PYK2 promotes HER2-positive breast cancer invasion

Integrin αVβ1-activated PYK2 promotes the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer via the STAT3-VGF axis

BACKGROUND

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80-85% of all lung cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although various treatment strategies have been introduced, the 5-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC is only 20-30%. Thus, it remains necessary to study the pathogenesis of NSCLC and develop new therapeutic drugs. Notably, PYK2 has been implicated in the progression of many tumors, including NSCLC, but its detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which PYK2 promotes NSCLC progression.

METHODS

The mRNA and protein levels of various molecules were measured using qRT-PCR, western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. We established stable PYK2 knockdown and overexpression cell lines, and CCK-8, EdU, and clonogenic assays; wound healing, transwell migration, and Matrigel invasion assays; and flow cytometry were employed to assess the phenotypes of tumor cells. Protein interactions were evaluated with co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence (IF)-based colocalization, and nucleocytoplasmic separation assays. RNA sequencing was performed to explore the transcriptional regulation mediated by PYK2. Secreted VGF levels were examined using ELISA. Dual-luciferase reporter system was used to detect transcriptional regulation site. PF4618433 (PYK2 inhibitor) and Stattic (STAT3 inhibitor) were used for rescue experiments. A public database was mined to analyze the effect of these molecules on NSCLC prognosis. To investigate the role of PYK2 in vivo, mouse xenograft models of lung carcinoma were established and examined.

RESULTS

The protein level of PYK2 was higher in human NSCLC tumors than in the adjacent normal tissue, and higher PYK2 expression was associated with poorer prognosis. PYK2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and motility of tumor cells and caused G1-S arrest and cyclinD1 downregulation in A549 and H460 cells. Meanwhile, PYK2 overexpression had the opposite effect in H1299 cells. The siRNA-induced inhibition of integrins alpha V and beta 1 led to the downregulation of p-PYK2(Tyr402). Activated PYK2 could bind to STAT3 and enhance its phosphorylation at Tyr705, regulating the nuclear accumulation of p-STAT3(Tyr705). This further promoted the expression of VGF, as confirmed by RNA sequencing in a PYK2-overexpressing H1299 cell line and validated by rescue experiments. Two sites in promoter region of VGF gene were confirmed as binding sites of STAT3 by Dual-luciferase assay. Data from the TGCA database showed that VGF was related to the poor prognosis of NSCLC. IHC revealed higher p-PYK2(Tyr402) and VGF expression in lung tumors than in adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, both proteins showed higher levels in advanced TNM stages than earlier ones. A positive linear correlation existed between the IHC score of p-PYK2(Tyr402) and VGF. Knockdown of VGF inhibited tumor progression and reversed the tumor promoting effect of PYK2 overexpression in NSCLC cells. Finally, the mouse model exhibited enhanced tumor growth when PYK2 was overexpressed, while the inhibitors PF4618433 and Stattic could attenuate this effect.

CONCLUSIONS

The Integrin αVβ1-PYK2-STAT3-VGF axis promotes NSCLC development, and the PYK2 inhibitor PF4618433 and STAT3 inhibitor Stattic can reverse the pro-tumorigenic effect of high PYK2 expression in mouse models. Our findings provide insights into NSCLC progression and could guide potential therapeutic strategies against NSCLC with high PYK2 expression levels.

PYK2, a hub of signaling networks in breast cancer progression

Breast cancer (BC) involves complex signaling networks characterized by extensive cross-communication and feedback loops between and within multiple signaling cascades. Many of these signaling pathways are driven by genetic alterations of oncogene and/or tumor-suppressor genes and are influenced by various environmental cues. We describe unique roles of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) PYK2 in signaling integration and feedback looping in BC. PYK2 functions as a signaling hub in various cascades, and its involvement in positive and negative feedback loops enhances signaling robustness, modulates signaling dynamics, and contributes to BC growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, migration, invasion, and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of PYK2 as a therapeutic target in various BC subtypes.

