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Li L, Zhao L, Yang J, Zhou L. Multifaceted effects of LRP6 in cancer: exploring tumor development, immune modulation and targeted therapies. Med Oncol 2024; 41:180. [PMID: 38898247 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6 (LRP6), a member of the LDLR superfamily of cell surface receptors, is most widely known as a crucial co-receptor in the activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This signaling pathway is implicated in multiple biological processes, such as lipoprotein metabolism, protease regulation, cell differentiation, and migration. LRP6 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumors, including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer, and is generally considered an oncogene that promotes tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, there are exceptions; some studies have reported that LRP6 inhibits lung metastasis of breast cancer through its ectodomain (LRP6N), and patients with low LRP6 expression tend to have a poor prognosis. Thus, the role of LRP6 in tumors remains controversial. Although limited studies have shown that LRP6 is associated with the expression and roles of a variety of immune cells in tumors, the interaction of LRP6 with the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not fully understood. Furthermore, it is crucial to acknowledge that LRP6 can engage with alternative pathways, including the mTORC1, CXCL12/CXCR4, and KRAS signaling pathways mentioned earlier, resulting in the regulation of biological functions independent of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Due to the potential of LRP6 as a molecular target for cancer therapy, various treatment modalities have been developed to directly or indirectly inhibit LRP6 function, demonstrating promising anti-cancer effects across multiple cancer types. This review will concentrate on exploring the expression, function, and potential therapeutic applications of LRP6 in different cancer types, along with its influence on the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics and Immunology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxia Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics and Immunology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Xue W, Zhu B, Zhao K, Huang Q, Luo H, Shou Y, Huang Z, Guo H. Targeting LRP6: A new strategy for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107200. [PMID: 38710241 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Targeting specific molecular drivers of tumor growth is a key approach in cancer therapy. Among these targets, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a vital component of the Wnt signaling pathway, has emerged as an intriguing candidate. As a cell-surface receptor and vital co-receptor, LRP6 is frequently overexpressed in various cancer types, implicating its pivotal role in driving tumor progression. The pursuit of LRP6 as a target for cancer treatment has gained substantial traction, offering a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here, this comprehensive review explores recent breakthroughs in our understanding of LRP6's functions and underlying molecular mechanisms, providing a profound discussion of its involvement in cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance. Importantly, we go beyond discussing LRP6's role in cancer by discussing diverse potential therapeutic approaches targeting this enigmatic protein. These approaches encompass a wide spectrum, including pharmacological agents, natural compounds, non-coding RNAs, epigenetic factors, proteins, and peptides that modulate LRP6 expression or disrupt its interactions. In addition, also discussed the challenges associated with developing LRP6 inhibitors and their advantages over Wnt inhibitors, as well as the drugs that have entered phase II clinical trials. By shedding light on these innovative strategies, we aim to underscore LRP6's significance as a valuable and multifaceted target for cancer treatment, igniting enthusiasm for further research and facilitating translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Kaili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qiuju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yiwen Shou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhaoquan Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Lu L, Lei Y, Li Y, Wang L. LRP6 is a potential biomarker of kidney clear cell carcinoma related to prognosis and immune infiltration. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1484-1495. [PMID: 38226972 PMCID: PMC10866424 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common and most lethal genitourinary tumor. The causes of renal clear cell carcinoma are complex and the heterogeneity of the tumor tissue is high, so patient outcomes are not very satisfactory. Exploring biomarkers in the progression of renal clear cell carcinoma is crucial to improve the diagnosis and guide the treatment of renal clear cell carcinoma. LRP6 is a co-receptor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is involved in cell growth, inflammation and cell transformation through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Abnormal expression of LRP6 is associated with the malignant phenotype, metastatic potential and poor prognosis of various tumors. In this study, we found that LRP6 was abnormally highly expressed in a variety of tumors and significantly correlated with microsatellite instability, tumor mutation burden, and immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression in a variety of tumors. Moreover, we found that LRP6 was significantly associated with the prognosis of renal clear cell carcinoma. Further we found a significant correlation between LRP6 and the expression of m6A-related genes and ferroptosis-related genes. Finally, we also found a significant correlation between the expression of LRP6 and the sensitivity to common drugs used in kidney clear cell carcinoma treatment. These results suggest that LRP6 is likely to be a potential target for kidney clear cell carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Lu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Mucin Glycans: A Target for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7033. [PMID: 37894512 PMCID: PMC10609567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycans are an important component of the mucus barrier and a vital defence against physical and chemical damage as well as pathogens. There are 20 mucins in the human body, which can be classified into secreted mucins and transmembrane mucins according to their distributions. The major difference between them is that secreted mucins do not have transmembrane structural domains, and the expression of each mucin is organ and cell-specific. Under physiological conditions, mucin glycans are involved in the composition of the mucus barrier and thus protect the body from infection and injury. However, abnormal expression of mucin glycans can lead to the occurrence of diseases, especially cancer, through various mechanisms. Therefore, targeting mucin glycans for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has always been a promising research direction. Here, we first summarize the main types of glycosylation (O-GalNAc glycosylation and N-glycosylation) on mucins and the mechanisms by which abnormal mucin glycans occur. Next, how abnormal mucin glycans contribute to cancer development is described. Finally, we summarize MUC1-based antibodies, vaccines, radio-pharmaceuticals, and CAR-T therapies using the best characterized MUC1 as an example. In this section, we specifically elaborate on the recent new cancer therapy CAR-M, which may bring new hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Sun
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology and Detection of Yan'an, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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Shishido A, Miyo M, Oishi K, Nishiyama N, Wu M, Yamamoto H, Kouda S, Wu X, Shibata S, Yokoyama Y, Yamamoto H. The Relationship between LRP6 and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Colorectal and Esophageal Cancer. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030615. [PMID: 36983771 PMCID: PMC10057833 DOI: 10.3390/life13030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a key component of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, is reported to be associated with malignant potential in some solid tumors including breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Few reports, however, have examined its function and clinical significance in colorectal cancers (CRC) demonstrating constitutive activation of Wnt signaling. Here, we compared the expression level and function of LRP6 in CRC with that of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) bearing few Wnt/β-catenin pathway mutations. On immunohistochemical staining, high LRP6 expression was noted in three of 68 cases (4.4%), and high β-catenin in 38 of 67 cases (56.7%) of CRC. High LRP6 expression was found in 21 of 82 cases (25.6%), and high β-catenin expression in 29 of 73 cases (39.7%) of ESCC. In our in vitro studies, LRP6 knockdown hardly changed Wnt signaling activity in CRC cell lines with mutations in Wnt signaling downstream genes. In contrast, in ESCC cell lines without Wnt signaling-related mutations, LRP6 knockdown significantly decreased Wnt signaling activity. LRP6 function may depend on constitutive activation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Shishido
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nishiyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Meiqiao Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shihori Kouda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-2591
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Wang J, Yang H, Ma X, Liu J, Li L, Chen L, Wei F. LRP6/filamentous-actin signaling facilitates osteogenic commitment in mechanically induced periodontal ligament stem cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:7. [PMID: 36694134 PMCID: PMC9872397 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanotransduction mechanisms whereby periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) translate mechanical stress into biochemical signals and thereby trigger osteogenic programs necessary for alveolar bone remodeling are being deciphered. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a Wnt transmembrane receptor, has been qualified as a key monitor for mechanical cues. However, the role of LRP6 in the mechanotransduction of mechanically induced PDLSCs remains obscure. METHODS The Tension System and tooth movement model were established to determine the expression profile of LRP6. The loss-of-function assay was used to investigate the role of LRP6 on force-regulated osteogenic commitment in PDLSCs. The ability of osteogenic differentiation and proliferation was estimated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity assay, western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence. Crystalline violet staining was used to visualize cell morphological change. