, and cytokines were analyzed.

Results and Discussion

The results showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction effectively reduced the extraction time and 30 min extraction EtOH 50% was enough to extract high yield of phenolic compounds (558 mg GA/g) and flavonoids (55 mg qu/g) with high antioxidant activity (74%). The biological results indicate that prostate weight and prostate index% were diminished in the treatment groups (1 and 2) compared to the BPH control group. The high antioxidant content present in the DSP-liposomes acted as the catalyst for suppressing the responses of the inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the anti-inflammatory IL-10 production, and suppressing the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products compared to the BPH group.

Conclusion

The treatment group (2) supplemented with dehydrated secondary DSP-liposomes exhibited the most significant variance (p < 0.05) as opposed to the BPH group. Liposomal encapsulation was proved to be a feasible approach for administering DSP in soft cheese, thereby establishing new functional food category possessing prophylactic properties against the advancement of BPH in rats.

Decoding the Influence of Obesity on Prostate Cancer and Its Transgenerational Impact

In recent decades, the escalating prevalence of metabolic disorders, notably obesity and being overweight, has emerged as a pressing concern in public health. Projections for the future indicate a continual upward trajectory in obesity rates, primarily attributable to unhealthy dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles. The ramifications of obesity extend beyond its visible manifestations, intricately weaving a web of hormonal dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. This nexus of factors holds particular significance in the context of carcinogenesis, notably in the case of prostate cancer (PCa), which is a pervasive malignancy and a leading cause of mortality among men. A compelling hypothesis arises from the perspective of transgenerational inheritance, wherein genetic and epigenetic imprints associated with obesity may wield influence over the development of PCa. This review proposes a comprehensive exploration of the nuanced mechanisms through which obesity disrupts prostate homeostasis and serves as a catalyst for PCa initiation. Additionally, it delves into the intriguing interplay between the transgenerational transmission of both obesity-related traits and the predisposition to PCa. Drawing insights from a spectrum of sources, ranging from in vitro and animal model research to human studies, this review endeavors to discuss the intricate connections between obesity and PCa. However, the landscape remains partially obscured as the current state of knowledge unveils only fragments of the complex mechanisms linking these phenomena. As research advances, unraveling the associated factors and underlying mechanisms promises to unveil novel avenues for understanding and potentially mitigating the nexus between obesity and the development of PCa.

Effects of Dibutylphthalate and Steroid Hormone Mixture on Human Prostate Cells

Phthalates are a family of aromatic chemical compounds mainly used as plasticizers. Among phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a low-molecular-weight phthalate used as a component of many cosmetic products, such as nail polish, and other perfumed personal care products. DBP has toxic effects on reproductive health, inducing testicular damage and developmental malformations. Inside the male reproductive system, the prostate gland reacts to both male and female sex steroids. For this reason, it represents an important target of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), compounds that are able to affect the estrogen and androgen signaling pathways, thus interfering with prostate homeostasis and inducing several prostate pathologies. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of DBP, alone and in combination with testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2), and both, on the normal PNT1A human prostate cell-derived cell line, to mimic environmental contamination. We showed that DBP and all of the tested mixtures increase cell viability through activation of both estrogen receptor α (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR). DBP modulated steroid receptor levels in a nonmonotonic way, and differently to endogenous hormones. In addition, DBP translocated ERα to the nucleus over different durations and for a more prolonged time than E2, altering the normal responsiveness of prostate cells. However, DBP alone seemed not to influence AR localization, but AR was continuously and persistently activated when DBP was used in combination. Our results show that DBP alone, and in mixture, alters redox homeostasis in prostate cells, leading to a greater increase in cell oxidative susceptibility. In addition, we also demonstrate that DBP increases the migratory potential of PNT1A cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that DBP, alone and in mixtures with endogenous steroid hormones, acts as an EDC, resulting in an altered prostate cell physiology and making these cells more prone to cancer transformation.

Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase - 1 expression is increased under tBHP-induced oxidative stress regulates nitric oxide production in PCa cells attenuates mitochondrial ROS-mediated apoptosis

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH1) expression is frequently elevated in different cancers including prostate cancer (PCa) and enhances nitric oxide (NO) production in tumor cells by metabolising endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. DDAH1 protects the PCa cells from cell death and promotes survival. In this study, we have investigated the cytoprotective role of DDAH1 and determined the mechanism of DDAH1 in protecting the cells in tumor microenvironment. Proteomic analysis of PCa cells with stable overexpression of DDAH1 has identified that oxidative stress-related activity is altered. Oxidative stress promotes cancer cell proliferation, survival and causes chemoresistance. A known inducer of oxidative stress, tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide (tBHP) treatment to PCa cells led to elevated DDAH1 level that is actively involved in protecting the PCa cells from oxidative stress induced cell damage. In PC3-DDAH1- cells, tBHP treatment led to higher mROS levels indicating that the loss of DDAH1 increases the oxidative stress and eventually leads to cell death. Under oxidative stress, nuclear Nrf2 controlled by SIRT1 positively regulates DDAH1 expression in PC3 cells. In PC3-DDAH1+ cells, tBHP induced DNA damage is well tolerated compared to wild-type cells while PC3-DDAH1- became sensitive to tBHP. In PC3 cells, tBHPexposure has increased the production of NO and GSH which may be acting as an antioxidant defence to overcome oxidative stress. Furthermore, in tBHP treated PCa cells, DDAH1 is controlling the expression of Bcl2, active PARP and caspase 3. Taken together, these results confirm that DDAH1 is involved in the antioxidant defence system and promotes cell survival.

Anti-hyperplastic effects of the Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) leaves aqueous extract on tamoxifen-induced endometrium hyperplasia on Wistar rat

OBJECTIVES

Combining tamoxifen, the most common breast cancer hormonal therapy, with natural antitumor substances may prevent its hyperplastic effects on the uterine endometrium. Dacryodes edulis (DE) is traditionally recommended for the treatment of cancerous diseases. To investigate its antiproliferative properties, the present study was designed to assess the ability of the combined administration of tamoxifen with the aqueous extract of DE leaves to inhibit the trophic effect of this hormone therapy on rat uterine endometrium without compromising its non-proliferative effect on breast tissue.

METHODS

Ovariectomized (OVX) female Wistar rats were simultaneously treated with tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and DE leaves (at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kgBW) by gavage. Control groups received either distilled water or tamoxifen alone. Treatments lasted 37 days. The 38th day, animals were sacrificed under anesthesia (diazepam: 10 mg/kgBW and ketamine: 50 mg/kgBW). The relative uterine weight was determined and the histological analysis of the uterus and mammary gland was performed. The oxidative status of the uterus was assessed and the levels of cholesterol and estradiol were evaluated in serum and uterus.

