LncRNA XIST/miR-34a axis modulates the cell proliferation and tumor growth of thyroid cancer through MET-PI3K-AKT signaling

Revolutionary multi-omics analysis revealing prognostic signature of thyroid cancer and subsequent in vitro validation of SNAI1 in mediating thyroid cancer progression through EMT

Thyroid carcinoma (TC), the most commonly diagnosed malignancy of the endocrine system, has witnessed a significant rise in incidence over the past few decades. The integration of scRNA-seq with other sequencing approaches offers researchers a distinct perspective to explore mechanisms underlying TC progression. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a prognostic model for TC patients by utilizing a multi-omics approach. We acquired and processed transcriptomic data from the TCGA-THCA dataset, including mRNA expression profiles, lncRNA expression profiles, miRNA expression profiles, methylation chip data, gene mutation data, and clinical data. We constructed a tumor-related risk model using machine learning methods and developed a consensus machine learning-driven signature (CMLS) for accurate and stable prediction of TC patient outcomes. 2 strains of undifferentiated TC cell lines and 1 strain of PTC cell line were utilized for in vitro validation. mRNA, protein levels of hub genes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated phenotypes were detected by a series of in vitro experiments. We identified 3 molecular subtypes of TC based on integrated multi-omics clustering algorithms, which were associated with overall survival and displayed distinct molecular features. We developed a CMLS based on 28 hub genes to predict patient outcomes, and demonstrated that CMLS outperformed other prognostic models. TC patients of relatively lower CMLS score had significantly higher levels of T cells, B cells, and macrophages, indicating an immune-activated state. Fibroblasts were predominantly enriched in the high CMLS group, along with markers associated with immune suppression and evasion. We identified several drugs that could be suitable for patients with high CMLS, including Staurosporine_1034, Rapamycin_1084, gemcitabine, and topotecan. SNAI1 was elevated in both undifferentiated TC cell lines, comparing to PTC cells. Knockdown of SNAI1 reduced the cell proliferation and EMT phenotypes of undifferentiated TC cells. Our findings highlight the importance of multi-omics analysis in understanding the molecular subtypes and immune characteristics of TC, and provide a novel prognostic model and potential therapeutic targets for this disease. Moreover, we identified SNAI1 in mediating TC progression through EMT in vitro.

Clinical significance of lncRNA XIST expression in cholangiocarcinoma and its effect on cell migration and invasion

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that occurs in the bile duct system, and the prognosis of patients is poor. Currently, research suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the treatment and prevention of cholangiocarcinoma. This study primarily focuses on the regulation and potential mechanism of the lncRNA XIST (XIST) in cholangiocarcinoma.

METHODS

The levels of XIST and miR-126-3p in cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cells were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell transfection status, including migration and invasion, was examined via the Transwell method. The relationship between XIST and miR-126-3p was observed by dual-luciferase gene reporter assay and verified by rescue assays. Additionally, the prognostic significance of XIST in cholangiocarcinoma was determined using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

XIST was increased in cholangiocarcinoma, while miR-126-3p was decreased, in both tissues and cells. The successful construction of silencing XIST was found to inhibit the count of cell migration and invasion. XIST directly targeted miR-126-3p to regulate the progression of cholangiocarcinoma.

CONCLUSION

XIST sponging miR-126-3p inhibited the progression of cholangiocarcinoma and improved the prognosis for patients. This finding provides new insights and opportunities for future studies on cholangiocarcinoma prognostic biomarkers.

LINC00115 aggravates thyroid cancer progression by targeting miR-489-3p, which downregulates EVA1A to regulate the Hippo signaling pathway

LINC00115 has been documented to regulate many different cancers; however, its function in thyroid cancer (THCA) remains unexplored. Therefore, we examined the effects of LINC00115 on THCA and the associated molecular mechanisms. In THCA cell lines and tumor samples, the expression levels of LINC00115, miR-489-3p, and EVA1A were analyzed by qRT-PCR along with respective controls. Cell viability, migration, and apoptosis were analyzed by employing CCK-8, transwell, and western blotting assays, respectively. Xenograft experiments were done to assess in vivo tumor growth. The interaction among LINC00115, miR-489-3p, and EVA1A was tested using RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. Key proteins of the Hippo signaling pathway were ascertained by western blotting. The outcomes elucidated that LINC00115 was overexpressed in THCA cell lines and tumor tissues. LIN00115 knockdown reduced in vitro proliferation and migration but facilitated apoptosis in THCA cells and inhibited in vivo tumor growth. The target of LINC00115 was miR-489-3p, which binds to EVA1A in THCA. Functional assays revealed that miR-489-3p inhibition boosted THCA cell proliferation and migration, but hindered apoptosis. However, EVA1A knockdown resulted in the opposite effects via the Hippo signaling pathway. Additionally, miR-489-3p inhibition partially negated the effects of LINC00115 knockdown in THCA cells, and EVA1A knockdown remarkably impeded the effects of miR-489-3p inhibition in THCA cells. Thus, LINC00115 knockdown suppressed THCA carcinogenesis via targeting miR-489-3p, which regulates EVA1A expression and affects the Hippo signaling pathway.

Circulating long noncoding RNA, Zfpm2-As1, and XIST based on medical data analysis are potential plasma biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in diseases, especially tumorigenesis, including gastric cancer (GC). Although lncRNAs in GC tissues have been extensively studied in previous research, the possible significance of circulating lncRNAs in diagnosing GC is still unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The present work investigated lncRNAs ZFPM2-AS1 and XIST with high expression in GC tissues proved as potential plasma biomarkers from 20 early GC cases, 100 GC cases, and 90 normal subjects.

METHODS

The possible correlation between ZFPM2-AS1 and XIST expression levels was analyzed with general characteristics and clinicopathological features. The performance in diagnosis was assessed according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS

According to the results, XIST and ZFPM2-AS1 expression remarkably increased within GC plasma relative to normal subjects (P< 0.01); besides, lncRNA XIST expression after surgery had a tendency of downregulation compared with preoperative levels (P< 0.05). Moreover, the area under ROC curve (AUC) values were 0.62 for ZFPM2-AS1 and 0.68 for XIST, while the pooled AUC value of CA-724 and two lncRNAs was 0.751.

CONCLUSION

Circulating lncRNAs ZFPM2-AS1 and XIST can serve as the candidate plasma biomarkers used to diagnose GC.

Causal relationship between gut microbiota and differentiated thyroid cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background

The gut microbiota has been significantly associated with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and DTC remains unexplored.

Methods

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary databases were utilized to select exposures and outcomes. The Mendelian randomization (MR) method was employed to investigate the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and DTC. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the reliability of the findings.

Results

Four bacterial traits were associated with the risk of DTC: Class Mollicutes [odds ratio (OR) = 10.953, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.333-51.428, p = 0.002], Phylum Tenericutes (OR = 10.953, 95% CI: 2.333-51.428, p = 0.002), Genus Eggerthella (OR = 3.219, 95% CI: 1.033-10.024, p = 0.044), and Order Rhodospirillales (OR = 2.829, 95% CI: 1.096-7.299, p = 0.032). The large 95% CI range for the Class Mollicutes and the Phylum Tenericutes may be attributed to the small sample size. Additionally, four other bacterial traits were negatively associated with DTC: Genus Eubacterium fissicatena group (OR = 0.381, 95% CI: 0.148-0.979, p = 0.045), Genus Lachnospiraceae UCG008 (OR = 0.317, 95% CI: 0.125-0.801, p = 0.015), Genus Christensenellaceae R-7 group (OR = 0.134, 95% CI: 0.020-0.886, p = 0.037), and Genus Escherichia Shigella (OR = 0.170, 95% CI: 0.037-0.769, p = 0.021).

Conclusion

These findings contribute to our understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying DTC and provide novel insights for the clinical treatment of DTC.

Long Non-coding RNA X-Inactive Specific Transcript Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via the MicroRNA 34a/Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1 Pathway

BACKGROUND

The long non-coding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) plays a crucial role in transcriptional silencing of the X chromosome. Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is a transcription factor involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation.

AIMS

This study aimed to investigate the impact of XIST on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression and its underlying mechanism involving the miR-34a/ZEB1/E-cadherin/EMT pathway.

METHODS

XIST and ZEB1 expression were analyzed using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. XIST knockdown was achieved in KYSE150 ESCC cells using siRNA or shRNA lentivirus transfection. Proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities were assessed, and luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm XIST-miR-34a-ZEB1 interactions. In vivo ESCC growth was evaluated using a xenograft mouse model.