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and phalloidin staining were adopted to affirm filamentous actin (F-actin) alteration. YAP nucleoplasmic localization was assessed by immunofluorescence and western blotting. YAP transcriptional response was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Cytochalasin D was used to determine the effects of F-actin on osteogenic commitment and YAP switch behavior in mechanically induced PDLSCs. RESULTS LRP6 was robustly activated in mechanically induced PDLSCs and PDL tissues. LRP6 deficiency impeded force-dependent osteogenic differentiation and proliferation in PDLSCs. Intriguingly, LRP6 loss caused cell morphological aberration, F-actin dynamics disruption, YAP nucleoplasmic relocation, and subsequent YAP inactivation. Moreover, disrupted F-actin dynamics inhibited osteogenic differentiation, proliferation, YAP nuclear translocation, and YAP activation in mechanically induced PDLSCs. CONCLUSIONS We identified that LRP6 in PDLSCs acted as the mechanosensor regulating mechanical stress-inducible osteogenic commitment via the F-actin/YAP cascade. Targeting LRP6 for controlling alveolar bone remodeling may be a prospective therapy to attenuate relapse of orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiao Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Huiqi Yang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Xiaobei Ma
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Jiani Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Lan Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Lei Chen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Fulan Wei
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
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Todosenko N, Yurova K, Khaziakhmatova O, Malashchenko V, Khlusov I, Litvinova L. Heparin and Heparin-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Pleiotropic Molecular Effects at Multiple Drug Resistance of Osteosarcoma and Immune Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102181. [PMID: 36297616 PMCID: PMC9612132 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main problems of modern health care is the growing number of oncological diseases both in the elderly and young population. Inadequately effective chemotherapy, which remains the main method of cancer control, is largely associated with the emergence of multidrug resistance in tumor cells. The search for new solutions to overcome the resistance of malignant cells to pharmacological agents is being actively pursued. Another serious problem is immunosuppression caused both by the tumor cells themselves and by antitumor drugs. Of great interest in this context is heparin, a biomolecule belonging to the class of glycosaminoglycans and possessing a broad spectrum of biological activity, including immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. In the context of the rapid development of the new field of “osteoimmunology,” which focuses on the collaboration of bone and immune cells, heparin and delivery systems based on it may be of intriguing importance for the oncotherapy of malignant bone tumors. Osteosarcoma is a rare but highly aggressive, chemoresistant malignant tumor that affects young adults and is characterized by constant recurrence and metastasis. This review describes the direct and immune-mediated regulatory effects of heparin and drug delivery systems based on it on the molecular mechanisms of (multiple) drug resistance in (onco) pathological conditions of bone tissue, especially osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Todosenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Kristina Yurova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Olga Khaziakhmatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Vladimir Malashchenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Igor Khlusov
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Yeger H, Perbal B. The CCN axis in cancer development and progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:491-517. [PMID: 33877533 PMCID: PMC8642525 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the authors first reviewed this subject in 2016 significant progress has been documented in the CCN field with advances made in the understanding of how members of the CCN family of proteins, CCN1-6, contribute to the pathogenesis and progression, positive and negative, of a larger variety of cancers. As termed matricellular proteins, and more recently the connective communication network, it has become clearer that members of the CCN family interact complexly with other proteins in the extracellular microenvironment, membrane signaling proteins, and can also operate intracellularly at the transcriptional level. In this review we expand on this earlier information providing new detailed information and insights that appropriate a much greater involvement and importance of their role in multiple aspects of cancer. Despite all the new information many more questions have been raised and intriguing results generated that warrant greater investigation. In order to permit the reader to smoothly integrate the new information we discuss all relevant CCN members in the context of cancer subtypes. We have harmonized the nomenclature with CCN numbering for easier comparisons. Finally, we summarize what new has been learned and provide a perspective on how our knowledge about CCN1-6 is being used to drive new initiatives on cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Yeger
