1
|
Xu Z, Goel HL, Burkart C, Burman L, Chong YE, Barber AG, Geng Y, Zhai L, Wang M, Kumar A, Menefee A, Polizzi C, Eide L, Rauch K, Rahman J, Hamel K, Fogassy Z, Klopp-Savino S, Paz S, Zhang M, Cubitt A, Nangle LA, Mercurio AM. Inhibition of VEGF binding to neuropilin-2 enhances chemosensitivity and inhibits metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf1128. [PMID: 37134152 PMCID: PMC10583499 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although blocking the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to neuropilin-2 (NRP2) on tumor cells is a potential strategy to treat aggressive carcinomas, a lack of effective reagents that can be used clinically has hampered this potential therapy. Here, we describe the generation of a fully humanized, high-affinity monoclonal antibody (aNRP2-10) that specifically inhibits the binding of VEGF to NRP2, conferring antitumor activity without causing toxicity. Using triple-negative breast cancer as a model, we demonstrated that aNRP2-10 could be used to isolate cancer stem cells (CSCs) from heterogeneous tumor populations and inhibit CSC function and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. aNRP2-10 sensitized cell lines, organoids, and xenografts to chemotherapy and inhibited metastasis by promoting the differentiation of CSCs to a state that is more responsive to chemotherapy and less prone to metastasis. These data provide justification for the initiation of clinical trials designed to improve the response of patients with aggressive tumors to chemotherapy using this monoclonal antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanyan Geng
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Pangu Biopharma, 26th Floor, Three Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liting Zhai
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Pangu Biopharma, 26th Floor, Three Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Eide
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Arthur M. Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
O’Connell F, Mylod E, Donlon NE, Heeran AB, Butler C, Bhardwaj A, Ramjit S, Durand M, Lambe G, Tansey P, Welartne I, Sheahan KP, Yin X, Donohoe CL, Ravi N, Dunne MR, Brennan L, Reynolds JV, Roche HM, O’Sullivan J. Energy Metabolism, Metabolite, and Inflammatory Profiles in Human Ex Vivo Adipose Tissue Are Influenced by Obesity Status, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Treatment Regimes in Patients with Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061681. [PMID: 36980567 PMCID: PMC10046380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is a poor prognosis cancer with limited response rates to current treatment modalities and has a strong link to obesity. To better elucidate the role of visceral adiposity in this disease state, a full metabolic profile combined with analysis of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, metabolites, and lipid profiles were assessed in human ex vivo adipose tissue explants from obese and non-obese OAC patients. These data were then related to extensive clinical data including obesity status, metabolic dysfunction, previous treatment exposure, and tumour regression grades. Real-time energy metabolism profiles were assessed using the seahorse technology. Adipose explant conditioned media was screened using multiplex ELISA to assess secreted levels of 54 pro-inflammatory mediators. Targeted secreted metabolite and lipid profiles were analysed using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Adipose tissue explants and matched clinical data were collected from OAC patients (n = 32). Compared to visceral fat from non-obese patients (n = 16), visceral fat explants from obese OAC patients (n = 16) had significantly elevated oxidative phosphorylation metabolism profiles and an increase in Eotaxin-3, IL-17A, IL-17D, IL-3, MCP-1, and MDC and altered secretions of glutamine associated metabolites. Adipose explants from patients with metabolic dysfunction correlated with increased oxidative phosphorylation metabolism, and increases in IL-5, IL-7, SAA, VEGF-C, triacylglycerides, and metabolites compared with metabolically healthy patients. Adipose explants generated from patients who had previously received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 14) showed elevated secretions of pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-12p40, IL-1α, IL-22, and TNF-β and a decreased expression of triacylglycerides. Furthermore, decreased secreted levels of triacylglycerides were also observed in the adipose secretome of patients who received the chemotherapy-only regimen FLOT compared with patients who received no neo-adjuvant treatment or chemo-radiotherapy regimen CROSS. For those patients who showed the poorest response to currently available treatments, their adipose tissue was associated with higher glycolytic metabolism compared to patients who had good treatment responses. This study demonstrates that the adipose secretome in OAC patients is enriched with mediators that could prime the tumour microenvironment to aid tumour progression and attenuate responses to conventional cancer treatments, an effect which appears to be augmented by obesity and metabolic dysfunction and exposure to different treatment regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eimear Mylod
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel E. Donlon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling B. Heeran
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine Butler
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Ramjit
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Durand
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Lambe
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Tansey