RESULTS

XIST and ZEB1 were upregulated in tumor tissues, correlating with metastasis and reduced survival. XIST knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of KYSE150 cells. It decreased ZEB1 expression, increased E-cadherin and miR-34a levels. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed miR-34a binding to XIST and ZEB1. XIST knockdown suppressed xenograft tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

XIST promotes ESCC progression via the miR-34a/ZEB1/E-cadherin/EMT pathway. Targeting the XIST/miR-34a/ZEB1 axis holds therapeutic potential and serves as a prognostic biomarker in ESCC.

The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in breast cancer

Breast cancer persists as a major problem for the world's healthcare, thus it is essential to fully understand the complex molecular processes that cause its growth and development. ncRNAs had been discovered to serve critical roles in a variety of cellular functions, including the regulation of signalling pathways. Within different pathways, the AKT/PI3K/mTOR signalling cascade has received a lot of interest because of its role in cancer. A complex interaction between ncRNAs, notably miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, and the AKT/PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway exerts both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive activities by targeting critical components of the pathway directly or indirectly. Through miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation, lncRNA-guided chromatin remodelling, and circRNA sequestration, ncRNAs modulate the activity of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, influencing cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Furthermore, ncRNAs can serve as promising biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment response, as their dysregulation is commonly observed in breast cancer patients. Harnessing the potential of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets or tools for restoring pathway homeostasis holds promise for innovative treatment strategies in breast cancer. Understanding the intricate regulatory networks orchestrated by ncRNAs in this context may pave the way for novel diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, and a deeper comprehension of breast cancer's molecular landscape, ultimately improving patient outcomes. This abstract underscores the emerging significance of ncRNAs in the AKT/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer.

M1 Macrophage-Derived Exosome LncRNA PVT1 Promotes Inflammation and Pyroptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Inhibiting miR-186-5p and Regulating HMGB1

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic vascular degenerative disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for maintaining the integrity of healthy blood vessels. Macrophages play an important role in the inflammatory process of AAA. However, the effect of macrophage-derived exosome LncRNA PVT1 on VSMCs is unclear. Exosomes from M1 macrophages (M1φ-exos) were isolated and identified. The expression of LncRNA PVT1 in M1φ-exos was determined. AAA cell model was constructed by treating VSMCs with Ang-II. AAA cell model was treated with M1φ exosomes transfected with si-LncRNA PVT1 (M1φsi-LncRNA PVT1-exo). VSMCs were transfected with miR-186-5p mimic and oe-HMGB1. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8. The accumulation of LDH was detected by ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HMGB1, inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) and pyroptosis-related proteins (GSDMD, N-GSDMD, ASC, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and Cleaved-Capase-1). Cell pyroptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. At the same time, the targeting relationship between miR-186-5p and LncRNA PVT1 and HMGB1 was verified by double fluorescein experiment. Exosomes from M1φ were successfully extracted. The expression of LncRNA PVT1 in M1φ-exos was significantly increased. M1φ-exo promotes inflammation and pyroptosis of VSMCs. M1φsi-LncRNA PVT1-exos inhibited the inflammation and pyroptosis of VSMCs. LncRNA PVT1 can sponge miR-186-5p mimic to regulate HMGB1 expression. MiR-186-5p mimic further inhibited inflammation and pyroptosis induced by M1φsi-LncRNA PVT1-exos. However, oe-HMGB1 could inhibit the reversal effect of miR-186-5p mimic. LncRNA PVT1 in exosomes secreted by M1φ can regulate HMGB1 by acting as ceRNA on sponge miR-186-5p, thereby promoting cell inflammatory and pyroptosis and accelerating AAA progression.

LINC00092 Enhances LPP Expression to Repress Thyroid Cancer Development via Sponging miR-542-3p

LINC00092 is poorly expressed in Thyroid cancer (TC), while its role in TC tumorigenesis is still elusive. This study aimed to reveal the role and regulatory mechanism of LINC00092 in TC.RNA immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays were employed to ascertain the relationships among lipoma preferred partner (LPP), miR-542-3p, and LINC00092. qRT-PCR analysis was performed to detect their expression levels in TC. LPP protein productions were evaluated via western blotting. CCK-8, transwell, and colony formation assays were done to estimate TC cells' biological functions. A murine xenograft model was built to observe tumor formation in vivo.LINC00092 overexpression decreased the expression levels of miR-542-3p, and LPP was targeted by miR-542-3p. In TC cells and tissues, the elevation of miR-542-3p, and low amounts of LINC00092 and LPP can be observed. Both LINC00092 and SPAG6 were considered as the antineoplastic factors in TC since their overexpression dramatically repressed TC cells' invasive and proliferative potentials, while miR-542-3p exerted the opposite functions in TC. The ectopic expression of LINC00092 also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In addition, it revealed that miR-542-3p upregulation reversed LINC00092 overexpression-mediated effects on TC cells. At the same time, the enhanced influences of TC cells caused by miR-542-3p upregulation could be attenuated by the enforced LPP.This study innovatively reveals that LINC00092 acts as an antineoplastic lncRNA to restrain the development of TC via regulating miR-542-3p/LPP. The findings of this study may provide a prospective drug target on LINC00092/miR-542-3p/LPP axis for the treatment of TC.

Decoding the regulatory landscape of lncRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for gastric and colorectal cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) are major contributors to cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in understanding molecular mechanisms and improved drug treatments, the overall survival rate for patients remains unsatisfactory. Metastasis and drug resistance are major challenges contributing to the high mortality rate in both CRC and GC. Recent research has shed light on the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development and progression of these cancers. LncRNAs regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications and interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins. They can serve as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes, modulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Additionally, circulating lncRNAs have emerged as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of drug therapy response in CRC and GC. This review explores the intricate relationship between lncRNAs and CRC/GC, encompassing their roles in cancer development, progression, and chemoresistance. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets in these malignancies. The interplay between lncRNAs, miRNAs, and tumor microenvironment is also highlighted, emphasizing their impact on the complexity of cancer biology. Understanding the regulatory landscape and molecular mechanisms governed by lncRNAs in CRC and GC is crucial for the development of effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and paves the way for further exploration of lncRNAs as key players in the management of CRC and GC.

The tertiary lymphoid structure-related signature identified PTGDS in regulating PD-L1 and promoting the proliferation and migration of glioblastoma

Background

Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a unique organ that carries out tumor cell elimination at tumor sites. It is continuously stimulated by inflammatory tumor signals and has been found to augment immunotherapy response. However, the detailed mechanisms behind it still need to be defined.

Methods

To explore and grasp the whole picture of TLS from a pan-cancer view, we collected nine TLS-related genes from previous studies. We performed a comprehensive analysis of 9637 samples across 33 tumor types accessed from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. EdU, Transwell, and flow cytometry were performed on the feature gene PTGDS in U251 cells. The regulatory role of PTGDS on PD-L1 expression and macrophage polarization was verified.

Results

Alteration analysis showed that mutations of TLS-related genes were widespread and relatively high. Clustering analysis based on the expression of these nine genes obtained two distinct clusters, with high EIF1AY and PTGDS in cluster 2 and better overall survival in cluster 1. To distinguish the two clusters, we utilized six machine learning algorithms and filtrated EIF1AY, PTGDS, SKAP1, and RBP5 as the characteristic genes, among which the former two genes were proved to be hazardous. PTGDS was found to regulate PD-L1 expression and also promoted the proliferation and migration of U251 cells. The knockdown of PTGDS could reduce the migration of macrophages and inhibit the polarization of macrophages into M2-phenotype. In addition, we established a TLS score to demonstrate patients' TLS activity. The low TLS-score group overlapped with cluster 1 and displayed a better prognosis. Besides, the low TLS-score group was related to better immunotherapy responses. The HE staining of histopathological sections confirmed that the low TLS-score group exhibited higher infiltration of immune cells.

Conclusion

This study reveals broad molecular, tumorigenic, and immunogenic signatures for further functional and therapeutic studies of tertiary lymphoid structure. The TLS score we established effectively predicted immunotherapy response and patients' survival. Its future application and combination await more research.

ID2 promotes tumor progression and metastasis in thyroid cancer

BACKGROUND

Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (ID2) plays a crucial role in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and stemness. Aberrant ID2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. However, the specific function of ID2 in thyroid cancer remain unclear.