RESULTS

Tamoxifen increased uterine weight and induced endometrial hyperplasia. This effect was associated with increased uterine levels of cholesterol (164.22%; p < 0.001), estradiol (927.5%; p < 0.001) and malondiadehyde (86%; p < 0.05), but unchanged antioxidant enzymes activities. The administration of DE leaves unchanged tamoxifen-increased uterine weight but reduced uterine epithelium hypertrophy (56.4%; p < 0.01). DE also increased uterine levels of malondiadehyde and antioxidant enzymes. The levels of estradiol and cholesterol in the uterus decreased while no changes were observed in the mammary gland of animals treated with tamoxifen alone or in co-administration with DE.

CONCLUSIONS

D. edulis has antiproliferative properties and could complement endocrine therapy of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.

Glutathione Peroxidase 3 induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via AMPK /ERK1/2 pathway and resisted autophagy-related ferroptosis via AMPK/mTOR pathway in hyperplastic prostate

BACKGROUND

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men, mainly resulted from an imbalance between cell proliferation and death. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) was one of the differentially expressed genes in BPH identified by transcriptome sequencing of 5 hyperplastic and 3 normal prostate specimens, which had not been elucidated in the prostate. This study aimed to ascertain the mechanism of GPX3 involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis in BPH.

METHODS

Human prostate tissues, GPX3 silencing and overexpression prostate cell (BPH-1 and WPMY-1) models and testosterone-induced rat BPH (T-BPH) model were utilized. The qRT-PCR, CCK8 assay, flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, hematoxylin and eosin, masson's trichrome, immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy analysis were performed during in vivo and in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

Our study indicated that GPX3 was localized both in the stroma and epithelium of prostate, and down-regulated in BPH samples. Overexpression of GPX3 inhibited AMPK and activated ERK1/2 pathway, thereby inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest, which could be significantly reversed by MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 preconditioning. Moreover, overexpression of GPX3 further exerted anti-autophagy by inhibiting AMPK/m-TOR and up-regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4, mitochondrial GPX4 and cytoplasmic GPX4) to antagonize autophagy-related ferroptosis. Consistently, GPX3 deficiency generated opposite changes in both cell lines. Finally, T-BPH rat model was treated with GPX3 indirect agonist troglitazone (TRO) or GPX4 inhibitor RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3) or TRO plus RSL3. These treatments produced significant atrophy of the prostate and related molecular changes were similar to our in vitro observations.

CONCLUSIONS

Our novel data manifested that GPX3, which was capable of inducing apoptosis via AMPK/ERK1/2 pathway and antagonizing autophagy-related ferroptosis through AMPK/m-TOR signalling, was a promising therapeutic target for BPH in the future.

Dietary and Serum Antioxidants Associated with Prostate-Specific Antigen for Middle-Aged and Older Men

High prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels can indicate potential prostate problems and are a warning sign of prostate cancer. The impact of antioxidants on the PSA of generally healthy men is understudied. This study aims to evaluate 14 dietary and endogenous antioxidants associated with PSA levels for United States (US) men. We assessed 7398 men using the 2003-2010 US population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The PSA levels were categorized into three groups: Normal, borderline, and elevated levels. We performed analyses for middle-aged and older groups aged 40-64.9 and ≥65, respectively. The weighted multinomial regressions were performed to evaluate antioxidants associated with the PSA status. For results, 0.3% and 3.4% of middle-aged and older men, respectively, had elevated PSA (>10 ng/mL). Men with a higher serum albumin level had a lower risk of an elevated PSA, adjusting for age. The magnitude of albumin's impact on PSA is larger in middle-aged men than in older men (OR of elevated PSA = 0.82 and 0.90, respectively, interaction p = 0.002). Other antioxidants are not associated with PSA. Our findings support men with low serum albumin tend to have an elevated PSA level, so related interventions can be considered to decrease PSA for maintaining prostate health.

Simvastatin ameliorates testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats via modulating IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO signaling

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by non-malignant enlargement of prostate cells causing many lower urinary tract symptoms. BPH pathogenesis includes androgens receptors signaling pathways, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and possibly changes in IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO pathway. Altogether, modulating IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO signaling along with regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis might preserve prostatic cells from increased proliferation. Beyond statins' common uses, they also have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects. This study aims to determine simvastatin's beneficial effect on testosterone-induced BPH. Rats were randomly allocated into four groups, 9 rats each. The control group received olive oil subcutaneously and distilled water orally for 30 consecutive days. The second group received simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) dissolved in distilled water. The BPH-induced group received testosterone enanthate (3 mg/kg, s.c.) dissolved in olive oil, and the BPH-induced treated group received both simvastatin and testosterone. Testosterone significantly increased prostate index and severity of histopathological alterations in prostate tissues as well as 5-alpha reductase enzyme level in contrast to simvastatin treatment that reversed the testosterone-induced alterations in these parameters. Likewise, testosterone up-regulated IGF-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and down-regulated FOXO transcription factor. It also decreased apoptotic markers level in prostatic tissue BAX, caspase-3, and caspase-9, while it elevated Bcl-2 level. In addition, it alleviated reduced GSH and GPX5 levels and SOD activity. Simvastatin treatment significantly opposed testosterone's effect on all aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that simvastatin is a possible treatment for BPH which may be attributed to its effect on IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO signaling pathway as well as anti-oxidant and apoptotic effects.

Kolaviron modulates angiogenesis, apoptosis and inflammatory signaling in rat model of testosterone propionate-induced benign prostate hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant disease of the prostate characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of the prostate gland. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been reported to play a role in the development of BPH. Kolaviron, a bioflavonoid complex of Garcinia kola seed, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we investigated the effect of Kolaviron on testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH in rats. Fifty male rats were assigned in 5 groups. Groups 1 and 2 were orally exposed to corn oil (2 ml/kg) and Kolaviron (200 mg/kg/day, p.o) for 28 days. Group 3 rats received TP (3 mg/kg/day, s.c) for 14 days while Groups 4 and 6 were treated with Kolaviron (200 mg/kg/day, p.o) and Finasteride (5 mg/kg/day, p.o), respectively, for 14 days prior to TP (3 mg/kg, s.c) co-exposure for the remaining 14 days. Administration of Kolaviron to TP-treated rats reverted histological alteration and significantly decreased prostate weight, prostate index, 5α-reductase, dihydrotestosterone, androgen receptor expression, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E₂, 5-lipoxygenase leukotriene B₄, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide concentration. In addition, Kolaviron alleviated TP-induced oxidative stress and reduced the expression of Ki-67, VEGF, and FGF to almost control levels. Furthermore, Kolaviron promoted apoptosis in TP-treated rats through downregulation of BCL-2 and upregulation of P53 and Caspase 3 expressions. Overall, Kolaviron prevented BPH via regulation of androgen/androgen receptor signaling, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

A Novel Insight into the Immune-Related Interaction of Inflammatory Cytokines in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common male condition that impacts many men's quality of life by generating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In recent years, inflammation has become very common in the prostate, and BPH with inflammation has a higher International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) score and an enlarged prostate. Chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of BPH. We will focus on current advancements in pro-inflammatory cytokines in BPH, as well as the future of pro-inflammatory cytokine research.