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Research Institute, SickKids, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Jeong W, Jho EH. Regulation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein LRP6 and Its Association With Disease: Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714330. [PMID: 34589484 PMCID: PMC8473786 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays crucial roles in development and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation leads to various diseases, notably cancer. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is initiated when the glycoprotein Wnt binds to and forms a ternary complex with the Frizzled and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6). Despite being identified as a Wnt co-receptor over 20 years ago, the molecular mechanisms governing how LRP6 senses Wnt and transduces downstream signaling cascades are still being deciphered. Due to its role as one of the main Wnt signaling components, the dysregulation or mutation of LRP6 is implicated in several diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome and skeletal disease. Herein, we will review how LRP6 is activated by Wnt stimulation and explore the various regulatory mechanisms involved. The participation of LRP6 in other signaling pathways will also be discussed. Finally, the relationship between LRP6 dysregulation and disease will be examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Jeong
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Liao X, Zhang Y, Xu B, Ali A, Liu X, Jia Q. Inositol hexaphosphate sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to oxaliplatin relating inhibition of CCN2-LRP6-β-catenin-ABCG1 signaling pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12:6071-6080. [PMID: 34539880 PMCID: PMC8425206 DOI: 10.7150/jca.62141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a drastic problem in China. Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy drug, has limited efficacy in treating HCC, characterized by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), a carbohydrate abundant in grains, has contributed to the rising popularity of whole grain products consumption for the potential protection against dozens of diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of IP6 in halting the progression of HCC remains unclear, especially in combination with oxaliplatin. The anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of IP6 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The synergistic and sequential anti-proliferative effect with IP6 and oxaliplatin were also evaluated in HCC. Finally, the role of CCN2-LRP6-β-catenin-ABCG1 signaling in oxaliplatin resistance and IP6 treatment was evaluated. We proved that IP6 treatment exhibited independent anticancer effect and synergistic anti-proliferative effects in combination with oxaliplatin in HCC. Specifically, up-regulation of ABCG1 and CCN2 were associated with oxaliplatin resistance. ABCG1 was acting as a downstream molecule of the CCN2-LRP6-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HCC cells. The IP6 treatment exhibited inhibition of CCN2-LRP6-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and downregulation of ABCG1 in HCC cells. When combined with ABCG1 knocking down in HCC cells, the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin was partly impaired in combination with IP6. We suggested that IP6 treatment renders HCC sensitive to oxaliplatin and breaking the CCN2-LRP6-β-catenin-ABCG1 signaling pathway is one of the mechanism after IP6 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liao
- Department of Nutrition, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.,Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Binghui Xu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qingan Jia
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Shu C, Maimaiti Y, Wang S, Lu C, Zhou J. LRP6 as a biomarker of poor prognosis of breast cancer. Gland Surg 2021; 10:2414-2427. [PMID: 34527553 DOI: 10.21037/gs-21-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6 (LRP6) has been the focus of molecular targeted therapy for breast cancer; however, its role in breast cancer is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LRP6 overexpression on the prognosis of breast cancer. Methods We used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of LRP6 via tissue microarrays in breast cancer samples, Chi-square test analyze the relationship between LRP6 expression and clinicopathological features of breast cancer, the Kaplan-Meier method to perform survival analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model to explore the potential risk factors of breast cancer. The role of LRP6 in the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer was studied by colony formation, Transwell migration and invasion assay and scratch assay. The tumor-bearing model of LRP6 knockdown was established using MCF-7 cells, and corresponding negative control was set up to observe the growth rate of the two models. Results High expression of LRP6 was observed in 89 out of 150 (59.3%) breast cancer cases, as detected by microarray of breast cancer tissue. Chi-square tests showed no significant correlation between LRP6 expression and tumor size, lymph node staging, or mitosis. Survival analysis showed that the overall survival rate of tumor patients with high LRP6 expression was significantly lower than that of patients with low LRP6 expression. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses revealed that LRP6 was an independent risk factor for breast cancer and was negatively correlated with the prognosis of breast cancer. Compared with the control group, small interference RNA (si-RNA) knockdown of LRP6 significantly reduced the clonogenic rate as well as the migration and invasion abilities of MCF-7 cells. In the scratch experiment, the wound healing ability of the LRP6 knockdown was significantly weaker than that of the control group. There were significant differences in tumor growth weight and volume between lentivirus transfected LRP6 knockdown MCF-7 cell line and control MCF-7 cell line in nude mice. Conclusions LRP6 could be a useful biomarker of poor prognosis of breast cancer, as it plays an important role in tumor growth, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengchang Shu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusufu Maimaiti
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shuntao Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District, Wuhan, China
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12
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Jia Q, Xu B, Zhang Y, Ali A, Liao X. CCN Family Proteins in Cancer: Insight Into Their Structures and Coordination Role in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Genet 2021; 12:649387. [PMID: 33833779 PMCID: PMC8021874 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), triggers a variety of critical signaling pathways and promotes the malignant progression of cancer. The success rate of cancer therapy through targeting single molecule of this crosstalk may be extremely low, whereas co-targeting multiple components could be complicated design and likely to have more side effects. The six members of cellular communication network (CCN) family proteins are scaffolding proteins that may govern the TME, and several studies have shown targeted therapy of CCN family proteins may be effective for the treatment of cancer. CCN protein family shares similar structures, and they mutually reinforce and neutralize each other to serve various roles that are tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by the TME. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structures and roles of CCN proteins in different types of cancer. We also analyze CCN mRNA expression, and reasons for its diverse relationship to prognosis in different cancers. In this review, we conclude that the discrepant functions of CCN proteins in different types of cancer are attributed to diverse TME and CCN truncated isoforms, and speculate that targeting CCN proteins to rebalance the TME could be a potent anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingan Jia
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Binghui Xu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Liao
- Department of Nutrition, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Digestive System Cancers: A Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8489093. [PMID: 33426067 PMCID: PMC7781715 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8489093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the impact of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on outcomes in patients with digestive system cancers. Methods A systemic literature survey was performed by searching the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases for articles that evaluated the impact of CTGF on outcomes in patients with digestive system cancers. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for prognostic factors, overall and recurrence-free survival using RevMan 5.3 software. Results This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate a total of 11 studies that included 1730 patients. The results showed that elevated CTGF expression was significantly correlated with advanced age, larger tumor size, multiple tumors, and vascular invasion. Subgroup analysis by cancer type revealed increased risk for lymph node metastasis and advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in gastric cancer, compared with colorectal cancer. An unfavorable effect of elevated CTGF levels on overall survival was found in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and patients with gastric cancer, while survival was improved in colorectal cancer patients with high CTGF expression, compared to those with normal levels of CTGF. Conclusions Elevated CTGF expression may be a novel biomarker for disease status and predicted survival outcomes in patients with specific digestive system cancers.
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14
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Liu QW, Li JY, Zhang XC, Liu Y, Liu QY, Xiao L, Zhang WJ, Wu HY, Deng KY, Xin HB. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma in tumour-bearing mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10525-10541. [PMID: 32798252 PMCID: PMC7521292 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of the cancer‐related death in the world. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) have been characterized with a pluripotency, low immunogenicity and no tumorigenicity. Especially, the immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory effects of hAMSCs make them suitable for treating HCC. Here, we reported that hAMSCs administrated by intravenous injection significantly inhibited HCC through suppressing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis in tumour‐bearing mice with Hepg2 cells. Cell tracking experiments with GFP‐labelled hAMSCs showed that the stem cells possessed the ability of migrating to the tumorigenic sites for suppressing tumour growth. Importantly, both hAMSCs and the conditional media (hAMSC‐CM) have the similar antitumour effects in vitro, suggesting that hAMSCs‐derived cytokines might be involved in their antitumour effects. Antibody array assay showed that hAMSCs highly expressed dickkopf‐3 (DKK‐3), dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1) and insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3). Furthermore, the antitumour effects of hAMSCs were further confirmed by applications of the antibodies or the specific siRNAs of DKK‐3, DKK‐1 and IGFBP‐3 in vitro. Mechanically, hAMSCs‐derived DKK‐3, DKK‐1 and IGFBP‐3 markedly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of Hepg2 cells through suppressing the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway and IGF‐1R‐mediated PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, respectively. Taken together, our study demonstrated that hAMSCs possess significant antitumour effects in vivo and in vitro and might provide a novel strategy for HCC treatment clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Wen Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Life and Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian-Yu Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Han-You Wu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke-Yu Deng
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Life and Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Life and Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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15
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Song SS, Ying JF, Zhang YN, Pan HY, He XL, Hu ZM, Wang HJ, Dou XB, Mou XZ. High expression of FOXO3 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3181-3188. [PMID: 32256814 PMCID: PMC7074409 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) as a tumor suppressor gene and its association with the human lifespan is well documented. However, several studies have indicated that high expression of FOXO3 is also significantly associated with tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of FOXO3 in the development and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). mRNA expression data of FOXO3 from The Cancer Genome Atlas database was analyzed through the UALCAN online tool to compare the expression of FOXO3 between HCC and normal liver tissues. Subsequently, the expression of FOXO3 at the protein level was investigated via immunohistochemical staining of 314 HCC and 150 non-cancerous liver tissue samples. The association between protein expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed using the χ2 test, and the effect of FOXO3 expression on survival was assessed via Kaplan-Meier analysis. The expression of FOXO3 mRNA was significantly higher in HCC in comparison with healthy tissues. High FOXO3 protein expression was revealed in 43/150 non-cancerous liver tissues, and in 238/314 HCC samples. A significant association was demonstrated between FOXO3 expression and metastasis, Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage, Edmondson grade, α-fetoprotein level and overall survival. In conclusion, the high expression of FOXO3 predicts a poor prognosis in patients with HCC, indicating this protein as a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shu Song
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Fu Ying
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - You-Ni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Lei He
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ju Wang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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16
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A Role for the WNT Co-Receptor LRP6 in Pathogenesis and Therapy of Epithelial Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081162. [PMID: 31412666 PMCID: PMC6721565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway controls stem and progenitor cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in epithelial tissues. Aberrant stimulation of this pathway is therefore frequently observed in cancers from epithelial origin. For instance, colorectal and hepatic cancers display activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin, or inactivating APC and AXIN gene mutations. However, these mutations are uncommon in breast and pancreatic cancers despite nuclear β-catenin localization, indicative of pathway activation. Notably, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), an indispensable co-receptor for WNT, is frequently overexpressed in colorectal, liver, breast and pancreatic adenocarcinomas in association with increased WNT/β -catenin signaling. Moreover, LRP6 is hyperphosphorylated in KRAS-mutated cells and in patient-derived colorectal tumours. Polymorphisms in the LRP6 gene are also associated with different susceptibility to developing specific types of lung, bladder and colorectal cancers. Additionally, recent observations suggest that LRP6 dysfunction may be involved in carcinogenesis. Indeed, reducing LRP6 expression and/or activity inhibits cancer cell proliferation and delays tumour growth in vivo. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the biological function and regulation of LRP6 in the development of epithelial cancers—especially colorectal, liver, breast and pancreatic cancers.