DNA methylation partially mediates antidiabetic effects of metformin on HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes

AIMS

Despite metformin being used as first-line pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to determine whether metformin altered DNA methylation in newly-diagnosed individuals with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We found that metformin therapy is associated with altered methylation of 26 sites in blood from Scandinavian discovery and replication cohorts (FDR<0.05), using MethylationEPIC arrays. The majority (88%) of these 26 sites were hypermethylated in patients taking metformin for ∼3 months compared to controls, who had diabetes but had not taken any diabetes medication. Two of these blood-based methylation markers mirrored the epigenetic pattern in muscle and adipose tissue (FDR<0.05). Four type 2 diabetes-associated SNPs were annotated to genes with differential methylation between metformin cases and controls, e.g., GRB10, RPTOR, SLC22A18AS and TH2LCRR. Methylation correlated with expression in human islets for two of these genes. Three metformin-associated methylation sites (PKNOX2, WDTC1 and MICB) partially mediate effects of metformin on follow-up HbA1c levels. When combining methylation of these three sites into a score, which was used in a causal mediation analysis, methylation was suggested to mediate up to 32% of metformin's effects on HbA1c.

CONCLUSION

Metformin-associated alterations in DNA methylation partially mediates metformin's antidiabetic effects on HbA1c in newly-diagnosed individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Metformin and HER2-positive breast cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Due to the strong association between diabetes and cancer incidents, several anti-diabetic drugs, including metformin, have been examined for their anticancer activity. Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent used as a first-line drug for type II diabetes mellitus. It exhibits anticancer activity by impacting different molecular pathways, such as AMP-inducible protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Additionally, Metformin indirectly inhibits IGF-1R signaling, which is highly activated in breast malignancy. On the other hand, breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, where the human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive (HER2-positive) subtype is one of the most aggressive ones with a high rate of lymph node metastasis. In this review, we summarize the association between diabetes and human cancer, listing recent evidence of metformin's anticancer activity. A special focus is dedicated to HER2-positive breast cancer with regards to the interaction between HER2 and IGF-1R. Then, we discuss combination therapy strategies of metformin and other anti-diabetic drugs in HER2-positive breast cancer.

Receptor-Interacting Protein 3/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II/Proline-Rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 Pathway is Involved in Programmed Cell Death in a Mouse Model of Brain Ischaemic Stroke

Neuronal necroptosis and apoptosis are the most important pathways for programmed cell death after brain ischaemic stroke. Although apoptosis signalling pathways have been extensively studied, molecular mechanisms underlying necroptosis remain unclear. In this study, we found that receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) deficiency reduced cerebral infarction volume, neurological deficits, and neuronal ultrastructural damage in a mouse model of brain ischaemic stroke by inhibiting programmed cell death. RIP3 deficiency inhibited the activation of both calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) cascade, decreased the expression of classic necroptotic and apoptotic proteins, and ultimately decreased neuronal necroptosis and apoptosis. We further confirmed that RIP3 deficiency inhibited the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase of calcium influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, compared with WT primary cortical neurons, the decreased expression of CaMKII and Pyk2 was further verified in a Ripk3^-/- primary cortical neurons underlying oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model. In conclusion, we first identified that the RIP3/CaMKII/Pyk2 pathway is involved in programmed cell death after brain ischaemic stroke, which suggests it is a promising therapeutic target in ischaemia-induced neuronal injury.

Protein tyrosine kinase 2b inhibition reverts niche-associated resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in AML

FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy evolved into a standard therapy in FLT3-mutated AML. TKI resistance, however, develops frequently with poor outcomes. We analyzed acquired TKI resistance in AML cell lines by multilayered proteome analyses. Leupaxin (LPXN), a regulator of cell migration and adhesion, was induced during early resistance development, alongside the tyrosine kinase PTK2B which phosphorylated LPXN. Resistant cells differed in cell adhesion and migration, indicating altered niche interactions. PTK2B and LPXN were highly expressed in leukemic stem cells in FLT3-ITD patients. PTK2B/FAK inhibition abrogated resistance-associated phenotypes, such as enhanced cell migration. Altered pathways in resistant cells, assessed by nascent proteomics, were largely reverted upon PTK2B/FAK inhibition. PTK2B/FAK inhibitors PF-431396 and defactinib synergized with different TKIs or daunorubicin in FLT3-mutated AML. Midostaurin-resistant and AML cells co-cultured with mesenchymal stroma cells responded particularly well to PTK2B/FAK inhibitor addition. Xenograft mouse models showed significant longer time to leukemia symptom-related endpoint upon gilteritinib/defactinib combination treatment in comparison to treatment with either drug alone. Our data suggest that the leupaxin-PTK2B axis plays an important role in acquired TKI resistance in AML. PTK2B/FAK inhibitors act synergistically with currently used therapeutics and may overcome emerging TKI resistance in FLT3-mutated AML at an early timepoint.