Decoding ceRNA regulatory network and autophagy-related genes in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease among aging males. We obtained BPH transcriptional signatures by high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis. Accordingly, we determined the differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) between BPH tissues and normal prostate tissues. WebGestalt and R package (clusterprofiler) was used to enrichment analysis. Clinical correlations were analyzed using Spearman's coefficient. TargetScan, ENCORI, miRNet, and miRDB databases were used to predict targets' relationships in ceRNA networks. Immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR analyses were performed to validate the findings. Microarray analysis of the datasets showed 369 DElncRNAs, 122 DEpseudogenes, 6 DEmiRNAs and 1358 DEmRNAs. DEmRNAs were particularly enriched in the autophagy-related pathways. Following the screening of DEmRNAs and autophagy-related genes (ARGs), 50 DEARGs were selected. MCODE analysis on Cytoscape was performed for the 50 DEARGs, and 3 hub genes (ATF4, XBP1, and PPP1R15A) were obtained. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the mRNA expression of XBP1 correlated positively with age, total score, and storage score, but negatively with the maximum flow rate. Subsequently, the pseudogene/lncRNA- hsa-miR-222-3p-XBP1 pathway was identified. Our findings elucidate that the pseudogene/lncRNA-hsa-miR-222-3p-XBP1 pathway may play a regulatory role in the occurrence of BPH through autophagy.

Cordycepin Attenuates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats via Modulation of AMPK and AKT Activation

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease that commonly affects elderly men. Cordycepin is an adenosine analog with a wide range of pharmacological activities including antiproliferative and prostatic smooth muscle relaxant effects. This study was designed to assess the actions of cordycepin in testosterone-induced BPH in rats. Animals were divided into six treatment groups: control, cordycepin-alone (10 mg/kg), testosterone-alone (3 mg/kg), cordycepin (5 mg/kg) + testosterone, cordycepin (10 mg/kg) + testosterone, and finasteride (0.5 mg/kg) + testosterone. Treatments were continued daily, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Cordycepin significantly prevented the increase in prostate weight and prostate index induced by testosterone. This was confirmed by histopathological examinations. Cordycepin antiproliferative activity was further defined by its ability to inhibit cyclin-D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. In addition, cordycepin exhibited significant antioxidant properties as proven by the prevention of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione diminution, and superoxide dismutase exhaustion. This was paralleled by anti-inflammatory activity as shown by the inhibition of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor-κB expression in prostatic tissues. It also enhanced apoptosis as demonstrated by its ability to enhance and inhibit mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl2, respectively. Western blot analysis indicated that cordycepin augmented phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and inhibited p-AKT expression. Collectively, cordycepin has the ability to prevent testosterone-induced BPH in rats. This is mediated, at least partially, by its antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic actions in addition to its modulation of AMPK and AKT activation.

Peroxiredoxin IV plays a critical role in cancer cell growth and radioresistance through the activation of the Akt/GSK3 signaling pathways

High levels of redox enzymes have been commonly observed in various types of human cancer, although whether and how the enzymes contribute to cancer malignancy and therapeutic resistance have yet to be understood. Peroxiredoxin IV (Prx4) is an antioxidant with bona fide peroxidase and molecular chaperone functions. Here, we report that Prx4 is highly expressed in prostate cancer patient specimens, as well as established prostate cancer cell lines, and that its levels can be further stimulated through the activation of androgen receptor signaling. We used lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown and CRISPR-Cas9 based KO techniques to establish Prx4-depleted prostate cancer cells, which showed delayed cell cycle progression, reduced rate of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion compared to control cells. In addition, we used proteome profiler phosphokinase arrays to identify signaling changes in Prx4-depleted cells; we found that loss of Prx4 results in insufficient phosphorylation of both Akt and its downstream kinase GSK3α/β. Moreover, we demonstrate that Prx4-depleted cells are more sensitive to ionizing radiation as they display compromised ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and increased accumulation of DNA damage. In mouse xenograft models, we show depletion of Prx4 leads to significant suppression of tumor growth, and tumors formed by Prx4-depleted cells respond more effectively to radiation therapy. Our findings suggest that increased levels of Prx4 contribute to the malignancy and radioresistance of prostate cancer through the activation of Akt/GSK3 signaling pathways. Therefore, strategies targeting Prx4 may be utilized to potentially inhibit tumor growth and overcome radioresistance in prostate cancer.

The Role of Heat Shock Protein 70 Subfamily in the Hyperplastic Prostate: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common causes of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men, which is characterized by a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate. BPH troubles the vast majority of aging men worldwide; however, the pathogenetic factors of BPH have not been completely identified. The heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) subfamily, which mainly includes HSP70, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and GRP75, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. HSP70s are overexpressed in the course of BPH and involved in a variety of biological processes, such as cell survival and proliferation, cell apoptosis, epithelial/mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis, contributing to the development and progress of prostate diseases. These chaperone proteins also participate in oxidative stress, a cellular stress response that takes place under stress conditions. In addition, HSP70s can bind to the androgen receptor (AR) and act as a regulator of AR activity. This interaction of HSP70s with AR provides insight into the importance of the HSP70 chaperone family in BPH pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the function of the HSP70 family in prostate glands and the role of HSP70s in the course of BPH. We also review the potential applications of HSP70s as biomarkers of prostate diseases for targeted therapies.

Global DNA methylation of WTC prostate cancer tissues show signature differences compared to non-exposed cases

There is increased incidence of prostate cancer (PC) among World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed responders and community members, with preliminary evidence suggestive of more aggressive disease. While previous research is supportive of differences in DNA methylation and gene expression as a consequence of WTC exposure, as measured in blood of healthy individuals, the epigenetics of WTC PC tissues has yet to be explored. Patients were recruited from the World Trade Center Health Program. Non-WTC PC samples were frequency matched on age, race/ethnicity and Gleason score. Bisulfite-treated DNA was extracted from tumor tissue blocks and used to assess global DNA methylation with the MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Differential and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. RNA from the same tumor blocks was used for gene expression analysis to further support DNA methylation findings. Methylation data were generated for 28 samples (13 WTC and 15 non-WTC). Statistically significant differences in methylation were observed for 3,586 genes; on average WTC samples were statistically significantly more hypermethylated (P = 0.04131). Pathway enrichment analysis revealed hypermethylation in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, mitotic spindle, TNFA signaling via NFKB, WNT signaling, and TGF beta signaling pathways in WTC compared to non-WTC samples. The androgen response, G2M and MYC target pathways were hypomethylated. These results correlated well with RNA gene expression. In conclusion, long-term epigenic changes associated with WTC dust exposure were observed in PC tissues. These occurred in genes of critical pathways, likely increasing prostate tumorigenesis potential. This warrants analysis of larger WTC groups and other cancer types.

