Anti-tumor activities of probiotics in cervical cancer

Application of probiotics in cervical cancer infections to enhance the immune response

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer among female patients. The primary cause of all types of cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV), which was projected to account for 5,70,000 reported cases in 2018. Two HPV strains (16 and 18) account for 70 % of cervical abnormalities and precancerous cervical cancers. CC is one of the main causes of the 17 % cancer-related death rate among Indian women between the ages of 30 and 69 is CC. The side effects of the currently approved treatments for cervical cancer could endanger the lives of women affected by the illness. Thus, probiotics may be extremely important in the management of CC. Numerous studies on probiotics and their potential for use in cancer diagnosis, prevention, and treatment have been conducted. This review describes the enhancement of the immune system, promotion of a balanced vaginal microbiome, and decreased risk of secondary infections, which have anti-inflammatory effects on the body. Probiotics have the potential to reduce inflammation, thereby adversely affecting cancer cell growth and metastasis. During the course of antibiotic therapy, they support a balanced vaginal microbiome. Oncogenic virus inactivation is possible with probiotic strains. In postmenopausal women, the use of vaginal probiotics helps lessen menopausal symptoms caused by Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). The antitumor effects of other medications can be enhanced by them as potential agents, because they can both promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and reduce the quantity of potentially harmful bacteria. The development of tumors and the proliferation of cancer cells may be indirectly affected by the restoration of the microbial balance. Probiotics may be able to prevent and treat cervical cancer, as they seem to have anticancer properties. To identify probiotics with anticancer qualities that can supplement and possibly even replace traditional cancer treatments, further investigation is required, including carefully planned clinical trials.

Lactobacilli Have an Opposite Effect on the Resistance to Oxidative Damage of HPV-Infected Compared with Uninfected Vaginal Epithelial Cells

To study how indigenous or probiotic-introduced lactobacilli affect the sensitivity (estimated as the proportion of surviving, apoptotic, and nonapoptotic deaths) of vaginal epithelial cells obtained from HPV-negative and HPV-positive patients to oxidative damage. The tendency to resist oxidative damage in vaginal epithelial cells of 147 HPV-positive and 59 HPV-negative patients with physiological or suboptimal levels of Lactobacillus was evaluated. Adaptation of cell to curb the oxidative damage in 146 HPV positive and 41 HPV negative with probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lcr35) supplementation and without was studied. Resistance of epithelial cells to damage was measured by the ratio of surviving, apoptotic, and dead nonapoptotic cells after three times of hydrogen peroxide treatment using a kit containing annexin V-fluorescein in combination with propidium iodide. If uninfected epithelial cells were in an environment with a physiological level of lactobacilli for significant duration, then these cells were more resilient to damage, and if they lost their viability, it was mainly due to apoptosis. Probiotic therapy also increased the resistance of uninfected epithelial cells to damage. HPV-infected epithelial cells were less resistant to damage at normal levels of lactobacilli compared with Lactobacillus deficiency. In HPV-positive patients with Lactobacillus deficiency, probiotic therapy decreased the resistance of infected epithelial cells to damage; the increase in cell death was mainly due to apoptosis.

Mechanisms of medicinal, pharmaceutical, and immunomodulatory action of probiotics bacteria and their secondary metabolites against disease management: an overview

Probiotics or bacteriotherapy is today's hot issue for public entities (Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization) as well as health and food industries since Metchnikoff and his colleagues hypothesized the correlation between probiotic consumption and human's health. They contribute to the newest and highly efficient arena of promising biotherapeutics. These are usually attractive in biomedical applications such as gut-related diseases like irritable bowel disease, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, fungal infections, various allergies, parasitic and bacterial infections, viral diseases, and intestinal inflammation, and are also worth immunomodulation. The useful impact of probiotics is not limited to gut-related diseases alone. Still, these have proven benefits in various acute and chronic infectious diseases, like cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diseases, and high serum cholesterol. Recently, different researchers have paid special attention to investigating biomedical applications of probiotics, but consolidated data regarding bacteriotherapy with a detailed mechanistically applied approach is scarce and controversial. The present article reviews the bio-interface of probiotic strains, mainly (i) why the demand for probiotics?, (ii) the current status of probiotics, (iii) an alternative to antibiotics, (iv) the potential applications towards disease management, (v) probiotics and industrialization, and (vi) futuristic approach.