METHOD

The TCGA database were utilized to explore the clinical relevance of ID2 in cancer. GO, KEGG, and TIMER were employed to predict the potential roles of ID2 in cancer. Functional analysis, including CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, wound healing, and sphere formation experiments, were conducted to determine the biological functions of ID2 in human cancers. Western blot (WB), RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were used to investigate the relationship between ID2 and downstream targets.

RESULTS

Our study revealed significant overexpression of ID2 in various malignant tumor cells. Knocking ID2 significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and invasion, while overexpressing ID2 enhanced these capabilities. Additionally, ID2 mediates resistance of cancer cells to protein kinase B (or Akt) inhibitions. Further WB and IHC experiments indicated that ID2 promotes the phosphorylation activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, thereby upregulating the expression of downstream proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness-related markers.

CONCLUSION

We found that ID2 significantly promotes thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration, EMT, and stemness through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, ID2 plays a crucial role in regulating cancer immune responses. It may serve as a potential biomarker for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy against cancer.

Long non-coding RNA ACTA2-AS1 suppresses metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer via regulation of miR-4428/KLF9 axis

BACKGROUND

Metastasis is the primary cause of recurrence and death in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). LncRNA ACTA2-AS1, a long non-coding RNA, acts as a tumor suppressor in multiple types of human malignancies, while the role of ACTA2-AS1 in PTC metastasis remains unclear.

METHODS

The ACTA2-AS1 expression in PTC tissues was analyzed. The sponged roles of ACTA2-AS1 via miR-4428/KLF9 axis were identified using starBase tool. The function of ACTA2-AS1 in PTC was performed with in vitro and in vivo experiments. The correlation between DNA methylation and mRNA expressions of these gene in the TCGA dataset was explored.

RESULTS

ACTA2-AS1 expression was downregulated in PTC tissues without metastasis and further decreased in PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis compared with that in normal tissues. Functionally, the overexpression of ACTA2-AS1 inhibited the growth, proliferation, and invasion of PTC cells, whereas its depletion exerted opposite effect. In vivo, ACTA2-AS1 expression inhibited PTC metastasis. Furthermore, ACTA2-AS1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-4428, thereby positively regulating the expression of miR-4428 target gene, KLF9. Finally, miR-4428 overexpression enhanced invasive potential of PTC cells and significantly weakened the effects of ACTA2-AS1 on promotion and inhibition of KLF9 expression as well as invasive ability of PTC cells, respectively. In the TCGA dataset, the methylation level of ACTA2-AS1 was significantly correlated with its mRNA expression (r = 0.21, p = 2.1 × e-6).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that ACTA2-AS1 functions as a tumor suppressor in PTC progression at least partly by regulating the miR-4428-dependent expression of KLF9.

Long non-coding RNAs - SNHG6 emerge as potential marker in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the leading cancers in terms of incidence and mortality in the Western world. Currently, there are no sufficient diagnostic markers that would enable an early diagnosis and efficient therapy. Unfortunately, a significant number of new CRC cases is detected in late stages, with distant metastases, therefore, new therapeutic approaches, which would alleviate the prognosis for advanced stages of CRC, are highly in demand. SNHG6 belongs to the group of long non-coding RNAs, which are a larger entity of RNAs consisting of >200 nucleotides. SNHG6 is expressed mainly in the cell cytoplasm, where it acts as a regulator of numerous processes: modulation of crucial protein hubs; sponging miRNAs and upregulating the expression of their target mRNAs; and interacting with various cellular pathways including TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin. SNHG6 is an oncogene, substantially overexpressed in CRC tissues and cancerous cell lines as compared to healthy samples. Its overexpression is associated with higher grade, lymphovascular invasion and tumor size. Taking into consideration the role of SNHG6 in the colorectal tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis, we summarized its role in CRC and conclude that it could serve as a potential biomarker in CRC diagnosis and prognosis assessment.

Triclosan induces earlier puberty onset in female mice via interfering with L-type calcium channels and activating Pik3cd

Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial chemical widely presents in people's daily lives. Epidemiological studies have revealed that TCS exposure may affect female puberty development. However, the developmental toxicity after low-dose TCS continuous exposure remains to be confirmed. In our study, 8-week-old ICR female mice were continuously exposed to TCS (30, 300, 3000 μg/kg/day) or vehicle (corn oil) from 2 weeks before mating to postnatal day 21 (PND 21) of F1 female mice, while F1 female mice were treated with TCS intragastric administration from PND 22 until PND 56. Vaginal opening (VO) observation, hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis related hormones and genes detection, and ovarian transcriptome analysis were carried out to investigate the effects of TCS exposure on puberty onset. Meanwhile, human granulosa-like tumor cell lines (KGN cells) were exposed to TCS to further explore the biological mechanism of the ovary in vitro. The results showed that long-term exposure to low-dose TCS led to approximately a 3-day earlier puberty onset in F1 female mice. Moreover, TCS up-regulated the secretion of estradiol (E2) and the expression of ovarian steroidogenesis genes. Notably, ovarian transcriptomes analysis as well as bidirectional validation in KGN cells suggested that L-type calcium channels and Pik3cd were involved in TCS-induced up-regulation of ovarian-related hormones and genes. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TCS interfered with L-type calcium channels and activated Pik3cd to up-regulate the expression of ovarian steroidogenesis and related genes, thereby inducing the earlier puberty onset in F1 female mice.

LncRNA-XIST Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Growth and Inhibits Ferroptosis by Regulating GPX4

This study aimed to explore the regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNA X-inactive-specific transcript (LncRNA-XIST) in lung adenocarcinoma. si-XIST or glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) plasmids were transfected in PC-9 cells to suppress LncRNA-XIST expression or over-express GPX4, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of LncRNA-XIST and GPX4 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues or cells were assessed using RT-qPCR. CCK-8 assay was performed to examine cell activity, and corresponding biochemical kits were used to measure the levels of Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) in cells. Western blot is used to examine relative protein expression of FANCD2, SLC7A11, and GPX4 in lung adenocarcinoma cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of LncRNA-XIST in clinical tissues and cells of lung adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissues and normal cells. Functional analysis showed that knockdown of LncRNA-XIST notably weakened the viability of lung adenocarcinoma cells and promoted ferroptosis (manifested by significantly up-regulated levels of ROS, MDA, and Fe2+ and down-regulated the expression of SLC7A11 and FANCD2, P < 0.05). Further mechanism analysis revealed that knockdown of LncRNA-XIST markedly inhibited the expression of GPX4 in lung adenocarcinoma cells and that GPX4 was significantly over-expressed in clinical tissues and cells of lung adenocarcinoma. Notably, the expression of GPX4 was positively correlated with that of LncRNA-XIST. Over-expression of GPX4 remarkably promoted cell proliferation and inhibited ferroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Besides, the GPX4 over-expression reversed the LncRNA-XIST knockdown-induced ferroptosis and decrease in lung adenocarcinoma cell viability. LncRNA-XIST increases the activity of lung adenocarcinoma cells and inhibits ferroptosis by up-regulating GPX4. Knocking down LncRNA-XIST may be an effective treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.

USP10 suppresses ABCG2-induced malignant characteristics of doxorubicin-resistant thyroid cancer by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most extensively used drug in the chemotherapy of thyroid cancer (TC). However, the existence of DOX resistance is not conducive to TC treatment. Here, we investigated the role of USP10 in DOX-resistant TC and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. CCK-8 assay was used to measure cell viability in thyroid cancer FTC133 and DOX-resistant FTC133-DOX cells. RT-qPCR and western blot were used to evaluate USP10 expression. Cell migration, invasion, and apoptotic assays were conducted. Western blot was used to detect cellular signaling proteins, EMT-related proteins, and apoptosis-related proteins. We found a lower expression of USP10 in the human TC cell line FTC133 as compared to the normal human thyroid Htori-3 cells. Notably, USP10 expression was further reduced in DOX-resistant (FTC133-DOX) cells compared to the FTC133 cells. FTC133-DOX cells had increased invasion, migration, and EMT properties while less apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Interestingly, overexpressing USP10 increased the chemosensitivity of FTC133 cells to DOX therapy. Overexpressing USP10 inhibited invasion, migration, and EMT properties of FTC133-DOX cells and promoted apoptosis. Mechanistically, overexpressing USP10 inhibited PI3K/AKT pathway by activating PTEN. Furthermore, overexpressed USP10 controlled all these processes by downregulating ABCG2. This study demonstrates that USP10 could reduce DOX-induced resistance of TC cells to DOX therapy and could suppress TC malignant behavior by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, USP10 targeted ABCG2 to inhibit all these malignant processes, therefore, either increasing USP10 expression or inhibiting ABCG2 could be used as novel targets for treating DOX-resistant thyroid cancer.