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17
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Yoon AR, Hong J, Li Y, Shin HC, Lee H, Kim HS, Yun CO. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Delivery of an Oncolytic Adenovirus Enhances Antitumor Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4503-4514. [PMID: 31289131 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising alternative to conventional treatment, yet systemic delivery of these viruses to tumors remains a major challenge. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with well-established tumor-homing property could serve as a promising systemic delivery tool. We showed that MSCs could be effectively infected by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-targeted oncolytic adenovirus (HCC-oAd) through modification of the virus' fiber domain and that the virus replicated efficiently in the cell carrier. HCC-targeting oAd loaded in MSCs (HCC-oAd/MSC) effectively lysed HCC cells in vitro under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions as a result of the hypoxia responsiveness of HCC-oAd. Importantly, systemically administered HCC-oAd/MSC, which were initially infected with a low viral dose, homed to HCC tumors and resulted in a high level of virion accumulation in the tumors, ultimately leading to potent tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, viral dose reduction and tumor localization of HCC-oAd/MSC prevented the induction of hepatotoxicity by attenuating HCC-oAd hepatic accumulation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MSC-mediated systemic delivery of oAd is a promising strategy for achieving synergistic antitumor efficacy with improved safety profiles. SIGNIFICANCE: Mesenchymal stem cells enable delivery of an oncolytic adenovirus specifically to the tumor without posing any risk associated with systemic administration of naked virions to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).,GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Ha Chul Shin
- Pharmicell Co., Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Hyunah Lee
- Pharmicell Co., Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Pharmicell Co., Ltd., Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South). .,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).,GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
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18
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CCN2-MAPK-Id-1 loop feedback amplification is involved in maintaining stemness in oxaliplatin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:440-453. [PMID: 31250351 PMCID: PMC6661033 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Chemotherapy is an alternative treatment for advanced HCCs, but chemo-resistance prevents cancer therapies from achieving stable and complete responses. Understanding the underlying mechanisms in chemo-resistance is critical to improve the efficacy of HCC. Methods The expression levels of Id-1 and CCN2 were detected in large cohorts of HCCs, and functional analyses of Id-1 and CCN2 were performed both in vitro and in vivo. cDNA microarrays were performed to evaluate the alterations of expression profiling of HCC cells with overexpression of CCN2. Finally, the role of downstream signaling of MAPK/Id-1 signaling pathway in oxaliplatin resistance were also explored. Results The increased expression of Id-1 and CCN2 were closely related to oxaliplatin resistance in HCC. Upregulation of CCN2 and Id-1 was independently associated with shorter survival and increased recurrence in HCC patients, and significantly enhanced oxaliplatin resistance and promoted lung metastasis in vivo, whereas knock-down of their expression significantly reversed the chemo-resistance and inhibited HCC cell stemness. cDNA microarrays and PCR revealed that Id-1 and MAPK pathway were the downstream signaling of CCN2. CCN2 significantly enhanced oxaliplatin resistance by activating the MAPK/Id-1 signaling pathway, and Id-1 could upregulate CCN2 in a positive feedback manner. Conclusions CCN2/MAPK/Id-1 loop feedback amplification is involved in oxaliplatin resistance, and the combination of oxaliplatin with inhibitor of CCN2 or MAPK signaling could provide a promising approach to ameliorating oxaliplatin resistance in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12072-019-09960-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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19
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The Roles of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins 5, 6, and 8 in Cancer: A Review. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:4536302. [PMID: 31031810 PMCID: PMC6457291 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4536302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) has been an object of research since the 1970s because of its role in various cell functions. The LDLR family members include LRP5, LRP6, and LRP8. Even though LRP5, 6, and 8 are in the same family, intriguingly, these three proteins have various roles in physiological events, as well as in regulating different mechanisms in various kinds of cancers. LRP5, LRP6, and LRP8 have been shown to play important roles in a broad panel of cancers. LRP5 is highly expressed in many tissues and is involved in the modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion, bone development, and cholesterol metabolism, as well as cancer progression. Recently, LRP5 has also been shown to play a role in chondroblastic subtype of osteosarcoma (OS) and prostate cancer and also in noncancer case such as osteoporosis. LRP6, which has been previously discovered to share the same structures as LRP5, has also been associated with many cancer progressions such as human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCL), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition to its role in cancer progression, LRP8 (apolipoprotein E receptor 2 [APOER2]) has also been demonstrated to regulate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway whereby this pathway plays a role in cell migration and development. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the role of LRP 5, 6, and 8 in regulating the cancer progression.