Systematic Identification of Genomic Markers for Guiding Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cervical Cancer Based on Translational Bioinformatics

Purpose

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (MNP) drug delivery system is a novel promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Material issues such as fabrication and functionalized modification have been investigated; however, pharmacologic mechanisms of bare MNPs inside cancer cells remain obscure. This study aimed to explore a systems pharmacology approach to understand the reaction of the whole cell to MNPs and suggest drug selection in MNP delivery systems to exert synergetic or additive anti-cancer effects.

Methods

HeLa and SiHa cell lines were used to estimate the properties of bare MNPs in cervical cancer through 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and enzyme activity assays and cellular fluorescence imaging. A systems pharmacology approach was utilized by combining bioinformatics data mining with clinical data analysis and without a predefined hypothesis. Key genes of the MNP onco-pharmacologic mechanism in cervical cancer were identified and further validated through transcriptome analysis with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR).

Results

Low cytotoxic activity and cell internalization of MNP in HeLa and SiHa cells were observed. Lysosomal function was found to be impaired after MNP treatment. Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B), liprin-alpha-4 (PPFIA4), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7), and interleukin (IL) 1B were identified as key genes relevant for MNP pharmacology, clinical features, somatic mutation, and immune infiltration. The four key genes also exhibited significant correlations with the lysosome gene set. The qRT-PCR results showed significant alterations in the expression of the four key genes after MNP treatment in HeLa and SiHa cells.

Conclusion

Our research suggests that treatment of bare MNPs in HeLa and SiHa cells induced significant expression changes in PTK2B, PPFIA4, SMAD7, and IL1B, which play crucial roles in cervical cancer development and progression. Interactions of the key genes with specific anti-cancer drugs must be considered in the rational design of MNP drug delivery systems.

A precision medicine approach to metabolic therapy for breast cancer in mice

Increasing evidence highlights approaches targeting metabolism as potential adjuvants to cancer therapy. Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the newest class of antihyperglycemic drugs. To our knowledge, SGLT2 inhibitors have not been applied in the neoadjuvant setting as a precision medicine approach for this devastating disease. Here, we treat lean breast tumor-bearing mice with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin as monotherapy and in combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy. We show that dapagliflozin enhances the efficacy of paclitaxel, reducing tumor glucose uptake and prolonging survival. Further, the ability of dapagliflozin to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy correlates with its effect to reduce circulating insulin in some but not all breast tumors. Our data suggest a genetic signature for breast tumors more likely to respond to dapagliflozin in combination with paclitaxel. In the current study, tumors driven by mutations upstream of canonical insulin signaling pathways responded to this combined treatment, whereas tumors driven by mutations downstream of canonical insulin signaling did not. These data demonstrate that dapagliflozin enhances the response to chemotherapy in mice with breast cancer and suggest that patients with driver mutations upstream of canonical insulin signaling may be most likely to benefit from this neoadjuvant approach.

Metformin and Breast Cancer: Where Are We Now?

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Type 2 diabetes–associated metabolic traits such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity are well-known risk factors for breast cancer. The insulin sensitizer metformin, one of the most prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs, has been suggested to function as an antitumoral agent, based on epidemiological and retrospective clinical data as well as preclinical studies showing an antiproliferative effect in cultured breast cancer cells and animal models. These benefits provided a strong rationale to study the effects of metformin in routine clinical care of breast cancer patients. However, the initial enthusiasm was tempered after disappointing results in randomized controlled trials, particularly in the metastatic setting. Here, we revisit the current state of the art of metformin mechanisms of action, critically review past and current metformin-based clinical trials, and briefly discuss future perspectives on how to incorporate metformin into the oncologist’s armamentarium for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

The Combined Effects of circRNA Methylation Promote Pulmonary Fibrosis

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common type of RNA methylation modification, mainly occurring on mRNA. Whether m6A-modified circRNAs are involved in pulmonary fibrosis in different settings remains unclear. Using an m6A-circRNA epitranscriptomic chip, candidate circRNAs were selected, among which hsa_circ_0000672 and hsa_circ_0005654 were specifically involved in SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis by targeting the same protein, eIF4A3, indicating that the m6A modification of these two circRNAs has a synergistic effect on fibroblast dysfunction induced by SiO2. A mechanistic study revealed that the m6A modification of circRNAs was mainly mediated by the methyltransferase METTL3. Furthermore, METTL3 promoted the activation, migration and activity of pulmonary fibroblasts and participated in SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the circRNA m6A modification. m6A methylation of circRNAs mediates silica-induced fibrosis, enriching the understanding of circRNAs and uncovering a potential new target for treating fibrosis-related diseases.