Quercetin in Tonglong Qibi decoction ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats by regulating Nrf2 signalling pathways and oxidative stress

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disease in older males. Existing pharmacotherapy shows several side effects, and the exploration of new therapeutic strategies is of high significance. Tonglong Qibi (TQ) decoction was proved to ameliorate BPH, while the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the current study, we explored the anti-BPH effects of TQ in vivo and identified its main therapeutic component and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. We demonstrated that TQ mitigated BPH in rats and showed no toxicity to the liver and reproductive system. Network pharmacology identified quercetin as the main component in TQ treating BPH. Quercetin reduced proliferation, oxidative stress, and increased Nrf2 expression in hyperplastic prostate epithelial cells. These findings indicate that quercetin in TQ alleviates BPH via inhibiting oxidative stress and activating the Nrf2 signalling pathway.

The Prostate-Associated Gene 4 (PAGE4) Could Play a Role in the Development of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia under Oxidative Stress

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men with uncertain molecular mechanism, and oxidative stress (OS) has also been found associated with BPH development. Recently, we found that prostate-associated gene 4 (PAGE4) was one of the most significantly changed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BPH, which can protect cells against stress stimulation. However, the exact role of PAGE4 in BPH remains unclear. This study is aimed at exploring the effect of PAGE4 in BPH under OS. Human prostate tissues and cultured WPMY-1 and PrPF cells were utilized. The expression and localization of PAGE4 were determined with qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. OS cell models induced with H₂O₂ were treated with PAGE4 silencing or PAGE4 overexpression or inhibitor (N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)) of OS. The proliferation activity, apoptosis, OS markers, and MAPK signaling pathways were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blotting. PAGE4 was shown to be upregulated in human hyperplastic prostate and mainly located in the stroma. Acute OS induced with H₂O₂ increased PAGE4 expression (which was prevented by OS inhibitor), apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in WPMY-1 and PrPF cells. siPAGE4 plus H₂O₂ potentiated H₂O₂ effect via reducing the p-ERK1/2 level and increasing p-JNK1/2 level. Consistently, overexpression of PAGE4 offset the effect of H₂O₂ and partially reversed the PAGE4 silencing effect. However, knocking down and overexpression of PAGE4 alone determined no significant effects. Our novel data demonstrated that augmented PAGE4 promotes cell survival by activating p-ERK1/2 and decreases cell apoptosis by inhibiting p-JNK1/2 under the OS, which could contribute to the development of BPH.

Vitamin D deficiency: a potential risk factor for cancer in obesity?

Obesity is considered an abnormal or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, due to a prolonged positive energy balance that arises when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, leading to an increased risk for the individual health and for the development of metabolic chronic diseases including several different types of cancer. Vitamin D deficiency is a metabolic alteration, which is often associated with the obesity condition. Vitamin D is a liposoluble vitamin, which plays a pivotal role in calcium-phosphate metabolism but extraskeletal effects have also been described. Among these, it plays an important role also in adipocyte physiology and glucose metabolism, typically dysregulated in subjects affected by obesity. Moreover, it is now recognized that Vitamin D also influences the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion potentially leading to carcinogenesis. Indeed, data indicate a potential link between vitamin D levels and cancer, and higher vitamin D concentrations have been associated with a lower risk of developing different kinds of tumors, including breast, colon, lymphoma, lung, and prostate cancers. Thus, this review will revise the literature regarding this issue investigating and highlighting the potential mechanism of action, which might lead to new therapeutical options.

Icariin ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an immense health issue that causes serious complications in aging males including BPH. Icariin (ICA) is a flavonol glycoside that exerts a plethora of pharmacological effects. The present investigation tested the potential of ICA to ameliorate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by MetS in rats. Animals were allocated to 5 groups in which the first and second groups were kept on water and regular food pellets. MetS was induced in the third, fourth, and fifth groups by keeping the animals on high fructose and salt diets for twelve consecutive weeks. These groups were given vehicle, ICA (25 mg/kg), and ICA (50 mg/kg), respectively. MetS was confirmed by an increase in rats' weight, accumulation of visceral fat, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. This was accompanied by manifestation of BPH including increased prostate weight, prostate index, and histopathological alterations. Treating the animals with both doses of ICA significantly ameliorated the increase in weight and index of the prostate as well as altered prostate histopathology. In addition, ICA significantly decreased cyclin D1 expression, upregulated Bax, and downregulated Bcl2 mRNA expression. ICA prevented lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione depletion, and catalase exhaustion, which further lowered markers of prostate inflammation such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, ICA prevented the decrease in prostate content of phosphorylated 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (pAMPK). In conclusion, ICA protects against MetS-induced BPH. This is due to its antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as the activation of AMPK.

Associations Between Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress and DNA Repair, Interactions With Serum Antioxidants, and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results From the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

Study of polymorphisms in genes related to the generation and removal of oxidative stress and repair of oxidative DNA damage will lead to new insights into the genetic basis of prostate cancer. In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), a double-blind, randomized controlled trial testing finasteride versus placebo for prostate cancer prevention, we intend to investigate the role of oxidative stress/DNA repair mechanisms in prostate cancer etiology and whether these polymorphisms modify prostate cancer risk by interacting with antioxidant status in both placebo and finasteride arms. We evaluated associations of selected candidate polymorphisms in genes in these pathways, and interactions with pre-diagnostic serum antioxidants, and the risk of prostate cancer among 1,598 cases and 1,706 frequency-matched controls enrolled in the PCPT. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models. While there were no statistically significant associations observed in the placebo arm, several SNPs were associated with prostate cancer in the finasteride arm. Specifically, APEX1-rs1760944 was associated with increased risk of total prostate cancer (per minor allele: p-trend=0.04). OGG1-rs1052133 was positively (CG/GG vs. CC: OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.01-1.73) and NOS3-rs1799983 was inversely (per minor allele: p-trend=0.04) associated with risk of low-grade prostate cancer. LIG3-rs1052536 and XRCC1-rs25489 were suggestively associated with reduced risk of high-grade prostate cancer (per minor allele: both p-trend=0.04). In the placebo arm, significant associations were observed among men with higher serum lycopene for APEX1-rs1760944 and NQO1-rs1800566, or higher serum β-cryptoxanthin for ERCC4-rs1800067. In the finasteride arm, stronger associations were observed among men with lower serum lycopene for NOS3-rs1799983, higher serum α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin for LIG3-rs1052536, or lower serum retinol for SOD2-rs1799725. These results suggest that germline variations in oxidative stress and DNA repair pathways may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis and that these associations may differ by intraprostatic sex steroid hormone status and be further modified by antioxidant status. Findings provide insights into the complex role of gene, gene-antioxidant and -finasteride interactions in prostate cancer etiology, and thus may lead to the development of preventative strategies.