Growth Suppression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Lactobacillus Acidophilus

OBJECTIVES

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly aggressive form of oral cancer. Probiotic lactobacilli have demonstrated anticancer effects, whilst their interaction with Streptococcus mutans in this context remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on OSCC and to understand the effect of S mutans on OSCCs and whether it affects the antiproliferative potential of L acidophilus when co-exposed to OSCC.

METHODS

The human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells of the oral cavity (HNO97 cell line) were exposed to cultures of L acidophilus and S mutans separately and in combination. Further, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess the viability of HNO97 cells. Bacterial adhesion to HNO97 cells was examined by confocal microscopy and apoptosis by Nexin staining. To understand the underlying mechanism of apoptosis, expression of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene and protein were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

RESULTS

A significant decrease (53%-56%) in the viability of HNO97 cells on exposure to L acidophilus, S mutans, and the 2 species together demonstrated the antiproliferative activity of L acidophilus and S mutans. Both bacteria showed adhesion to HNO97 cells. The expression of the TRAIL gene increased 5-fold in HNO97 cells on treatment with L acidophilus and S mutans, which further increased to ∼17-fold with both species present. Expression levels of the TRAIL protein were significantly (P < .05) increased in bacteria-treated cell lysates. Further, bacteria-treated HNO97 cells exhibited lower live and intact cell percentages with higher proportions of cells in early and late apoptotic stages.

CONCLUSIONS

L acidophilus exhibits the antiproliferative activity against OSCC cells possibly partially via a TRAIL-induced mechanism of apoptosis, which is not affected by the presence of S mutans. These findings may encourage further investigation into the possible therapeutic application of probiotic L acidophilus in OSCC.

Next-generation probiotics: the upcoming biotherapeutics

Recent and continuing advances in gut microbiome research have pointed out the role of the gut microbiota as an unexplored source of potentially beneficial probiotic microbes. Along the lines of these advances, both public awareness and acceptance of probiotics are increasing. That's why; academic and industrial research is dedicated to identifying and investigating new microbial strains for the development of next-generation probiotics (NGPs). At this time, there is a growing interest in NGPs as biotherapeutics that alter the gut microbiome and affect various diseases development. In this work, we have focused on some emergent and promising NGPs, specifically Eubacterium hallii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia spp., Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bacteroides fragilis, as their presence in the gut can have an impact on the development of various diseases. Emerging studies point out the beneficial roles of these NGPs and open up novel promising therapeutic options. Interestingly, these NGPs were found to enhance gastrointestinal immunity, enhance immunotherapy efficacy in cancer patients, retain the intestinal barrier integrity, generate valuable metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids, and decrease complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although many of these NGPs are considered promising for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, research on humans is still lacking. Therefore, approval of these microbes from regulatory agencies is rare. Besides, some issues limit their wide use in the market, such as suitable methods for the culture and storage of these oxygen-sensitive microbes. The present review goes over the main points related to NGPs and gives a viewpoint on the key issues that still hinder their wide application. Furthermore, we have focused on the advancement in NGPs and human healthiness investigations by clarifying the limitations of traditional probiotic microorganisms, discussing the characteristics of emerging NGPs and defining their role in the management of certain ailments. Future research should emphasize the isolation, mechanisms of action of these probiotics, safety, and clinical efficacy in humans.

The Impact of Probiotic Bifidobacterium on Liver Diseases and the Microbiota

Recent studies have shown the promising potential of probiotics, especially the bacterial genus Bifidobacterium, in the treatment of liver diseases. In this work, a systematic review was conducted, with a focus on studies that employed advanced Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies to explore the potential of Bifidobacterium as a probiotic for treating liver pathologies such as Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), Cirrhosis, and Hepatocelullar Carcinoma (HCC) and its impact on the microbiota. Our results indicate that Bifidobacterium is a safe and effective probiotic for treating liver lesions. It successfully restored balance to the intestinal microbiota and improved biochemical and clinical parameters in NAFLD, ALD, and Cirrhosis. No significant adverse effects were identified. While more research is needed to establish its efficacy in treating NASH and HCC, the evidence suggests that Bifidobacterium is a promising probiotic for managing liver lesions.