Identification of a risk prediction model for clinical prognosis in HER2 positive breast cancer patients

Background New biomarkers are needed to identify different clinical outcomes for HER2+ breast cancer (BC). Methods Differential genes of HER2+ BC were screened based on TCGA database. We used WGCNA to identify the genes related to the survival. Genetic Algorithm was used to structure risk prediction model. The prognostic model was validated in GSE data. Results We constructed a risk prediction model of 6 genes to identify prognosis of HER2+ BC, including CLEC9A, PLD4, PIM1, PTK2B, AKNAD1 and C15orf27. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the model effectively distinguished the survival of HER2+ BC patients. The multivariate Cox regression suggested that the risk model was an independent predictor for HER2+ BC. Analysis related to immune showed that significant differences in immune infiltration between high- and low-risk groups classified by the prognostic model. Conclusions Our study identified a risk prediction model of 6 genes that could distinguish the prognosis of HER2+ BC.

Pyk2 level is a novel prognostic marker for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in East Asia. Surgical resection is currently the typical treatment. However, due to the highly invasive and metastatic characteristic of the disease, the mortality rate is still high. A search for potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets is very necessary. Here, we studied the expression of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), a non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase, in ESCC and its influence on prognosis. A total of 112 cases of ESCC and paired adjacent normal tissues (NT) were organized in tissue microarray (TMA) from the Nantong First People's Hospital. Our analysis of TMA revealed that Pyk2 levels were higher in ESCC than in paired adjacent NT by immunohistochemistry (p<0.001). Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR analysis (p=0.0359) also reached similar conclusions. To further explore the significance of Pyk2 in ESCC, another set of tissue microarrays was collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, which includes 241 consecutive patients undergoing radical surgery for ESCC, to perform IHC scores. We demonstrated that the expression level of Pyk2 was positively correlated with N stage (node negative versus node positive, p=0.02) and clinical stage (I + II versus III + IV, p=0.042). Univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that high Pyk2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival with ESCC. Cell function studies found that Pyk2 promoted tumor proliferation and migration and reduced apoptosis. Pyk2 knockdown enhanced the sensitivity to cisplatin in ESCC cells. Western blot analysis confirmed that Pyk2 may promote tumor progression by activating the Akt signaling pathway.

RB1CC1 functions as a tumor-suppressing gene in renal cell carcinoma via suppression of PYK2 activity and disruption of TAZ-mediated PDL1 transcription activation

Rb1-inducible coiled-coil 1 (RB1CC1) has been demonstrated to function as an inhibitor of proline-rich/Ca-activated tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) by binding to the kinase domain of PYK2, which promotes the proliferation, invasion, and migration of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Additionally, in breast cancer, PYK2 positively regulates the expression of transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) which in turn can enhance PDL1 levels in breast and lung cancer cells. The current study was performed to decipher the impact of RB1CC1 in the progression of RCC via regulation of the PYK2/TAZ/PDL1 signaling axis. Expression of RB1CC1 and PYK2 was quantified in clinical tissue samples from RCC patients. The relationship between TAZ and PYK2, TAZ and PDL1 was then validated. The cellular processes of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced human RCC cell lines including the abilities of proliferation, colony formation, sphere formation and apoptosis, as well as the tumorigenicity of transfected cells, were evaluated after the alteration of RB1CC1 expression. RB1CC1 exhibited decreased expression in RCC tissues and was positively correlated with patient survival. RB1CC1 could inhibit the activity of PYK2, which in turn stimulated the stability of TAZ protein by phosphorylating TAZ. Meanwhile, TAZ protein activated PDL1 transcription by binding to the promoter region of PDL1. RB1CC1 overexpression or PYK2 knockdown could help everolimus (EVE) to inhibit tumor proliferation and activate immune response. Taken together, RB1CC1 can potentially augment the response of RCC cells to immunotherapy by suppressing the PYK2/TAZ/PDL1 signaling axis.