Long noncoding RNA FTX promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of epithelial ovarian cancer through modulating miR-7515/TPD52 and activating Met/Akt/mTOR

Overexpressed long noncoding RNA FTX is associated with low survival rate of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients, and enhances tumor infiltration. Thus, we aim to illuminate the undefined underlying mechanisms. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect the expressions of FTX, miR-7515, miR-342-3p, miR-940, miR-150-5p, miR-205-5p and tumor protein D52 (TPD52). Cell counting kit-8 and transwell assays were utilized to explore the cell viability, migration or invasion of EOC cells. Western blot was conducted to measure the expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Met, phosphorylated (p)-Met, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR. LncBase and TargetScan predicted the binding of miR-7515 with FTX, and the binding of TPD52 with miR-7515, respectively. The two bindings were further validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. As a result, FTX sponged miR-7515 and miR-7515 targeted to TPD52. FTX was overexpressed in four EOC cell lines. Overexpressed FTX enhanced the cell viability, migration or invasion of EOC cells, elevated N-cadherin and TPD52 expressions, phosphorylated Met/Akt/mTOR, and inhibited E-cadherin expression. All these influences were subsequently reversed by miR-7515 mimic. Collectively, FTX regulates miR-7515/TPD52 to facilitate the migration, invasion or epithelial-mesenchymal transition of EOC through activating Met/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Traditional Chinese Medicine formula Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue-Fang (BSHXF) protects nucleus pulposus cells against the inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced degenerative changes

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is primarily caused by the loss of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) (IDD). Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue-Fang (BSHXF), a traditional Chinese medicine decoction, has been used to treat IDD in clinical; nevertheless, the active components and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. BSHXF improved IL-1β and H2O2 stimulation-induced injuries on NPCs by promoting cell viability, increasing ECM deposition, inhibiting cell senescence, and decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors. The active ingredients in BSHXF were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis; three active ingredients from the principal drugs, Aucubin, Tanshinol, and Tanshinone II A promoted NPC viability; and Aucubin and Tanshinol promoted NPC viability more. Aucubin and Tanshinol, respectively, improved H2O2 stimulation-induced injuries on NPCs by promoting cell viability, increasing ECM deposition, inhibiting cell senescence, and decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors. The activator of NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways attenuated Aucubin and Tanshinol's protective effects by promoting ECM degradation and NPC senescence. Aucubin, Tanshinol, and Tanshinone II A were identified as the most potent compounds in BSHXF protection against degenerative changes in NPCs. The NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways might be involved in the protective effects of Aucubin and Tanshinol against H2O2-induced degenerative changes.

Aberrantly Expressed lncRNA LINC00847 May Serve as a Promising Prognostic Factor for Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a tumor that occurs in the head and neck, which originates from the thyroid follicular epithelial cells. The current research is discussed and elaborated from the perspective of molecular prognostic biomarkers to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of thyroid cancer and to provide more effective treatment and prognostic methods for patients. Thyroid cancer patients were explored from histological, cellular and clinical levels. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of LINC00847 and miR-146b-5p in the tissues and cells of the subjects. Cell growth and thyroid cancer progression were determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell assays. The LINC00847 sponge miR-146b-5p was assessed by bioinformatics tools and luciferase reporter assay, and the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested the prognostic value of high expression of LINC00847. In thyroid cancer tissues and cells, the expression of LINC00847 was decreased. Overexpression of LINC00847 remarkably inhibited the proliferation level, migration ability and invasion ability of thyroid cancer cells. Besides, miR-146b-5p was upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and cells. It was confirmed that LINC00847 targeting miR-146b-5p had a regulatory effect on the progression of thyroid cancer, and LINC00847 was negatively correlated with miR-146b-5p. LINC00847 may be considered a meaningful prognostic marker to influence tumor growth through sponge miR-146b-5p, which provides a new basis for the prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer.

IGF2BP2 acts as a m6A modification regulator in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through facilitating CDK6 mRNA stabilization

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most commonly seen cancers in the head and neck region with increasing morbidity and mortality globally. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a critical role in the carcinogenesis of LSCC. In this study, two datasets from online database were analyzed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LSCC and normal samples. Furthermore, we carried out a series of experiments, including hematoxylin & eosin staining, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, flow cytometry, xenograft tumor model assays, actinomycin D assay, cycloheximide (CHX) assay, methylated m6A RNA immunoprecipitation (Me-RIP), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, to verify the relevant findings in vivo and in vitro. Insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) was identified as an up-regulated m6A regulator in LSCC samples. Lower IGF2BP2 expression was linked to higher survival probability in LSCC and other head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. In LSCC cells, IGF2BP2 knockdown attenuated cancer cell aggressiveness, possibly through modulating cell cycle arrest. In the xenograft tumor model derived from IGF2BP2 knocked-down LSCC cells, IGF2BP2 knockdown inhibited tumor growth. IGF2BP2 up-regulated CDK6 expression through facilitating the stability of CDK6 mRNA and protein. CDK6 knockdown caused no changes in IGF2BP2 expression, but partially eliminated the promotive effects of IGF2BP2 overexpression on LSCC cells' aggressiveness. Overexpressed IGF2BP2 in LSCC serves as an oncogenic factor, promoting LSCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in a xenograft tumor model in vivo through facilitating CDK6 mRNA stabilization.

LncRNA XIST Exacerbates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Cerebral Injury Through the miR-25-3p/TRAF3 Axis

Ischemic stroke causes lethal damage to the brain. Identifying key regulators of OGD/R-induced cerebral injury is important for developing novel therapies for ischemic stroke. HMC3 and SH-SY5Y cells were treated with OGD/R as an in vitro ischemic stroke model. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined via CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines were examined by ELISA. Luciferase activity was measured for evaluating the interaction of XIST, miR-25-3p, and TRAF3. Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, cleaved-caspase 3, total caspase 3, and TRAF3 were detected via western blotting. HMC3 and SH-SY5Y cells showed increased XIST expression and decreased miR-25-3p expression following OGD/R. Importantly, silencing of XIST and overexpression of miR-25-3p reduced apoptosis and inflammatory response following OGD/R. Furthermore, XIST worked as a miR-25-3p sponge, and miR-25-3p targeted TRAF3 to suppress its expression. Moreover, the knockdown of TRAF3 ameliorated OGD/R-induced injury. Loss of XIST-mediated protective effects was reversed by overexpression of TRAF3. LncRNA XIST exacerbates OGD/R-induced cerebral damage via sponging miR-25-3p and enhancing TRAF3 expression.

circAGTPBP1 promotes the progression of papillary thyroid cancer through the notch pathway via the miR-34a-5p/notch1 axis

The dysregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been implicated in the development and progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). In this study, we analyzed the dysregulated circRNA profile using PTC tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues by RNA-seq. We conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the biological functions of circAGTPBP1 in PTC progression. We found that circAGTPBP1 was upregulated in PTC tissues and cell lines, and its expression was positively correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage. Using RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis, we identified miR-34a-5p and NOTCH1 as downstream targets of circAGTPBP1. Functionally, circAGTPBP1 knockdown significantly inhibited the migration, invasion, and metastasis of PTC cell lines in vitro, while the miR-34a-5p inhibitor reversed these effects. Additionally, circAGTPBP1 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggest that circAGTPBP1 may act as a tumor promoter and could be a potential therapeutic target for PTC.

MYEOV with High Frequencies of Mutations in Head and Neck Cancers Facilitates Cancer Cell Malignant Behaviors

Cancer driver genes (CDGs) and the driver mutations disrupt the homeostasis of numerous critical cell activities, thereby playing a critical role in tumor initiation and progression. In this study, integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed based on a series of online databases, aiming to identify driver genes with high frequencies of mutations in head and neck cancers. Higher myeloma overexpressed (MYEOV) genetic variation frequency and expression level were connected to a poorer prognosis in head and neck cancer patients. MYEOV was dramatically upregulated within head and neck tumor samples and cells. Consistently, MYEOV overexpression remarkably enhanced the aggressiveness of head and neck cancer cells by promoting colony formation, cell invasion, and cell migration. Conversely, MYEOV knockdown attenuated cancer cell aggressiveness and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in the oral orthotopic tumor model. In conclusion, MYEOV is overexpressed in head and neck cancer, with greater mutation frequencies correlating to a poorer prognosis in head and neck cancer patients. MYEOV serves as an oncogene in head and neck cancer through the promotion of tumor cell colony formation, invasion, and migration, as well as promoting tumor growth and metastasis in the oral orthotopic tumor model.