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20
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Mao X, Tey SK, Ko FCF, Kwong EML, Gao Y, Ng IOL, Cheung ST, Guan XY, Yam JWP. C-terminal truncated HBx protein activates caveolin-1/LRP6/β-catenin/FRMD5 axis in promoting hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2019; 444:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Korhan P, Yılmaz Y, Bağırsakçı E, Güneş A, Topel H, Carr BI, Atabey N. Pleiotropic Effects of Heparins: From Clinical Applications to Molecular Mechanisms in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:7568742. [PMID: 30425976 PMCID: PMC6217885 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7568742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide and most cases are incurable because of late presentation. It is the most common primary neoplasm of the liver and often arises in the context of a chronic liver disease that impairs coagulation. Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of HCC that is associated with a poor prognosis. Heparin derivatives are widely used in the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Among them low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) favorably influences the survival in patients with advanced cancer, including HCC. Due to their pleiotropic function, heparins affect tumorigenesis in many ways and may promote or hamper tumorigenic transformation depending on the cancer type and cancer stage along with their structural properties and concentration. Thus, their application as an antithrombotic along with the conventional therapy regime should be carefully planned to develop the best management strategies. In this review, we first will briefly review clinical applications of heparin derivatives in the management of cancer with a particular focus on HCC. We then summarize the state of knowledge whereby heparin can crosstalk with molecules playing a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Lastly, we highlight new experimental and clinical research conducted with the aim of moving towards personalized therapy in cancer patients at risk of thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyda Korhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yılmaz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Turkey
- Medical Biology and Genetics, Heath Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Bağırsakçı
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Turkey
| | - Ayşim Güneş
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Turkey
| | - Hande Topel
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Turkey
- Medical Biology and Genetics, Heath Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Turkey
| | | | - Neşe Atabey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Turkey
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22
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Santolla MF, Lappano R, Cirillo F, Rigiracciolo DC, Sebastiani A, Abonante S, Tassone P, Tagliaferri P, Di Martino MT, Maggiolini M, Vivacqua A. miR-221 stimulates breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) through selective interference with the A20/c-Rel/CTGF signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:94. [PMID: 29716623 PMCID: PMC5930435 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of target mRNAs. Among several dysregulated miRNAs in human cancer, the up-regulation of miR-221 has been associated with development of a variety of hematologic and solid malignancies. In this study, we investigated the involvement of miR-221 in breast cancer. Methods TaqMan microRNA assay was used to detect the miR-221 levels in normal cells and in MDA-MB 231 and SkBr3 breast cancer cells as well as in main players of the tumor microenvironment, namely cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). miR-221 mimic sequence and locked nucleic acid (LNA)-i-miR-221 construct were used to induce or inhibit, respectively, the miR-221 expression in cells used. Quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis were performed to evaluate the levels of the miR-221 target gene A20 (TNFAIP3), as well as the member of the NF-kB complex namely c-Rel and the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to ascertain the recruitment of c-Rel to the CTFG promoter. Finally, the cell growth and migration in the presence of LNA-i-miR-221 or silencing c-Rel and CTGF by specific short hairpin were assessed by cell count, colony formation and boyden chambers assays. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. Results We first demonstrated that LNA-i-miR-221 inhibits both endogenous and ectopic expression of miR-221 in our experimental models. Next, we found that the A20 down-regulation, as well as the up-regulation of c-Rel induced by miR-221 were no longer evident using LNA-i-miR-221. Moreover, we established that the miR-221 dependent recruitment of c-Rel to the NF-kB binding site located within the CTGF promoter region is prevented by using LNA-i-miR-221. Furthermore, we determined that the up-regulation of CTGF mRNA and protein levels by miR-221 is no longer evident using LNA-i-miR221 and silencing c-Rel. Finally, we assessed that cell growth and migration induced by miR-221 in MDA-MB 231 and SkBr3 breast cancer cells as well as in CAFs are abolished by LNAi-miR-221 and silencing c-Rel or CTGF. Conclusions Overall, these data provide novel insights into the stimulatory action of miR-221 in breast cancer cells and CAFs, suggesting that its inhibition may be considered toward targeted therapeutic approaches in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Anna Sebastiani
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Adele Vivacqua
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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