Berberine ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostate hyperplasia in rats

INTRODUCTION

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major urologic problem that mostly develops in older males. Oxidative stress and inflammation influence the occurrence of BPH. Berberine (BBR) is a natural ingredient that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current research aims at examining the effects of BBR on testosterone-stimulated BPH in rats.

METHODS

Animals were randomly categorized to six groups. In the control group, normal saline and olive oil were injected as the vehicle. BPH group: received testosterone (3 mg/kg, subcutaneous, 28 days), BPH + BBR groups; received BBR (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o, 28 days), BPH + finasteride groups: received finasteride (1 mg/kg, p.o, 28 days), BBR (50 mg/kg, p.o, alone) was administered for subjects in the BBR group. On the 29th day, after anesthesia, cervical dislocation was used to kill the subjects. Serum concentration of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone was measured and prostate tissues were excised and used for biochemical, inflammation, and histological analysis.

RESULTS

BBR prevented increased serum concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. BBR considerably reduced BPH-stimulated oxidative stress and inflammation through preventing the rise in lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentration and declined the accumulations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α) and declining the depletion rate of GSH and the function of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Histopathological investigations reported that administration of BBR could suppress testosterone-stimulated BPH.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that BBR could significantly prevent the development of BPH in rats.

Targeting the redox imbalance in mitochondria: A novel mode for cancer therapy

Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels affect many aspects of cell behavior. During carcinogenesis, moderate ROS production modifies gene expression to alter cell function, elevating metabolic activity and ROS. To avoid extreme ROS-activated death, cancer cells increase antioxidative capacity, regulating sustained ROS levels that promote growth. Anticancer therapies are exploring inducing supranormal, cytotoxic oxidative stress levels either inhibiting antioxidative capacity or promoting excess ROS to selectively destroy cancer cells, triggering mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, or ferroptosis. This review exemplifies pro-oxidants (natural/synthetic/repurposed drugs) and their clinical significance as cancer therapies providing revolutionary approaches.

Natural Products for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Special Focus on Nanoparticles Based Studies

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality around the world. The progression of advanced prostate cancer to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) plays a major role in disease-associated morbidity and mortality, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Resistance has been associated with the activation of androgen receptors via several mechanisms, including alternative dehydroepiandrosterone biosynthetic pathways, other androgen receptor activator molecules, oncogenes, and carcinogenic signaling pathways. Tumor microenvironment plays a critical role not only in the cancer progression but also in the drug resistance. Numerous natural products have shown major potential against particular or multiple resistance pathways as shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. However, their efficacy in clinical trials has been undermined by their unfavorable pharmacological properties (hydrophobic molecules, instability, low pharmacokinetic profile, poor water solubility, and high excretion rate). Nanoparticle formulations can provide a way out of the stalemate, employing targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetic drug profile, and transportation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents via otherwise impermeable biological barriers. This review compiles the available evidence regarding the use of natural products for the management of CRPC with a focus on nanoparticle formulations. PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used for preclinical studies, while ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed were searched for clinical studies. The results of our study suggest the efficacy of natural compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, quercetin, fisetin, luteolin, kaempferol, genistein, berberine, ursolic acid, eugenol, gingerol, and ellagic acid against several mechanisms leading to castration resistance in preclinical studies, but fail to set the disease under control in clinical studies. Nanoparticle formulations of curcumin and quercetin seem to increase their potential in clinical settings. Using nanoparticles based on betulinic acid, capsaicin, sintokamide A, niphatenones A and B, as well as atraric acid seems promising but needs to be verified with preclinical and clinical studies.

Auraptene nanoparticles ameliorate testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats: Emphasis on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic and PPARs activation effects

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease that commonly strikes the majority of aged men. Developing new therapies to manage BPH with improved efficacy and safety is strongly needed. In this regard, auraptene is a natural compound with multiple pharmacological effects, but with poor oral bioavailability. This investigation aimed to assess the possible protection offered by auraptene-nanostructured lipid carrier (auraptene-NLC) in a BPH model induced by testosterone in rats. Auraptene-NLC had optimum particle size and drug release profile compared to raw auraptene. At doses (5 and 10 mg/kg), it hampered the rise in prostatic weights & indices relative to rats challenged with testosterone. Moreover, auraptene-NLC alleviated histopathological abnormalities in prostate architecture and decreased the glandular epithelial height. Additionally, testosterone-induced oxidative stress was alleviated by auraptene-NLC and inhibited raised lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase exhaustion as well as enhanced glutathione content. Moreover, it significantly reduced the prostate content of nuclear factor κB, Interleukins1β & 6, as well as transforming growth factor β, compared to testosterone group. The proapoptotic activity of auraptene-NLC (10 mg/kg) was confirmed by a significant increase of prostate cleaved caspase-3, boosted Bax/Bcl2 mRNA ratio that was further confirmed by assessing their protein expressions. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of auraptene-NLC against BPH were substantiated by ameliorating testosterone-induced decline of nuclear PPARα & PPARγ and inhibiting the increased expression of cyclin D1 protein. In conclusion, auraptene-NLC offers a protective effect in rats whereby BPH was induced by testosterone, via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and proapoptotic activities, and PPAR family activation.

Estrogen Receptor β Participates in Alternariol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Normal Prostate Epithelial Cells

Alternaria toxins are considered as emerging mycotoxins, however their toxicity has not been fully evaluated in humans. Alternariol (AOH), the most prevalent Alternaria mycotoxin, was previously reported to be genotoxic and to affect hormonal balance in cells; however, its direct molecular mechanism is not known. The imbalance in androgen/estrogen ratio as well as chronic inflammation are postulated as factors in prostate diseases. The environmental agents affecting the hormonal balance might participate in prostate carcinogenesis. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of two doses of AOH on prostate epithelial cells. We observed that AOH in a dose of 10 µM induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest and that this effect is partially mediated by estrogen receptor β (ERβ) whereas the lower tested dose of AOH (0.1 µM) induces only oxidative stress in cells. The modulation of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was observed in response to the higher dose of AOH. The use of selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) inhibitor PHTPP revealed that AOH-induced oxidative stress in both tested doses is partially dependent on activation of ERβ, but lack of its activation did not protect cells against AOH-induced ROS production or DNA-damaging effect in case of higher dose of AOH (10 µM). Taken together, this is the first study reporting that AOH might affect basic processes in normal prostate epithelial cells associated with benign and malignant changes in prostate tissue.