Isolated Lactobacillus fermentum Ab.RS22 from traditional dairy products inhibits HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation and modulates apoptosis by the PTEN-Akt pathway

Objectives

It is worthwhile to note that, some probiotics such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria isolated from dairy products have significant therapeutic effects against cancer cells. Here, we evaluated anti-proliferation and the apoptotic effects of isolated Lactobacillus fermentum Ab.RS22 from traditional dairy products on the HeLa cervical cancer cells in vitro.

Materials and Methods

The viability of treated HeLa cells with supernatant of Lactobacillus in 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 2 ng/ml concentrations, and IC50 values were detected by tetrazolium bromide. The L. fermentum Ab.RS22-induced cell death by flow cytometry was confirmed through evaluation of the expression of caspase-3, P53, PTEN, and AKT genes by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR).

Results

Most cytotoxicity effects of Lactobacillus on HeLa cells were detected in 2 ng/ml at 24 hr (P<0.01); also, the IC50 value was measured as 1.5 ng/ml. The findings of the flow cytometry assay showed that L. fermentum Ab.RS22 in 1.5 ng/ml concentration at 24 hr increased the percentage of both apoptosis and necrosis cells. Lactobacillus-induced cell death was verified through results of Real-time PCR; where expression of caspase-3, P53, and PTEN genes was increased (P<0.01), and also expression of AKT gene (anti-apoptotic) was decreased (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings showed that L. fermentum Ab.RS22 could dose-dependently inhibit the proliferation of the HeLa cells. Its apoptotic effect was confirmed via modulating PTEN/p53/Akt gene expression and activation of the caspase-3 mediated apoptosis pathway. Therefore, L. fermentum Ab.RS22 can be considered a valuable anticancer candidate against cervical cancer progression in subsequent studies.

Antitumor effect of exopolysaccharide from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL09 on melanoma mice via regulating immunity and gut microbiota

Exopolysaccharide (EPS-09) from L. plantarum WLPL09 was systemically investigated for the antitumor effect in B16F10 melanoma bearing mice model. The results showed that administraion of EPS-09 (200 mg/kg) could sigificantly inhibit the tumor growth of melanoma bearing mice, with a inhibition rate of 42.53 %. Meanwhile, compared to the Model group, high dose of EPS-09 (200 mg/kg) administraion could increase the spleen index (P = 0.10), promote the splenic lymphocytes proliferation under the stimulation of ConA and LPS with a proliferation rate of 120.58 % and 169.88 %, respectively, enhance the amount of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0149) in tumor tissue, as well as the serum content of cytokines, i.e., TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 (P < 0.05) and IL-6 (P = 0.039) of B16F10 melanoma bearing mice. The transcriptional level analysis revealed that EPS-09 (200 mg/kg) administraion could sigificantly (P < 0.05) upregulate the transcription of apoptosis raleted genes, i.e., P53, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, downregulate the transcription of angiogenesis markers, i.e., Vegf and Fgf2 compared with Model group. Furthermore, administration of EPS-09 could increase the abundance of phylum Firmicutes, family Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and genus Ruminococcus, but reduce the abundance of genus Prevotella, Akkermansia and Oscillospira. Taken together, these results indicate that administration of EPS-09 can induce apoptosis of tumor cell, inhibit tumor angiogenesis, improve the immunity, regulate the intestinal microbiota composition of B16F10 melanoma bearing mice, and play positive roles in the antitumor activity against melanoma.