Knockdown of long non-coding RNA SNHG3 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of human thyroid cancer via miR-339-5p/GPR62 axis

Previous studies have implicated SNHG3, a long non-coding RNA, in various human cancers, suggesting its oncogenic role. However, its specific involvement in thyroid cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the role of SNHG3 in human thyroid cancer and its interaction with the miR-339-5p/GPR62 axis. Understanding these mechanisms could provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing thyroid cancer. Results revealed significant upregulation of SNHG3 in human thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of SNHG3 significantly suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of CUTC5 and IHH-4 thyroid cancer cells. Knockdown of SNHG3 induces apoptosis in CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells and also inhibits the growth of xenografted tumors in vivo. Different in vitro assays revealed the interaction of SNHG3 with microRNA-339-5p (miR-339-5p) in thyroid cancer cells. Expression of miR-339-5p was significantly downregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. However, the knockdown of SNHG3 caused significant upregulation of miR-339-5p. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-339-5p exerted tumor-suppressive effects in CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells via post-transcriptional suppression of GPR62. Knockdown of GPR62 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells. Nonetheless, inhibition of miR-339-5p or overexpression of GPR62 avoids the growth inhibitory effects of SNHG3 knockdown in CUTC5 and IHH-4 cells. Results indicated that SNHG3 exerts oncogenic molecular function in thyroid cancer via miR-339-5p/GPR62 axis and may act as a therapeutic target for its management.

Unraveling Therapeutic Opportunities and the Diagnostic Potential of microRNAs for Human Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a major public health problem and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite advances in treatment options, the five-year survival rate for lung cancer patients remains low, emphasizing the urgent need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lung cancer due to their crucial roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. For example, miR-34a and miR-150, once delivered to lung cancer via liposomes or nanoparticles, can inhibit tumor growth by downregulating critical cancer promoting genes. Conversely, miR-21 and miR-155, frequently overexpressed in lung cancer, are associated with increased cell proliferation, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the roles of miRNAs in lung carcinogenesis, especially those induced by exposure to environmental pollutants, namely, arsenic and benzopyrene, which account for up to 1/10 of lung cancer cases. We then discuss the recent advances in miRNA-based cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Such information will provide new insights into lung cancer pathogenesis and innovative diagnostic and therapeutic modalities based on miRNAs.

Cuproptosis-related lncRNAs predict prognosis and immune response of thyroid carcinoma

Objective: To estimate the survival and prognosis of patients with thyroid carcinoma (THCA) based on the Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) traits linked to cuproptosis and to investigate the connection between the immunological spectrum of THCA and medication sensitivity. Methods: RNA-Seq data and clinical information for THCA were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. We built a risk prognosis model by identifying and excluding lncRNAs associated with cuproptosis using Cox regression and LASSO methods. Both possible biological and immune infiltration functions were investigated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and immunoassays. The sensitivity of the immune response to possible THCA medicines was assessed using ratings for tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) and tumor mutational burden (TMB). Results: Seven cuproptosis-related lncRNAs were used to construct our prognostic prediction model: AC108704.1, DIO3OS, AL157388.1, AL138767.3, STARD13-AS, AC008532.1, and PLBD1-AS1. Using data from TCGA's training, testing, and all groups, Kaplan-Meier and ROC curves demonstrated this feature's adequate predictive validity. Different clinical characteristics have varying effects on cuproptosis-related lncRNA risk models. Further analysis of immune cell infiltration and single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) supported the possibility that cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs and THCA tumor immunity were closely connected. Significantly, individuals with THCA showed a considerable decline in survival owing to the superposition effect of patients in the high-risk category and high TMB. Additionally, the low-risk group had a higher TIDE score compared with the high-risk group, indicating that these patients had suboptimal immune checkpoint blocking responses. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of our results, we further verified them using several GEO databases. Conclusion: The clinical and risk aspects of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs may aid in determining the prognosis of patients with THCA and improving therapeutic choices.

Exploring the Potential Therapeutic Approach Using Ginsenosides for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders

There is a need for an efficient and long-lasting treatment due to the population's increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders. In an effort to generate fresh ideas and create novel therapeutic medications, scientists have recently started to investigate the biological functions of compounds derived from plants and herbs. Ginseng, famous Chinese herbal medicine, has therapeutic value by virtue of its compounds ginsenosides or panaxosides, which are triterpene saponins and steroid glycosides. Research revealed positive impacts on ameliorating various disease conditions and found it as a possible drug candidate. Several neuroprotection mechanisms followed by this compound are inhibition of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and tumor activity. It has been demonstrated that controlling these mechanisms enhances cognitive performance and safeguards the brain against neurodegenerative disorders. The main objective of this review is to give a description of the most recent studies on ginsenoside's possible therapeutic application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Using organic compounds like ginseng and its various components may create new avenues for innovative treatment approaches development for neurological diseases. However, further research is necessary to confirm the stability and effectiveness of ginsenosides for neurodegenerative disease.

MIR503HG: A potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in human diseases

LncRNAs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including chromatin remodeling, transcription, posttranscriptional gene expression, mRNA stability, translation, and posttranslational modification, and their functions depend on subcellular localization. MIR503HG is a lncRNA as well as a host gene for the miRNAs miR-503 and miR-424. MIR503HG functions independently or synergistically with miR-503. MIR503HG affects cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and other biological behaviors. The mechanism of MIR503HG in disease includes interaction with protein, sponging miRNA to regulate downstream target gene, and participation in NF-κB, TGF-β, ERK/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of MIR503HG in disease and its potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We also raise some unanswered questions in this area, providing insights for future research.

Long non‑coding RNA DSCAM‑AS1 functions as an oncogene in thyroid cancer via regulating miR‑211

Long non-coding RNA Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-antisense 1 (DSCAM-AS1) has been reported to play key roles in the progression and initiation of several cancer types. However, the various functional roles of DSCAM-AS1 in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis remain largely elusive. In the present study, the expression of DSCAM-AS1 was examined in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing, Transwell and clonogenic assays were conducted to detect cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation, respectively. The association of DSCAM-AS1 with microRNA 211 (miR-211) was determined by luciferase reporter assay. It was found that the expression of DSCAM-AS1 was upregulated in thyroid cancer cells and tissues. Furthermore, enhanced DSCAM-AS1 expression was positively associated with lymph node metastasis and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Functional experiments demonstrated that DSCAM-AS1 knockdown inhibited the migration, proliferation and invasion of TPC-1 cells. Mechanistically, DSCAM-AS1 could bind to miR-211. Prevention of miR-211 by a miR-211 inhibitor reversed the effect of DSCAM-AS1 depletion in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis. Briefly, the current findings suggested that knockdown of DSCAM-AS1 suppressed the tumorigenesis of thyroid cancer via regulating miR-211, suggesting that DSCAM-AS1 may be a favorable therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.

TBK1 promotes thyroid cancer progress by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Introduction

Thyroid cancer has received increasing attention; however, its detailed pathogenesis and pathological processes remain unclear. We investigated the role of TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in the progression of thyroid cancer.

Methods

The expression of TBK1 in thyroid cancer and normal control tissues was analyzed using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The function of TBK1 on thyroid cancer cells was detected using MTT, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. The xenograft assay was carried out to check on the role of TBK1 in thyroid cancer.

Results

TBK1 was highly expressed in thyroid tumors. High expression of TBK1 raised viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of thyroid cancer cells. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that TBK1 activated the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. In addition, Myc‐associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) was overexpressed in thyroid cancer and transcriptionally activated BK1. MAZ silence reversed the effects of TBK1 overexpression on thyroid cancer progression. Cotransfection with MAZ small‐interfering RNA(siRNA) and TBK1 siRNA did not strengthen the inhibitory effect of TBK1 silencing on the thyroid cancer cells. The xenograft tumor assay showed that TBK1 short hairpinRNA inhibited tumor growth.

Conclusion

MAZ silencing inhibited tumor progress of thyroid cancer cells, whereas this inhibitory effect was reversed by TBK1 overexpression.