Solute carrier family 16 member 5 downregulation and its methylation might serve as a prognostic indicator of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa), characterized by high invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, is the most prevalent malignant tumor in men worldwide. A clear understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their role during PCa tumorigenesis can help develop prognostic and targeted therapies. We analyzed datasets from public databases, including the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis for differential expression of solute carrier family 16 member 5 (SLC16A5). We further investigated its relationship with clinical stage, pathological grade, and prognosis of PCa. The promoter methylation level of SLC16A5 in PCa was also investigated by UALCAN. We also utilized datasets from UCSC Xena to explore the prognostic role of SLC16A5 methylation levels and CpG site. Correlations between SLC16A5 and immune infiltration were discovered through TIMER. We observed significantly lower levels of SLC16A5 mRNA in PCa relative to normal tissues across six datasets from Oncomine database (p < .001) and 498 cases from TCGA database (p < .0001). SLC16A5 is strongly negatively regulated by its DNA methylation, with a Spearman of -0.81 and Pearson of -0.80 (p < .001). The aberrant SLC16A5 expression resulted in a significant relationship with clinical stage, pathological grade, and lower SLC16A5 mRNA expression, and its hypermethylation was related to a poorer PCa prognosis. SLC16A5 acted as an important factor for PCa diagnosis, with an AUC of 0.9038 (95% CI: 0.8597-0.9479; p < .0001). Besides, the aberrant SLC16A5 expression revealed close correlations with multiple immune cells. Overall, these results indicate that decreased SLC16A5 expression might be a potential biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in PCa. The positive SLC16A5 modulation might be a promising therapeutic target for PCa.

In-silico and in-vivo evaluation of sesamol and its derivatives for benign prostatic hypertrophy

Pharmacological treatment for BPH includes 5-α reductase inhibitors as Finasteride and Dutasteride as a monotherapy or in combination with antimuscarinic drugs, alpha-blockers, 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitor drugs. Androgen receptor inhibitors revealed several adverse events as decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, and gynecomastia. Hence, the emergence of complementary and alternative medications having safety profile—preferably, edible natural products—would be highly desirable. In-silico studies based on Maestro Molecular Modelling platform (version 10.5) by Schrӧdinger, LLC was used to identify the lead molecules. The in-vivo activity studied on rats gave the positive results. The findings based on experiments as antioxidant parameters showed the potential to quench the free radicals. The significant results were also seen in prostatic index and histopathological studies supported the above findings. Based on these data, sesamol and derivative have proven efficacy in protecting against testosterone induced BPH.

Oral administration of berberine represses macrophage activation-associated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a pivotal involvement of the NF-κB

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common chronic diseases in men over the age of 50. Clinical studies have suggested that chronic inflammation is associated with BPH pathoprogression. Berberine (BB) is a natural compound found in Berberis vulgaris, Coptis chinensis and Phellodendron amurense. Although several studies have documented that BB may be effective for inflammation, the effects of the oral administration of BB on BPH are not fully understood. The effects of BB on chronic prostatic inflammation were evaluated in a testosterone-induced BPH animal model. Orally administered BB alleviated the pathological alterations induced by BPH and significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers while enhancing the expression of antioxidant factors. Furthermore, BB regulated the activation of macrophages via NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition in the BPH rat model. The effects and underlying signaling pathway of BB in RWPE-1 cells exposed to macrophage conditioned medium (CM) were also demonstrated in vitro. While CM stimulation induced prostatic cell proliferation and upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors, BB exerted anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory effects in RWPE-1 cells. These findings propose that BB suppresses androgen-dependent BPH development by targeting NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling.

Aqueous Extract of Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) Leaves Inhibited Tumor Growth in Female Wistar Rats with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-Induced Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common estrogen-dependent cancer in the world. Hormone therapy for this cancer can be neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant. Herbal remedies with antiproliferative properties are believed to be potential anticancer agents. The aqueous extract of Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) leaves (AE), a medicinal plant used against cancer in Cameroon, was found to display antiproliferative effects in ovariectomized rats. Compounds isolated from this plant exhibited anticancer activity in vitro. To determine whether AE has an anticancer potential, its effects were investigated in rats with already developed breast cancer. Mammary tumors were induced by a single subcutaneous administration (under the mammary gland) of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA; 50 mg/kgBW) to immature female rats. After 22-26 weeks of observation, animals with palpable tumors were treated with tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kgBW) and AE at doses of 25 and 100 mg/kgBW. The negative control received distilled water. Treatments were given orally for 21 consecutive days. The volume of mammary tumors was evaluated weekly using a caliper. On day 22, animals were sacrificed. Cholesterol and estradiol levels were assessed in serum, breast tumors, mammary glands, and ovaries. Oxidative status of tumors was evaluated. The histological analysis of mammary glands and breast tumors was performed. Results showed that AE reduced tumor volume and weight (p < 0.05). This effect was associated with reduced cholesterol (p < 0.001) and estradiol (p < 0.01) levels in breast tumors, serum, ovaries, and mammary glands. AE also increased tumors levels of malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) and antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.01). These effects contributed to the decrease in the size of breast alveoli (p < 0.01), the density of cancer cells in breast tumors, and the invasion of these cells into the tumor connective tissue. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of D. edulis leaves, thanks to its ability to inhibit tumor growth, could be considered as a potential alternative for the neoadjuvant treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.

T-2 Toxin Induces Oxidative Stress at Low Doses via Atf3ΔZip2a/2b-Mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of Nrf2

T-2 toxin is mainly produced by Fusarium species, which is an extremely toxic mycotoxin to humans and animals. It is well known that T-2 toxin induces oxidative stress, but the molecular mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we found that T-2 toxin significantly promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in MCF-7 cells at low doses which maintains cell viability at least 80%. Further analysis showed that T-2 toxin downregulated the expression of the master regulator of antioxidant defense gene, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and its targeted antioxidant genes. Overexpression of Nrf2 or its target gene heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) significantly blocked the ROS accumulation in MCF-7 cells under T-2 toxin treatment. Moreover, we found that T-2 toxin downregulated the antioxidant genes via inducing the expression of ATF3ΔZip2a/2b. Importantly, overexpression of ATF3ΔZip2a/2b promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Altogether, our results demonstrated that T-2 toxin-induced ROS accumulation via ATF3ΔZip2a/2b mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2, which provided a new insight into the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress.