Tumor-resident Lactobacillus iners confer chemoradiation resistance through lactate-induced metabolic rewiring

Tumor microbiota can produce active metabolites that affect cancer and immune cell signaling, metabolism, and proliferation. Here, we explore tumor and gut microbiome features that affect chemoradiation response in patients with cervical cancer using a combined approach of deep microbiome sequencing, targeted bacterial culture, and in vitro assays. We identify that an obligate L-lactate-producing lactic acid bacterium found in tumors, Lactobacillus iners, is associated with decreased survival in patients, induces chemotherapy and radiation resistance in cervical cancer cells, and leads to metabolic rewiring, or alterations in multiple metabolic pathways, in tumors. Genomically similar L-lactate-producing lactic acid bacteria commensal to other body sites are also significantly associated with survival in colorectal, lung, head and neck, and skin cancers. Our findings demonstrate that lactic acid bacteria in the tumor microenvironment can alter tumor metabolism and lactate signaling pathways, causing therapeutic resistance. Lactic acid bacteria could be promising therapeutic targets across cancer types.

The effect of probiotics on surgical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The effect of probiotics on postoperative infectious complications and nutritional status in patients with gastric cancer is still controversial, and a comprehensive search and analysis of the current relevant evidence is necessary. Our study aimed to define the effects of probiotics on surgical outcomes in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery. Up to June 20, 2023, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of probiotics in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery. Relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD) was used to calculate the effect sizes using RevMan 5.3. A total of nine studies reporting on 861 participants were included. Perioperative supplementation with probiotics did not improve weight loss (MD 0.73 kg; 95% CI: -0.56, 2.02) or serum prealbumin levels (MD 9.48 mg/L 95% CI: -3.43, 22.40), but did reduce the incidence of postoperative infectious complications (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28, 0.77), shorten the time to first exhaust (MD -11.27 h; 95% CI: -16.83, -5.70), the time to first defecation (MD -15.71 h; 95% CI: -25.62, -5.79), and the length of hospital stay (MD -0.94 days; 95% CI: -1.33, -0.55), and increase serum albumin levels (MD 0.73 g/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 1.46) in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery. Probiotics are effective in preventing postoperative infectious complications, promoting postoperative recovery, and improving nutritional status in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery. Our study highlights the importance of probiotics for healthcare systems and offers a potential strategy to improve the prognosis and reduce the medical burden of gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery.

Dysbiotic Co-Factors in Cervical Cancer. How the Microbiome Influences the Development of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of cervical cancer. The dysbiotic shift in the cervicovaginal microbiome appears to be a major co-factor in carcinogenesis. New analytical methods, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), can be used to detect all of the vaginal microorganisms present and therefore identify individual therapeutic options. The relationship of bacterial vaginosis and carcinogenesis, as well as possible indications for the use of microbiome analysis, will be discussed.

Relationship between Human Papillomavirus Status and the Cervicovaginal Microbiome in Cervical Cancer

Uterine cervical cancer (CC) is a complex, multistep disease primarily linked to persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). However, it is widely acknowledged that HR-HPV infection alone cannot account for the formation and progression of CC. Emerging evidence suggests that the cervicovaginal microbiome (CVM) also plays a significant role in HPV-related CC. Certain bacteria, such as Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Campylobacter, are currently being considered as potential microbiomarkers for HPV-positive CC. However, the composition of the CVM in CC is inconsistent; thus, further studies are needed. This review comprehensively discusses the complex interplay between HPV and the CVM in cervical carcinogenesis. It is postulated that the dynamic interaction between HPV and the CVM creates an imbalanced cervicovaginal microenvironment that triggers dysbiosis, enhances HPV persistence, and promotes cervical carcinogenesis. Moreover, this review aims to provide updated evidence on the potential role of bacteriotherapy, particularly probiotics, in the treatment of CC.

Immune-Onco-Microbiome: A New Revolution for Gynecological Cancers

Despite significant advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying gynaecological cancers, these cancers still remain widespread. Recent research points to a possible link between microbiota and cancer, and the most recent attention is focusing on the relationship between the microbiome, the immune system, and cancer. The microbiome diversity can affect carcinogenesis and the patient’s immune response, modulating the inflammatory cascade and the severity of adverse events. In this review, we presented the recent evidence regarding microbiome alterations in patients with gynaecological tumours to understand if the link that exists between microbiome, immunity, and cancer can guide the prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic management of gynaecological cancers.