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ivan Welartne
- Department of Radiology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin P. Sheahan
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire L. Donohoe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Narayanasamy Ravi
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R. Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- School of Chemical & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Tallaght, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin S, Zhou L, Gao W, Shen Z. Metabolic Adaptation-Mediated Cancer Survival and Progression in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071324. [PMID: 35883815 PMCID: PMC9311581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Undue elevation of ROS levels commonly occurs during cancer evolution as a result of various antitumor therapeutics and/or endogenous immune response. Overwhelming ROS levels induced cancer cell death through the dysregulation of ROS-sensitive glycolytic enzymes, leading to the catastrophic depression of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which are critical for cancer survival and progression. However, cancer cells also adapt to such catastrophic oxidative and metabolic stresses by metabolic reprograming, resulting in cancer residuality, progression, and relapse. This adaptation is highly dependent on NADPH and GSH syntheses for ROS scavenging and the upregulation of lipolysis and glutaminolysis, which fuel tricarboxylic acid cycle-coupled OXPHOS and biosynthesis. The underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, thus presenting a promising field with opportunities to manipulate metabolic adaptations for cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, we provide a summary of the mechanisms of metabolic regulation in the adaptation of cancer cells to oxidative stress and the current understanding of its regulatory role in cancer survival and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wei Gao
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (Z.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lahooti B, Poudel S, Mikelis CM, Mattheolabakis G. MiRNAs as Anti-Angiogenic Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer: Synopsis and Potential. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705634. [PMID: 34956857 PMCID: PMC8695604 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key mechanism for tumor growth and metastasis and has been a therapeutic target for anti-cancer treatments. Intensive vascular growth is concomitant with the rapidly proliferating tumor cell population and tumor outgrowth. Current angiogenesis inhibitors targeting either one or a few pro-angiogenic factors or a range of downstream signaling molecules provide clinical benefit, but not without significant side effects. miRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and their dysregulation has been associated with tumor progression, metastasis, resistance, and the promotion of tumor-induced angiogenesis. In this mini-review, we provide a brief overview of the current anti-angiogenic approaches, their molecular targets, and side effects, as well as discuss existing literature on the role of miRNAs in angiogenesis. As we highlight specific miRNAs, based on their activity on endothelial or cancer cells, we discuss their potential for anti-angiogenic targeting in cancer as adjuvant therapy and the importance of angiogenesis being evaluated in such combinatorial approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Sagun Poudel
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Constantinos M. Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George Mattheolabakis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Emerging role of ferroptosis in breast cancer: New dawn for overcoming tumor progression. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107992. [PMID: 34606782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become a serious threat to women's health. Cancer progression is mainly derived from resistance to apoptosis induced by procedures or therapies. Therefore, new drugs or models that can overcome apoptosis resistance should be identified. Ferroptosis is a recently identified mode of cell death characterized by excess reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation. Since ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, its induction successfully eliminates cancer cells that are resistant to other modes of cell death. Therefore, ferroptosis may become a new direction around which to design breast cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the complete appearance of ferroptosis in breast cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, whether ferroptosis inducers can be used in combination with traditional anti- breast cancer drugs is still unknown. Moreover, a summary of ferroptosis in breast cancer progression and therapy is currently not available. In this review, we discuss the roles of ferroptosis-associated modulators glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, iron, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2, superoxide dismutases, lipoxygenase and coenzyme Q in breast cancer. Furthermore, we provide evidence that traditional drugs against breast cancer induce ferroptosis, and that ferroptosis inducers eliminate breast cancer cells. Finally, we put forward prospect of using ferroptosis inducers in breast cancer therapy, and predict possible obstacles and corresponding solutions. This review will deepen our understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and breast cancer, and provide new insights into breast cancer-related therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mandal S, Bandyopadhyay S, Tyagi K, Roy A. Recent advances in understanding the molecular role of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gamma 1 as an emerging onco-driver and novel therapeutic target in human carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188619. [PMID: 34454048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide metabolism is crucial intracellular signaling system that regulates a plethora of biological functions including mitogenesis, cell proliferation and division. Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) which belongs to phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) family, is activated by many extracellular stimuli including hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors and modulates several cellular and physiological functions necessary for tumorigenesis such as cell survival, migration, invasion and angiogenesis by generating inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) via hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). Cancer remains as a leading cause of global mortality and aberrant expression and regulation of PLCγ1 is linked to a plethora of deadly human cancers including carcinomas of the breast, lung, pancreas, stomach, prostate and ovary. Although PLCγ1 cross-talks with many onco-drivers and signaling circuits including PI3K, AKT, HIF1-α and RAF/MEK/ERK cascade, its precise role in carcinogenesis is not completely understood. This review comprehensively discussed the status quo of this ubiquitously expressed phospholipase as a tumor driver and highlighted its significance as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Furthermore, we have highlighted the significance of somatic driver mutations in PLCG1 gene and molecular roles of PLCγ1 in several major human cancers, a knowledgebase that can be utilized to develop novel, isoform-specific small molecule inhibitors of PLCγ1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India.
| | - Shrabasti Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Impact of EcSOD Perturbations in Cancer Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081219. [PMID: 34439467 PMCID: PMC8388922 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a normal byproduct of cellular metabolism and are required components in cell signaling and immune responses. However, an imbalance of ROS can lead to oxidative stress in various pathological states. Increases in oxidative stress are one of the hallmarks in cancer cells, which display an altered metabolism when compared to corresponding normal cells. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion (O2−) in the extracellular environment. By doing so, this enzyme provides the cell with a defense against oxidative damage by contributing to redox balance. Interestingly, EcSOD expression has been found to be decreased in a variety of cancers, and this loss of expression may contribute to the development and progression of malignancies. In addition, recent compounds can increase EcSOD activity and expression, which has the potential for altering this redox signaling and cellular proliferation. This review will explore the role that EcSOD expression plays in cancer in order to better understand its potential as a tool for the detection, predicted outcomes and potential treatment of malignancies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hipólito A, Martins F, Mendes C, Lopes-Coelho F, Serpa J. Molecular and Metabolic Reprogramming: Pulling the Strings Toward Tumor Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:656851. [PMID: 34150624 PMCID: PMC8209414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major hurdle to the efficient treatment of cancer, accounting for the great majority of cancer-related deaths. Although several studies have disclosed the detailed mechanisms underlying primary tumor formation, the emergence of metastatic disease remains poorly understood. This multistep process encompasses the dissemination of cancer cells to distant organs, followed by their adaptation to foreign microenvironments and establishment in secondary tumors. During the last decades, it was discovered that these events may be favored by particular metabolic patterns, which are dependent on reprogrammed signaling pathways in cancer cells while they acquire metastatic traits. In this review, we present current knowledge of molecular mechanisms that coordinate the crosstalk between metastatic signaling and cellular metabolism. The recent findings involving the contribution of crucial metabolic pathways involved in the bioenergetics and biosynthesis control in metastatic cells are summarized. Finally, we highlight new promising metabolism-based therapeutic strategies as a putative way of impairing metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hipólito
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cindy Mendes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lopes-Coelho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO. SOD3 Is a Non-Mutagenic Growth Regulator Affecting Cell Migration and Proliferation Signal Transduction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050635. [PMID: 33919252 PMCID: PMC8143115 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) family isoenzymes, SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3, synthesize hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which regulates the signal transduction. H2O2 is a second messenger able to enter into the cells through aquaporin 3 cell membrane channels and to modify protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. SOD3 has been shown to activate signaling pathways in tissue injuries, inflammation, and