Oxidative Stress Links Aging-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases and Prostatic Diseases

The incidence of chronic aging-associated diseases, especially cardiovascular and prostatic diseases, is increasing with the aging of society. Evidence indicates that cardiovascular diseases usually coexist with prostatic diseases or increase its risk, while the pathological mechanisms of these diseases are unknown. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of both cardiovascular and prostatic diseases. The levels of oxidative stress biomarkers are higher in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and these also contribute to the development of prostatic diseases, suggesting cardiovascular diseases may increase the risk of prostatic diseases via oxidative stress. This review summarizes the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular and prostatic diseases and also focuses on the main shared pathways underlying these diseases, in order to provide potential prevention and treatment targets.

Palmitoylethanolamide/Baicalein Regulates the Androgen Receptor Signaling and NF-κB/Nrf2 Pathways in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in males. Androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role in the development of BPH; its alterations cause an imbalance between prostate cell growth and apoptosis. Furthermore, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are common conditions in BPH, contribute to disrupting the homeostasis between cell proliferation and cell death. With this background in mind, we investigated the effect of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA), baicalein (Baic) and co-ultramicronized um-PEA/Baic in a fixed ratio of 10:1 in an experimental model of BPH. BPH was induced in rats by daily administration of testosterone propionate (3 mg/kg) for 14 days. Baic (1 mg/kg), um-PEA (9 mg/kg) and um-PEA/Baic (10 mg/kg) were administered orally every day for 14 days. This protocol led to alterations in prostate morphology and increased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of androgen receptor and 5α-reductase expression. Moreover, testosterone injections induced a significant increase in markers of inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Our results show that um-PEA/Baic is capable of decreasing prostate weight and DHT production in BPH-induced rats, as well as being able to modulate apoptotic and inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress. These effects were most likely related to the synergy between the anti-inflammatory properties of um-PEA and the antioxidant effects of Baic. These results support the view that um-PEA/Baic should be further studied as a potent candidate for the management of BPH.

The Etiology and Pathophysiology Genesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A New Perspective

Background: The etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are unknown, with ageing being the greatness risk factor. Methods: This new perspective evaluates the available interdisciplinary evidence regarding prostate ageing in terms of the cell biology of regulation and homeostasis, which could explain the timeline of evolutionary cancer biology as degenerative, inflammatory and neoplasm progressions in these multifactorial and heterogeneous prostatic diseases. Results: This prostate ageing degeneration hypothesis encompasses the testosterone-vascular-inflamm-ageing triad, along with the cell biology regulation of amyloidosis and autophagy within an evolutionary tumorigenesis microenvironment. Conclusions: An understanding of these biological processes of prostate ageing can provide potential strategies for early prevention and could contribute to maintaining quality of life for the ageing individual along with substantial medical cost savings.

A metabolomics study of Qianliexin capsule treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate in the rat model

A metabolomics investigation of the treatment effect of Qianliexin (QLX) capsules was conducted on rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by testosterone propionate. Establishment of the BPH model was confirmed using the prostatic index. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining for TGF-β, EGFR, collagen, IL-1 β, TNF-α was performed and changes in urine volume were measured. Urine and serum samples were collected from three groups, including a control group, a BPH model group and a QLX-treated group and subjected to metabolomics profiling based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacodynamics analysis showed that the QLX group had significantly lower histopathological damage, fibrosis damage, and inflammation and higher urine output compared with the model group. Twenty-two potential biomarkers were identified in urine samples and 23 metabolites were identified in plasma samples. Alterations in metabolic patterns were evident in all sample types. The treatment effects of QLX appear to involve various metabolic pathways including lipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and purine generation and significantly reduced the pathological symptoms and related biochemical indicators of BPH and improved the level of potential marker metabolites. This comprehensive study suggested that differential markers provided insights into the metabolic pathways involved in BPH and the treatment effects of QLX.

Chemical characterization and in vivo antioxidant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) aqueous extract

Twenty-nine flavonoid glycosides were identified in the aqueous extract (PC) of Petroselinum crispum var. crispum leaves and apiin, the major compound, was isolated thereof. Apigenin was obtained (90% purity) by the hydrolysis of apiin. A high content of phenolics (12.49 ± 1.70 mg GAE per g of parsley extract - Folin-Ciocalteu method) and total flavonoids (15.05 ± 2.20 mg of quercetin equivalents per g of parsley extract - aluminum chloride method) was quantified in P. crispum, as well as high antioxidant activity ((EC50 - 15.50 mg mL-1, DPPH method) and (189.8 mM Fe(ii) per mg of dry plant aqueous extract - FRAP method)). In vivo analysis with Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells showed low toxicity of the aqueous extract of parsley, however, it revealed a high dose-dependent antioxidant potential, mainly in the lipoperoxidation assay. In addition, flavonoid apiin also showed antioxidant action on yeast cells under oxidative stress in the cell viability assay (0.1 mM) and lipid peroxidation (0.01 and 0.1 mM), while apigenin was slightly antioxidant. Therefore, it is likely that the antioxidant activity of apiin is related to the total antioxidant capacity of parsley.

Oxidative stress and redox signaling in CRPC progression: therapeutic potential of clinically-tested Nrf2-activators

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay regimen in patients with androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa). However, the selection of androgen-independent cancer cells leads to castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The aggressive phenotype of CRPC cells underscores the need to elucidate mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to suppress CRPC outgrowth. Despite ADT, the activation of androgen receptor (AR) transcription factor continues via crosstalk with parallel signaling pathways. Understanding of how these signaling cascades are initiated and amplified post-ADT is lacking. Hormone deprivation can increase oxidative stress and the resultant reactive oxygen species (ROS) may activate both AR and non-AR signaling. Moreover, ROS-induced inflammatory cytokines may further amplify these redox signaling pathways to augment AR function. However, clinical trials using ROS quenching small molecule antioxidants have not suppressed CRPC progression, suggesting that more potent and persistent suppression of redox signaling in CRPC cells will be needed. The transcription factor Nrf2 increases the expression of numerous antioxidant enzymes and downregulates the function of inflammatory transcription factors, e.g., nuclear factor kappa B. We documented that Nrf2 overexpression can suppress AR-mediated transcription in CRPC cell lines. Furthermore, two Nrf2 activating agents, sulforaphane (a phytochemical) and bardoxolone-methyl (a drug in clinical trial) suppress AR levels and sensitize CRPC cells to anti-androgens. These observations implicate the benefits of potent Nrf2-activators to suppress the lethal signaling cascades that lead to CRPC outgrowth. This review article will address the redox signaling networks that augment AR signaling during PCa progression to CRPC, and the possible utility of Nrf2-activating agents as an adjunct to ADT.

TALEN-mediated generation of Nkx3.1 knockout rat model

BACKGROUND

Recent developments in gene editing, using transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), have greatly helped the generation of genetically engineered animal models. The NK3 homeobox 1 (NKX3.1) protein plays important roles in prostate development and protein production, and functions as a tumor suppressor. Recently, NKX3.1 was shown to be associated with breast cancer in humans.