Association of Cervical Dysbacteriosis, HPV Oncogene Expression, and Cervical Lesion Progression

As the fourth most common gynecological cancer, cervical cancer has resulted in more than 300,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. The expression of the human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes E6 and E7 is significantly involved in the initiation and progression of cervical neoplasia. Additionally, the composition of the vaginal microbiome was also closely associated with the ability of HPV to induce cervical cancer. However, the relationship between the expression of HPV E6/E7 oncogene and the composition of the vaginal microbiome has not been clearly explored. In our present study, to investigate the relationship between the HPV E6/E7 oncogene and vaginal microbiome, cervical swabs from 115 patients were collected, and their vaginal microbiomes were analyzed by using metagenomics sequencing. Along with the progression of cervical lesions, the diversity of cervical flora increased gradually, and the abundance of Lactobacillus decreased. Compared with the HPV group, the prevalence of HPV E6/E7 and oncogene expression level were significantly upregulated in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer (CC) groups. Additionally, a positive correlation between the expression of the HPV oncogene and the genera Sneathia, Salmonella, Leptotrichia, Pseudomonas, and Roseovarius in the HPV group was observed. In the CIN group, the enrichment of the genera Sneathia and Megasphaera was weakly linked with HPV oncogene overexpression. In the CC group, a strong association between the overabundance of the genera Peptostreptococcus and Enterococcus and the high expression of HPV oncogene was also found. The increased diversity of the vaginal microbiota and the decreased Lactobacillus abundance were significantly associated with the severity of cervical disease, and the expression of the HPV oncogene could also be regulated by certain pathogens in different stages of cervical lesions.

IMPORTANCE The main findings of this study were that we clarified the associations of the different bacterial species with the expression of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes at different stages of cervical cancer. Along with the severity of cervical lesions, the abundance of the genus and species of Lactobacillus obviously declined, while the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as the prevalence and expression of HPV E6/E7 oncogene, were increased dramatically.

The role of probiotics in vaginal health

Probiotics have been widely used in the treatment of intestinal diseases, but the effect of probiotics on female reproductive tract health is still controversial. Lactobacillus is the most abundant microorganism in the vagina, which is related to the vaginal mucosal barrier. Lactobacillus adheres to the vaginal epithelium and can competitively antagonize the colonization of pathogens. The factors produced by Lactobacillus, such as bacteriocin and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and maintain the low pH environment of the vagina. Probiotics play an important role in maintaining the stability of vaginal microenvironment, improving immune defense and blocking the progression of cervical cancer. We review the research progress of probiotics represented by Lactobacillus in gynecological diseases such as human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM), so as to provide basis for further exerting the role of probiotics in women’s health.

A review on anticancer, antibacterial and photo catalytic activity of various nanoparticles synthesized by probiotics

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that have a significant effect on host health and they are widely used in preventing and treating diseases. Nowadays probiotics are present in food, drug and several commercial complement products. In recent years the use of probiotics in the nanotechnology area, especially in nanoparticle synthesis, has significantly been increased. In this review, after some introduction about probiotic and their advantages, all the nanoparticles produced by probiotics are reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, biosynthetic mechanisms of nanoparticles and its applications in cancer therapy, antibacterial and photo catalytic activities, are also discussed.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles of Solanum nigrum and Its Anticancer Activity via the Induction of Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer

Effective cancer therapy can be achieved by using nano-drug delivery systems which provide a targeted drug delivery strategy by overcoming the drawbacks of conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. ZnO nanoparticles are a potent anticancer agent that causes tumor cell destruction with the targeted drug delivery. In this present study, green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles has been done using the plant Solanum nigrum. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were studied by the characterization techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, and XRD. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles of Solanum nigrum exhibited a significant anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines through the apoptotic pathway. The cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed using MTT assay, wound healing assay, DAPI staining, and acridine orange and ethidium bromide double staining. The expression patterns of β-catenin, p53, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were analyzed using reverse transcriptase-PCR. The results obtained from the study indicate that the ZnO nanoparticles of Solanum nigrum possess a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell lines through the inhibition of β-catenin and increasing the levels of p53, caspase-3, and caspase-9.