Microarray profiling identifies hsa_circ_0082003 as a novel tumor promoter for papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that have essential regulatory roles in the development of various tumors. This study explored whether circRNAs are involved in the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

METHODS

Differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) in four pairs of PTC and matched normal thyroid tissues were screened using a circRNA microarray. The potential functions of dysregulated circRNAs were predicted by bioinformatic analyses. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine hsa_circ_0082003 expression in 80 pairs of PTC and matched normal thyroid tissues. Cell counting kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the biological functions of hsa_circ_0082003 in PTC cells. The role of hsa_circ_0082003 in PTC tumorigenesis in vivo was validated in nude mice.

RESULTS

In total, 3150 DECs (2317 upregulated and 833 downregulated) were identified. Pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the dysregulated circRNAs may play roles in PTC development. RT-qPCR validation demonstrated that hsa_circ_0082003 expression was significantly increased in PTC tissues and correlated with poor clinicopathological parameters. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that hsa_circ_0082003 had good performance for diagnosing PTC and judging whether it was accompanied by lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of hsa_circ_0082003 inhibited PTC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Tumor formation assays in vivo showed that downregulation of hsa_circ_0082003 significantly suppressed the growth of PTC.

CONCLUSION

Hsa_circ_0082003 may serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for PTC.

Overexpression of ST7-AS1 Enhances Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Via microRNA-181b-5p-Dependent Inhibition Tripartite Motif Containing 3

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of great significance in the pathogenesis and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). LncRNA tumorigenicity 7 antisense RNA 1 (ST7-AS1) is a newly identified lncRNA serving as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in different tumors; however, the role of ST7-AS1 in PTC remains completely unknown. In this study, ST7-AS1 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of PTC cells and presented reduced expression in THCA tumors and PTC cell lines. Functional experiments revealed that overexpressed ST7-AS1 inhibited the viability and proliferation of PTC cells, whereas accelerated the apoptosis of PTC cells. The expression of miR-181b-5p was upregulated and it bound with ST7-AS1 in PTC cells. Moreover, TRIM3 exhibited downregulated expression level in PTC cells and ST7-AS1 elevated TRIM3 expression via harboring miR-181b-5p. Rescue experiments illuminated that knockdown of TRIM3 reversed ST7-AS1 overexpression-induced promotion on PTC cell proliferation and suppression on PTC cell apoptosis. Overall, overexpression of ST7-AS1 enhances apoptosis and represses proliferation of PTC cells via targeting the miR-181b-5p/TRIM3 axis, which may help broaden the horizon and establish the foundation to develop therapeutic strategies for PTC in the future.

Significance of miRNAs on the thyroid cancer progression and resistance to treatment with special attention to the role of cross-talk between signaling pathways

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignant tumor. It has many types, the Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)(most common and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Several risk factors have been associated with TC radiation exposure, autoimmunity, and genetics. Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are the most important genetic determinants of TC. They are small chains of nucleic acids that are able to inhibit the expression of several target genes. They could target several genes involved in TC proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, development, and even resistance to therapy. Besides, they could influence the stemness of TC. Moreover, they could regulate several signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, JAK/STAT, TGF- β, EGFR, and P53. Besides signaling pathways, miRNAs are also involved in the resistance of TC to major treatments such as surgery, thyroid hormone-inhibiting therapy, radioactive iodine, and adjuvant radiation. The stability and sensitivity of several miRNAs might be exploited as an approach for the usage of miRNAs as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in TC.

Potential roles of lncRNA-XIST/miRNAs/mRNAs in human cancer cells

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that contain more than 200 nucleotides but do not code for proteins. In tumorigenesis, lncRNAs can have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties. X inactive-specific transcript (XIST) is a known lncRNA that has been implicated in X chromosome silencing in female cells. Dysregulation of XIST is associated with an increased risk of various cancers. Therefore, XIST can be a beneficial prognostic biomarker for human malignancies. In this review, we attempt to summarize the emerging roles of XIST in human cancers.

KCNQ1OT1 sponges miR-34a to promote malignant progression of malignant melanoma via upregulation of the STAT3/PD-L1 axis

BACKGROUND

Malignant melanoma is a leading cause of skin cancer-related death. In over 30% of cases, the melanoma is invasive and has a metastatic phenotype. KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) was previously identified as an oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Our study intends to uncover the mechanism of KCNQ1OT1 functioning in melanoma.

METHODS

qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting were used to investigate mechanisms of the lncRNA KCNQ1OT1, on its downstream genes in melanoma tissues, cells as well as the impact on CD8+ T cells. Proliferation, apoptosis, and migration/invasion were assessed in melanoma cells to evaluate the effects of KCNQ1OT1, miR-34a, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The RNA interactions were determined by dual-luciferase reporter, and melanoma cells were co-cultured with CD8+ T cells to study immune evasion. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells toward melanoma cells. The in vivo tumorigenic potential of KCNQ1OT1 was defined using xenograft models.

RESULTS

KCNQ1OT1 was upregulated in melanoma tissues leading to a poor prognosis, and knocking down it inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. KCNQ1OT1 regulated the progression of the melanoma via its action as a miR-34a sponge. STAT3 was found to be a downstream target of miR-34a, resulting in transcriptional regulation of Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). KCNQ1OT1 regulated STAT3 by targeting miR-34a. Knockdown of KCNQ1OT1 reduced PD-L1 level, enhanced CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, and proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of CD8+ T cells.

CONCLUSION

Melanoma cells overexpressed KCNQ1OT1, which influenced the miR-34a/STAT3 axis, to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. In addition, KCNQ1OT1 inhibited CD8+ T cell function, also via the miR-34a/STAT3/PD-L1 axis, thus promoting immune evasion of melanoma cells. The current findings expose a potential therapeutic target of melanoma.

Bioinformatics identification of miR-514b-5p promotes NSCLC progression and induces PI3K/AKT and p38 pathways by targeting small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein beta

Lung cancer is the most aggressive cancer with the highest mortality and incidence rates worldwide. MicroRNAs have been identified as potential targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. However, the modulatory role of miR-514b-5p in NSCLC progression is little known. In the present study, miRNA expression datasets for NSCLC were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Ontology Omnibus databases. Gene expression was assessed using a quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining was used to determine protein expression. Gain and loss of function experiments were performed to investigate the impact of miR-514b-5p and small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein beta (SGTB) on cell proliferation and apoptosis. RNA immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assays were performed to analyse the target gene of miR-514b-5p. The biological roles of miR-514b-5p were lastly evaluated using nude mouse tumorigenicity assays in vivo. We found that miR-514b-5p was dramatically increased in NSCLC tissues and higher miR-514b-5p expression was associated with poorer overall survival in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-514b-5p promoted NSCLC cell growth and suppressed apoptosis by inducing the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and p38 signalling pathways. Mechanistically, dual-luciferase and the RNA immunoprecipitation results highlighted that SGTB was a target gene of miR-514b-5p. Moreover, overexpression of SGTB reduced cell division and promoted apoptosis in vitro through blocking the PI3K/AKT and p38 signalling pathways. Our findings indicated that miR-514b-5p contributes to carcinoma progression in NSCLC via the PI3K/AKT and p38 signalling pathways by targeting SGTB and this could be a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.

Advances in targeting of miR‑10‑associated lncRNAs/circRNAs for the management of cancer (Review)

With advancements in sequencing technologies, an increasing number of aberrantly expressed long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified in various types of cancer. lncRNAs and circRNAs are now well-established tumor-influencing factors in cancer, driving not only tumor proliferation and invasion, but also cancer progression, drug resistance and metastatic recurrence. The majority of lncRNAs and circRNAs influence cancer progression by targeting microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs). miR-10a and miR-10b, key members of the miR-10 family, have been shown to play important regulatory roles in cell proliferation, differentiation to cancer progression, and development. Manual evaluation and grouping according to different types of competing endogenous RNA and tumor was performed. The review outlined the current state of knowledge on the regulation of miR-10 family-related lncRNAs and circRNAs. The involvement of lncRNAs and circRNAs in the biogenesis, maturation and function of malignant tumors through the miR-10 family, and the key gene targets and signaling cascades that lncRNAs and circRNAs regulate through the miR-10 family were summarized. Based on the findings of this review, it can be hypothesized that lncRNAs and circRNAs targeting the miR-10 family may serve as diagnostic/prognostic markers and/or therapeutic targets for the management of cancer.