METHODS

Our aim was to create a new rat model to elucidate the functions of NKX3.1. To that end, we generated Nkx3.1 knockout rats using TALENs and analyzed their phenotype. TALEN-mediated Nkx3.1 knockout was confirmed by T7 endonuclease I (T7E1) assay and DNA sequencing. Prostate weight and fertility were evaluated in the knockout rats, besides determining the proportion of epithelial cells and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of genes associated with carcinogenesis. Breast tumors were examined by histopathology.

RESULTS

Results suggested Nkx3.1 knockout rats have reduced fertility, decreased prostate weights, and increased epithelial cell layers. The mRNA expression of genes related to prostate carcinogenesis, namely Ar, Akt, and Pi3k, also increased. Moreover, the Nkx3.1 knockout rats often developed malignant breast tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

We, therefore, successfully created the first Nkx3.1 knockout rat model, using TALEN-mediated gene targeting, and used it to identify defects associated with Nkx3.1 deficiency, not previously observed in mice. Loss of Nkx3.1 in rats led to lower reproductive capacity, and decreased prostate weights, apart from the risk of developing breast cancer. We, thus, proposed Nkx3.1 knockout rats as reliable models for studying the role of NKX3.1 in decreased prostate weights, fertility, and breast cancer, as well as in prostate cancer.

Pharmacological Effects and Potential Clinical Usefulness of Polyphenols in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is arguably the most common benign disease among men. This disease is often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men and significantly decreases the quality of life. Polyphenol consumption reportedly plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases, including BPH. In recent years, in addition to disease prevention, many studies have reported the efficacy and safety of polyphenol treatment against various pathological conditions in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, numerous studies have also revealed the molecular mechanisms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols. We believe that an improved understanding of the detailed pharmacological roles of polyphenol-induced activities at a molecular level is important for the prevention and treatment of BPH. Polyphenols are composed of many members, and their biological roles differ. In this review, we first provide information regarding the pathological roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in BPH. Next, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols, including those of flavonoids and non-flavonoids, are discussed. Finally, we talk about the results and limitations of previous clinical trials that have used polyphenols in BPH, with particular focus on their molecular mechanisms of action.

Exposure to Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, NHANES 2001-2008

30% of men suffer from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) worldwide. As one of the most important members of Phthalate esters, previous studies suggested ubiquitous Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure is associated with such male disorders by interfering with endocrine system, however, little is known about the association between DEHP exposure and BPH. The objective of this study was to study the potential association by the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. The data was collected, and multiple logistic regression was adapted to measure the association. The concentrations of DEHP (∑DEHP) were calculated by each metabolite and split into quartiles for analysis. Results showed that the odds ratio (OR) decreased with increased ∑DEHP concentration. In the crude model, the OR for the second quartile (OR = 1.60, 95%CI [1.24, 2.07]) was obviously higher compared with the lowest quartile. However, the OR for the highest quartile (OR = 0.55, 95%CI [0.44,0.69]) was lower than that for the third quartile (OR = 0.77, 95%CI [0.61, 0.97]), and the OR for the third and the highest quartile were significantly lower than that of the lowest quartile, which suggested biphasic effects of DEHP based on concentration. The results showed the same trend after adjusting confounding factors. The study suggested that the DEHP exposure is associated with DEHP, and the results adds limited evidence to study this topic, however, further researches are needed to determine if the status of BPH can be changed by controlling DEHP exposure.

Ameliorative effect of morin on dutasteride-tamsulosin-induced testicular oxidative stress in rat

OBJECTIVES

Dutasteride-Tamsulosin (DUT-TAM), a drug of choice for the treatment of prostate enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, BPH) has been implicated in testicular toxicity. This study investigated the protective effect of morin, a plant-derived flavonoid on DUT-TAM-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rat.

METHODS

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (110-140 g) were randomly divided into four treatment groups (n=6). Group A animals served as the control and were administered olive oil, Group B animals were administered 5.4 mg/kg b.w. of dutasteride + 3.4 mg/kg b.w of tamsulosin., Group C animals were administered 100 mg/kg b.w. of morin, while Group D animals were administered DUT-TAM (5.4 mg/kg b.w. of dutasteride + 3.4 mg/kg b.w. of tamsulosin) and morin (100 mg/kg b.w.). The administration lasted for two weeks.

RESULTS

DUT-TAM-induced abnormal sperm morphology (31.8%), significantly reduced (p<0.05) sperm count, sperm motility, live-dead sperm ratio, testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities, as well as the levels of ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione (GSH) which were ameliorated by co-treatment with morin. Also, DUT-TAM-induced increase in testicular malondialdehyde level and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly reversed (p<0.05) by co-treatment with morin.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicated the protective ability of morin against Dutasteride-Tamsulosin-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress.

Piceatannol Attenuates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats by Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1/NFκB Axis

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a serious illness affecting middle-aged and elderly male patients. It is a complication of several diseases including metabolic syndrome. BPH has been associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress in prostatic tissues. Piceatannol (PIC) is an active natural polyhydroxylated stilbene found in many plants. It has profound anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant activities. However, it suffers relatively poor pharmacokinetic properties. Nanoformulation is an acknowledged approach to improve PIC bioavailability. The goal was to evaluate the ability of PIC in preventing testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. PIC was prepared in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Animals were placed into seven groups: 1) control (vehicle), 2) PIC SNEDDS (20 mg/kg), 3) testosterone (3 mg/kg), 4) testosterone + PIC SNEDDS (5 mg/kg), 5) testosterone + PIC (10 mg/kg), 6) testosterone + PIC SNEDDS (20 mg/kg) and 7) testosterone + finasteride (5 mg/kg). Testosterone was injected SC while PIC SNEDDS and finasteride were given orally. All treatments were given once daily, 5 days/week for four consecutive weeks. PIC administration ameliorated increased prostate weights and indices in addition to histopathological alterations. Further it inhibited accumulation of lipid peroxidation, depletion of glutathione (GSH) and exhaustion of catalase (CAT). PIC SNEDDS exhibited anti-proliferative activities as demonstrated by the inhibition of cyclin D1 protein expression and Bcl2 mRNA expression in addition to enhancement of Bax mRNA expression and caspase-3 content. Immunohistochemically, PIC SNEDDS protected against the testosterone-induced increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and also offered protection against the decline in Nrf2 expression. Further, a significant enhancement of Nfe212 and Homx1 mRNA expression was detected in PIC SNEDDS-treated animals in comparison to the testosterone group. Conclusively, PIC prepared in SNEDDS protects against experimentally induced BPH via modulation of, at least partly, Nrf2/HO-1/NFκB axis.