An Update on the Effectiveness of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer

Probiotics are living microbes that play a significant role in protecting the host in various ways. Gut microbiota is one of the key players in maintaining homeostasis. Cancer is considered one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. Although cancer treatment has received much attention in recent years, the number of people suffering from neoplastic syndrome continues to increase. Despite notable improvements in the field of cancer therapy, tackling cancer has been challenging due to the multiple properties of cancer cells and their ability to evade the immune system. Probiotics alter the immunological and cellular responses by enhancing the epithelial barrier and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic compounds, thereby reducing cancer burden and growth. The present review focuses on the various mechanisms underlying the role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Probiotic potential of Weissella paramesenteroides MYPS5.1 isolated from customary dairy products and its therapeutic application

Probiotics are viable microorganisms that confer general health benefits to the host when consumed in an adequate concentration. Probiotics may also possess strain-specific therapeutic properties and therefore finding novel strains with probiotic properties is becoming increasingly important. The present study has focused on the isolation of probiotic bacteria from dairy products which possessed potential therapeutic properties. Of the 79 strains isolated, eight were selected for further studies based on a number of traits including biofilm formation, deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity, agglutination activity, auto-aggregation activity, antibiotic resistance, and antagonistic activity. Strain MYPS5.1 was selected from the eight isolates as the best potential probiotic candidate strain and was subsequently identified as Weissella paramesenteroides by 16S rDNA gene sequencing and sequence analysis. W. paramesenteroides strain MYPS5.1 was resistant to a number of antibiotics and the strain produced a high concentration of exopolysaccharide (EPS) (380.42 mg/L). The functional groups C-H, C = C, N = N, N-H, and C-O in the EPS were identified by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Computational studies showed that it interacted with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), a molecule which is thought to play a role in cancer pathogenesis (REF). Collectively, these results suggest that Weissella paramesenteroides MYPS5.1 is a potential probiotic strain with potential therapeutic properties.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03074-2.

Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 Suppressed HPV Gene Expression and Inhibited Cervical Cancer Cells

Microbiota of lower female reproductive tract is special in its microorganism composition with Lactobacillus as the predominant bacteria. A few of Lactobacillus species have been identified to benefit the inhibition of inflammatory and malignant diseases. Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 is a strain isolated from traditional fermented food and had been demonstrate to ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice. In the present study, effects of Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 on cervical cancer cells were investigated. Supernatants of lysates and heat-inactivated Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 were found to inhibit the expression of human papillomavirus genes E6/E7 which is the main causative factor of cervical cancer. With MTT, EdU staining, and TUNEL staining assays, Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 was shown to suppress the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Additionally, with wound-healing and Western-blot assays, Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 was shown to slowdown the migration of cervical cancer cells and altered the expression of metastasis-related genes. These results demonstrated the anti-cervical cancer potential of Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23.

Microbes in gynecologic cancers: Causes or consequences and therapeutic potential

Gynecologic cancers, starting in the reproductive organs of females, include cancer of cervix, endometrium, ovary commonly and vagina and vulva rarely. The changes in the composition of microbiome in gut and vagina affect immune and metabolic signaling of the host cells resulting in chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, genome instability, epithelial barrier breach and metabolic dysregulation that may lead to the onset or aggravated progression of gynecologic cancers. While microbiome in gynecologic cancers is just at horizon, certain significant microbiome signature associations have been found. Cervical cancer is accompanied with high loads of human papillomavirus, Fusobacteria and Sneathia species; endometrial cancer is reported to have presence of Atopobium vaginae and Porphyromonas species and significantly elevated levels of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phylum bacteria, with Chlamydia trachomatis, Lactobacillus and Mycobacterium reported in ovarian cancer. Balancing microbiome composition in gynecologic cancers has the potential to be used as a therapeutic target. For example, the Lactobacillus species may play an important role in blocking adhesions of incursive pathogens to vaginal epithelium by lowering the pH, producing bacteriocins and employing competitive exclusions. The optimum or personalized balance of the microbiota can be maintained using pre- and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantations loaded with specific bacteria. Current evidence strongly suggest that a healthy microbiome can train and trigger the body's immune response to attack various gynecologic cancers. Furthermore, microbiome modulations can potentially contribute to improvements in immuno-oncology therapies.