Long Non-Coding RNA LPP-AS2 Plays an Anti-Tumor Role in Thyroid Carcinoma by Regulating the miR-132-3p/OLFM1 Axis

The cancer-promoting function of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LPP-AS2 has been documented in different cancers. Nonetheless, its role in thyroid carcinoma (THCA) remains unestablished. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were conducted to estimate the expressions of lncRNA LPP-AS2, miR-132-3p, and OLFM1. The THCA cells' functions were assessed through CCK8 assays, Transwell invasion assays, scratch wound-healing migration assays, and quantification of caspase-3 activity. The in vivo assays were also implemented to assess tumor growth. Luciferase reporter and RNA immuno-precipitation assay (RIPA) experiments were executed to elucidate the interactions of miR-132-3p with lncRNA LPP-AS2 and OLFM1. THCA tissues and cells exhibited poor lncRNA LPP-AS2 and OLFM1 expressions and a robust expression of miR-132-3p. Overexpressing lncRNA LPP-AS2 constrained THCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and improved caspase-3 activity. The anti-tumor function of lncRNA LPP-AS2 was also validated in vivo. miR-132-3p had an interplay with lncRNA LPP-AS2 and OLFM1. Functionally, overexpressing miR-132-3p promoted the malignant THCA cell phenotypes. However, that tumor promotion was abolished by the additional overexpression of lncRNA LPP-AS2. The in vitro experiments also demonstrated that the repressive effect of OLFM1 overexpression on THCA cell malignant action could be offset by the miR-132-3p mimic. lncRNA LPP-AS2 impedes THCA progression via the miR-132-3p/OLFM1 axis. Our findings contribute a potential strategy in interfering with THCA progression.

LncRNA ATP1A1-AS1 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis in thyroid carcinoma by regulating the miR-620/IRF2BP2 axis

BACKGROUND

Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is a common malignancy of the endocrine system. Further understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying THCA is crucial to develop effective diagnostic therapy and improve its treatments. In this study, we intended to provide novel direction for THCA targeted therapy from the aspect of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction. We aimed to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of lncRNA ATP1A1-AS1 in THCA.

METHODS

Gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell growth was detected by CCK-8 and EdU assays. Flow cytometry was applied for analyzing cell apoptosis. The binding of ATP1A1-AS1 or IRF2BP2 to miR-620 was validated by RNA pulldown and luciferase reporter assays. The protein levels were examined by western blotting.

RESULTS

ATP1A1-AS1 was decreased in THCA cells and tissues. ATP1A1-AS1 overexpression attenuated cell growth and promoted apoptosis. MiR-620, which was upregulated in THCA, was identified as a direct target of ATP1A1-AS1. Furthermore, IRF2BP2 was discovered to be a target of miR-620, which displayed low expression in THCA cells and tissues. Importantly, IRF2BP2 knockdown reversed the influence of ATP1A1-AS1 overexpression on THCA cell proliferation and apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA ATP1A1-AS1 inhibited cell growth and promotes apoptosis in THCA via the miR-620/IRF2BP2 axis.

Role of Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs in Cancers with an Overview of MicroRNA Binding

Long intergenic noncoding RNAs are transcripts originating from the regions without annotated coding genes. They are located mainly in the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs can be also found in the cytoplasm acting as molecular sponges of certain microRNAs. This is crucial in various biological and signaling pathways. Expression levels of many long intergenic noncoding RNAs are disease related. In this article, we focus on the long intergenic noncoding RNAs and their relation to different types of cancer. Studies showed that abnormal expression of long intergenic noncoding RNA deregulates signaling pathways due to the disrupted free microRNA pool. Hampered signaling pathways leads to abnormal cell proliferation and restricts cell death, thus resulting in oncogenesis. This review highlights promising therapeutic targets and enables the identification of potential biomarkers specific for a certain type of cancer. Moreover, we provide an outline of long intergenic noncoding RNAs/microRNA axes, which might be applied in further detailed experiments broadening our knowledge about the cellular role of those RNA species.

Artemisinin suppresses aerobic glycolysis in thyroid cancer cells by downregulating HIF-1a, which is increased by the XIST/miR-93/HIF-1a pathway

The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) continues to increase worldwide. Aerobic glycolysis, the prominent feature of glucose metabolism in cancer progression, is associated with TC. We first demonstrated that HIF-1a is highly expressed in TC tissues and is positively correlated with the level of XIST in the serum of patients with TC. Then, we proved that XIST regulates the expression of HIF-1a through the XIST/miR-93/HIF-1a pathway, thereby regulating the level of glycolysis in TC cells. Knockdown of XIST inhibits glycolysis, proliferation, the cell cycle and metastasis of TC cells. Finally, we verified that artemisinin could target the degradation of HIF-1a and inhibit glycolysis in TC cells. Collectively, XIST levels in serum may be used as a tumor marker for TC promoted by HIF-1a, which could be treated using artemisinin.

Cancer stem cell-like cells-derived exosomal lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 promotes biological characteristics in thyroid cancer via miR-122-5p/P4HA1 axis

Introduction

Here, the discussion focused on the function and possible mechanism of cancer stem cell-like cells (CSCs)-derived exosomal CDKN2B-AS1 in thyroid cancer.

Methods

Specifically, the bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay and RT-qPCR were conducted to obtain the expression and regulation of CDKN2B-AS1, and the downstream miR-122-5p/P4HA1 axis. Exosomes were identified by transmission electron microscopy. The uptake of exosome by recipient cells was observed by PKH67 labeling. Functional experiments and western blot were adopted to detect the effects of exosomal CDKN2B-AS1/miR-122-5p/P4HA1 axis on thyroid cancer cells. Tumor xenograft and in vivo metastasis model combined with RT-qPCR, western blot and hematoxylin-eosin staining verified the role of CDKN2B-AS1.

Results

Exosomal CDKN2B-AS1 up-regulated P4HA1 expression through miR-122-5p. CDKN2B-AS1 and P4HA1 expressions were up-regulated, and miR-122-5p expression was down-regulated in thyroid cancer. Silent CDKN2B-AS1 reduced cell viability and stemness. CDKN2B-AS1 was found to be abundant in CSCs and CSCs-derived exosomes. Exosomal CDKN2B-AS1 silencing could transfer to thyroid cancer cells to elevate E-cadherin level, and diminish P4HA1, N-cadherin and Vimentin levels, thus impeding cell migration and invasion. MiR-122-5p inhibitor reversed the function of exosomal CDKN2B-AS1, while P4HA1 silencing attenuated the effect of miR-122-5p inhibitor. Exosomal CDKN2B-AS1 affected the growth and metastasis of thyroid cancer through the miR-122-5p/P4HA1 axis.

Conclusion

CSCs-derived exosomal CDKN2B-AS1 acts as an oncogene in thyroid cancer through miR-122-5p/P4HA1 axis.

The cuproptosis related genes signature predicts the prognosis and correlates with the immune status of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) has a high incidence and poor prognosis. Cuproptosis, an independent pattern of cell death associated with copper, plays an important role in cancer proliferation and metastasis. The role of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in CCRCC is unclear.

Methods: Transcriptome and clinical information for CCRCC were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. After dividing the training and testing cohort, a 4-CRGs risk signature (FDX1, DLD, DLAT, CDKN2A) was identified in the training cohort using Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression analysis. The effect of the 4-CRGs risk signature on prognosis was assessed using Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and verified using the testing cohort. For different risk groups, the immune statue was assessed using the CIBERSORT algorithm, the ssGSEA method and immune checkpoint expression data. Finally, a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed using miRTarbase and starBase databases to identify molecules that may have a regulatory relationship with CRCCC.

Results: There were significant changes in the overall survival (OS), immune microenvironment, immune function, and checkpoint gene expression among the different risk groups. A ceRNA network consisting of one mRNA, two miRNAs, and 12 lncRNAs was constructed.

Conclusion: The 4-CRGs risk signature provides a new method to predict the prognosis of patients with CCRCC and the effect of immunotherapy. We propose a new cuproptosis-associated ceRNA network that can help to further explore the molecular mechanisms of CCRCC.

LINC01311 exerts an inhibitory effect in thyroid cancer progression by targeting the miR-146b-5p/IMPA2 axis

BACKGROUND

A growing body of research suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) play an important role during the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers, including thyroid cancer (TC). Herein, we intended to uncover the role and mechanisms of LINC01311 in TC.