Key Genes and Prognostic Analysis in HER2+ Breast Cancer

Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)+ breast cancer is considered the most dangerous type of breast cancers. Herein, we used bioinformatics methods to identify potential key genes in HER2+ breast cancer to enable its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction. Datasets of HER2+ breast cancer and normal tissue samples retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases were subjected to analysis for differentially expressed genes using R software. The identified differentially expressed genes were subjected to gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses followed by construction of protein-protein interaction networks using the STRING database to identify key genes. The genes were further validated via survival and differential gene expression analyses. We identified 97 upregulated and 106 downregulated genes that were primarily associated with processes such as mitosis, protein kinase activity, cell cycle, and the p53 signaling pathway. Visualization of the protein-protein interaction network identified 10 key genes (CCNA2, CDK1, CDC20, CCNB1, DLGAP5, AURKA, BUB1B, RRM2, TPX2, and MAD2L1), all of which were upregulated. Survival analysis using PROGgeneV2 showed that CDC20, CCNA2, DLGAP5, RRM2, and TPX2 are prognosis-related key genes in HER2+ breast cancer. A nomogram showed that high expression of RRM2, DLGAP5, and TPX2 was positively associated with the risk of death. TPX2, which has not previously been reported in HER2+ breast cancer, was associated with breast cancer development, progression, and prognosis and is therefore a potential key gene. It is hoped that this study can provide a new method for the diagnosis and treatment of HER2 + breast cancer.

SDF1α/CXCR4 axis may be associated with the malignant progression of gastric cancer in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment

Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) have been reported to form an important chemokine signaling pathway. Our previous study reported that SDF1α from tumor stromal cells may stimulate the proliferation of gastric cancer (GC) cells through the CXCR4 axis in a hypoxic microenvironment. However, a limited number of studies have addressed the clinicopathological significance of the expression of SDF1α and CXCR4 in GC, particularly at hypoxic regions. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression levels of SDF1α, CXCR4 and the hypoxic marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in 185 patients with stage II and III GC. The results demonstrated that CA9 was expressed on cancer and stromal cells in hypoxic lesions, CXCR4 was mainly expressed in cancer cells, and SDFα was mainly expressed in stromal cells. CXCR4 expression in cancer cells and SDFα expression in stromal cells were associated with the hypoxic regions with CA9 expression. The CA9 and CXCR4 expression in the cancer cells, and the SDF1α expression in the stromal cells (CA9/CXCR4/SDF1α) was significantly associated with macroscopic type 4 tumor (P=0.012) and the pattern of tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissue (P<0.001). The prognosis of the all CA9/CXCR4/SDF1α-positive patients was significantly poorer compared with that of patients with CA9-, CXCR4- or SDF1α-negative GC at Stage III (P=0.041). These results indicated that hypoxia may upregulate SDFα production in stromal cells and CXCR4 expression in cancer cells. The SDF1α/CXCR4 axis may serve an important role in the progression of GC.

The histone H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF40 is required for HER2-driven mammary tumorigenesis

The HER2-positive breast cancer subtype (HER2⁺-BC) displays a particularly aggressive behavior. Anti-HER2 therapies have significantly improved the survival of patients with HER2⁺-BC. However, a large number of patients become refractory to current targeted therapies, necessitating the development of new treatment strategies. Epigenetic regulators are commonly misregulated in cancer and represent attractive molecular therapeutic targets. Monoubiquitination of histone 2B (H2Bub1) by the heterodimeric ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/RNF40 has been described to have tumor suppressor functions and loss of H2Bub1 has been associated with cancer progression. In this study, we utilized human tumor samples, cell culture models, and a mammary carcinoma mouse model with tissue-specific Rnf40 deletion and identified an unexpected tumor-supportive role of RNF40 in HER2⁺-BC. We demonstrate that RNF40-driven H2B monoubiquitination is essential for transcriptional activation of RHO/ROCK/LIMK pathway components and proper actin-cytoskeleton dynamics through a trans-histone crosstalk with histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3). Collectively, this work demonstrates a previously unknown essential role of RNF40 in HER2⁺-BC, revealing the H2B monoubiquitination axis as a possible tumor context-dependent therapeutic target in breast cancer.