METHODS

The relative LINC01311, miR-146b-5p, and IMPA2 expressions were quantified by subjecting TC cells and tissues to western blotting and RT-qPCR. CCK-8 and scratch-wound healing assays were carried out for the evaluation of the proliferation and migration of TC cells. The apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry assay and western blotting of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. Xenograft tumor model was also used to study how LINC01311 functions during TC cell growth. Luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were performed to ascertain miR-146b-5p's interactions with LINC01311 and IMPA2 3'UTR.

RESULTS

The TC cells and tissues exhibited a downregulation of LINC01311 and IMPA2 and an upregulation of miR-146b-5p. LINC01311 overexpression retarded TC cell growth in vitro as well as in vivo. The luciferase reporter and RIP assays verified that miR-146b-5p recognizes LINC01311 and IMPA2 3'UTR by base pairing. LINC01311 overexpression could counteract the oncogenic effect of miR-146b-5p in vitro. Moreover, IMPA2 upregulation could offset the tumor-promoting effect of miR-146b-5p.

CONCLUSION

LINC01311-mediated inhibition of TC cell growth was achieved by targeting the miR-146b-5p/IMPA2 axis. These findings support that targeting the LINC01311/miR-146b-5p/IMPA2 axis may be a promising approach against TC progression.

ncRNAInter: a novel strategy based on graph neural network to discover interactions between lncRNA and miRNA

In recent years, many studies have illustrated the significant role that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) plays in biological activities, in which lncRNA, miRNA and especially their interactions have been proved to affect many biological processes. Some in silico methods have been proposed and applied to identify novel lncRNA-miRNA interactions (LMIs), but there are still imperfections in their RNA representation and information extraction approaches, which imply there is still room for further improving their performances. Meanwhile, only a few of them are accessible at present, which limits their practical applications. The construction of a new tool for LMI prediction is thus imperative for the better understanding of their relevant biological mechanisms. This study proposed a novel method, ncRNAInter, for LMI prediction. A comprehensive strategy for RNA representation and an optimized deep learning algorithm of graph neural network were utilized in this study. ncRNAInter was robust and showed better performance of 26.7% higher Matthews correlation coefficient than existing reputable methods for human LMI prediction. In addition, ncRNAInter proved its universal applicability in dealing with LMIs from various species and successfully identified novel LMIs associated with various diseases, which further verified its effectiveness and usability. All source code and datasets are freely available at https://github.com/idrblab/ncRNAInter.

Knockdown of lncRNA XIST Ameliorates IL-1β-Induced Apoptosis of HUVECs and Change of Tissue Factor Level via miR-103a-3p/HMGB1 Axis in Deep Venous Thrombosis by Regulating the ROS/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Background

The effect of lncRNA X inactive-specific transcript (XIST) inducing cardiovascular diseases on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its mechanism has not been reported. In this study, we uncovered the mystery that lncRNA XIST causes DVT with HUVEC dysfunction.

Method

The expression levels of lncRNA XIST and miR-103a-3p were detected by qRT-PCR, and HMGB1 expression was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. The correlations among the expression levels of lncRNA XIST, miR-103a-3p, and HMGB1 were determined by Spearman's rank-order correlation test. XIST siRNA (si-XIST) was transfected into HUVECs to knock down the intrinsic expression of lncRNA XIST. The influences of si-XIST on interleukin-1 beta- (IL-1β-) treated HUVEC viability and apoptosis and the level of tissue factor (TF) were detected by MTT, flow cytometry, and ELISA kit, respectively. The relationships between lncRNA XIST, miR-103a-3p, and HMGB1 were predicted by the Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI) database and verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. The effects of lncRNA XIST and miR-103a-3p on HMGB1 expression were detected by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. The levels of ROS/NF-κB pathway-related proteins were detected to study the regulatory mechanism of lncRNA XIST/miR-103a-3p/HMGB1 on IL-1β-treated HUVECs apoptosis and change of TF level.

Results

The upregulated expression levels of lncRNA XIST and HMGB1 and downregulated level of miR-103a-3p were found in the plasma of DVT patients and IL-1β-treated HUVECs. Si-XIST promoted cell viability and inhibited HUVEC apoptosis and ameliorated the change of TF level triggered by IL-1β. lncRNA XIST sponged miR-103a-3p and miR-103a-3p targeted HMGB1. Si-XIST inhibited the ROS/NF-κB pathway to suppress HUVEC apoptosis and ameliorate the change of TF level induced by IL-1β via the miR-103a-3p/HMGB1 axis.

Conclusion

lncRNA XIST sponged miR-103a-3p improving HMGB1 expression to exacerbate DVT by activating the ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings indicated that lncRNA XIST can be used as a potential therapeutic target in DVT.

Roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in gynecologic cancers: mechanisms and therapeutic targeting

Uterine and ovarian cancers are the most common gynecologic cancers. N6−methyladenosine (m6A), an important internal RNA modification in higher eukaryotes, has recently become a hot topic in epigenetic studies. Numerous studies have revealed that the m6A-related regulatory factors regulate the occurrence and metastasis of tumors and drug resistance through various mechanisms. The m6A-related regulatory factors can also be used as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancers, including gynecologic cancers. This review discusses the role of m6A in gynecologic cancers and summarizes the recent advancements in m6A modification in gynecologic cancers to improve the understanding of the occurrence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of gynecologic cancers.

Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory networks and key genes associated with papillary thyroid cancer coexistent with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

OBJECTIVE

The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) concomitant with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is gradually increasing over the past decades. This study aims to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs between tumor tissues of PTC with or without HT and further to confer a better understanding of lncRNA-based competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in PTC with HT.

METHODS

GSE138198 containing tissue mRNA data and GSE192560 containing lncRNA data were utilized to perform differentially expression analysis. The ceRNA network was constructed based on miRNA-mRNA interactions merging with lncRNA-microRNA interactions. Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed. The mRNA levels of core genes in the PPI analysis in tumor tissues collected from 112 PTC patients including 35 cases coexistent with HT were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

A total of 57 genes and 40 lncRNAs, with value of |log2 fold change (FC)|≥ 1 and the adjusted P-value < 0.05, were deemed as differentially expressed genes and lncRNAs between PTC with and without HT. The pathways most significantly enriched by differentially expressed genes between PTC with and without HT were viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL5, FCGR3A, and CCR2 owned degree values not less than 10 were deemed as core genes differentially expressed between PTC with and without HT. A total of 76 pairs of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA were obtained. Results of qRT-PCR partially demonstrated the bioinformatics results that the mRNA levels of CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL5, and CCR2 were remarkably elevated in tumor tissues collected from PTC patients coexistent with HT than those without HT (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our study offers a better understanding of the lncRNA-related ceRNA network involved in PTC with HT, providing novel key genes associated with PTC coexistent with HT.

Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Exosomes Promote the Proliferation, Invasion, and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer by the miR-3960/TFAP2A Axis

Background

The microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer-derived exosomes have the ability to change tumor microenvironment. This study aims to investigate the role of miRNA in cancer-derived exosomes in pancreatic cancer (PC).

Methods

Based on the analysis of PC-derived and healthy exosomes by bioinformatics analysis and quantitative real-time PCR validation, the miR-3960 was identified to be the most significantly different miRNA, and TFAP2A proved as its potential target gene. Besides, the exosomes were isolated from PANC-1 cells and identified. After that, PANC-1 cells were treated with the isolated exosomes or transfected with miR-3960 mimics or si-TFAP2A, the effect of PC-derived exosomes, as well as the miR-3960/TFAP2A axis in PC cells, were assessed by the CCK-8, EDU staining, Transwell, cell colony formation, and flow cytometry assays. Furthermore, the effects of exosomes and the miR-3960/TFAP2A axis on PC tumor growth were observed in tumor-bearing mice by the measurement of tumor weight and volume, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, the expressions of TFAP2A/PTEN/AKT signaling proteins were detected by Western blot.

Results

PC-derived exosomes were isolated successfully and proved to have promotion effects on the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of PC cells both in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Also, the PC-derived exosomes upregulated the TFAP2A, Bcl-2, and p-AKT/AKT protein levels, and inhibited PTEN and Bax levels and PANC-1 cell apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-3960 antagonized the promotion effect of exosomes on PC cells and the TFAP2A/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, inhibiting the growth of tumors. Besides, si-TFAP2A enhanced the inhibitory effect of miR-3960 in PC.

Conclusion

MiR-3960 antagonizes the promotion effect of tumor-derived exosomes on the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of PC via suppressing TFAP2A.