cancer models. Similar to the H2O2 response in the cells, the cellular response of SOD3 is dose-dependent; even a short supraphysiological concentration reduces the cell survival and activates the growth arrest and apoptotic signaling, whereas the physiological SOD3 levels support its growth and survival. In the current work, we studied the signaling networks stimulated by SOD3 overexpression demonstrating a high diversity in the activation of signaling cascades. The results obtained suggest that SOD3, although inducing cell growth and affecting various biological processes, does not cause detectable long-term DNA aberrations. Therefore, according to the present data, SOD3 is not a mutagen. Additionally, we compared SOD3-driven immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts to SV40 immortalized NIH3T3 cells, demonstrating a marked difference in the activation of cellular kinases. The data presented may contain important druggable targets to abrogate unwanted cell growth.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kong D, Zhou H, Neelakantan D, Hughes CJ, Hsu JY, Srinivasan RR, Lewis MT, Ford HL. VEGF-C mediates tumor growth and metastasis through promoting EMT-epithelial breast cancer cell crosstalk. Oncogene 2021; 40:964-979. [PMID: 33299122 PMCID: PMC7867573 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that a subset of cells within primary breast cancers can undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although the role of EMT in metastasis remains controversial. We previously demonstrated that breast cancer cells that had undergone an oncogenic EMT could increase metastasis of neighboring cancer cells via non-canonical paracrine-mediated activation of GLI activity that is dependent on SIX1 expression in the EMT cancer cells. However, the mechanism by which these SIX1-expressing EMT cells activate GLI signaling remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for activation of GLI-mediated signaling in epithelial breast tumor cells via EMT cell-induced production and secretion of VEGF-C. We show that VEGF-C, secreted by breast cancer cells that have undergone an EMT, promotes paracrine-mediated increases in proliferation, migration, and invasion of epithelial breast cancer cells, via non-canonical activation of GLI-signaling. We further show that the aggressive phenotypes, including metastasis, imparted by EMT cells on adjacent epithelial cancer cells can be disrupted by either inhibiting VEGF-C in EMT cells or by knocking down NRP2, a receptor which interacts with VEGF-C, in neighboring epithelial cancer cells. Interrogation of TCGA and GEO public datasets supports the relevance of this pathway in human breast cancer, demonstrating that VEGF-C strongly correlates with activation of Hedgehog signaling and EMT in the human disease. Our study suggests that the VEGF-C/NRP2/GLI axis is a novel and conserved paracrine means by which EMT cells enhance metastasis, and provides potential targets for therapeutic intervention in this heterogeneous disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deepika Neelakantan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Connor J Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Program in Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Program in Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Program in Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martínez-Rey D, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Mira E, Mañes S. Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, the Endothelial Basement Membrane, and the WNT Pathway: New Players in Vascular Normalization and Tumor Infiltration by T-Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579552. [PMID: 33250894 PMCID: PMC7673374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are major players in the immune-mediated control of cancer and the response to immunotherapy. In primary cancers, however, TILs are commonly absent, suggesting T-cell entry into the tumor microenvironment (TME) to be selectively restricted. Blood and lymph vessels are the first barriers that circulating T-cells must cross to reach the tumor parenchyma. Certainly, the crossing of the endothelial cell (EC) basement membrane (EC-BM)—an extracellular matrix underlying EC—is a limiting step in T-cell diapedesis. This review highlights new data suggesting the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase-3 (SOD3) to be a regulator of EC-BM composition in the tumor vasculature. In the EC, SOD3 induces vascular normalization and endows the EC-BM with the capacity for the extravasation of effector T-cells into the TME, which it achieves via the WNT signaling pathway. However, when activated in tumor cells, this same pathway is reported to exclude TILs. SOD3 also regulates TIL density in primary human colorectal cancers (CRC), thus affecting the relapse rate and patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martínez-Rey
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Fundación de Investigación Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Mira
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dumond A, Pagès G. Neuropilins, as Relevant Oncology Target: Their Role in the Tumoral Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:662. [PMID: 32766254 PMCID: PMC7380111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the key mechanisms involved in tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR) represent one of the major signaling pathways which mediates angiogenesis. The VEGF/VEGFR axis was intensively targeted by monoclonal antibodies or by tyrosine kinase inhibitors to destroy the tumor vascular network. By inhibiting oxygen and nutrient supply, this strategy was supposed to cure cancers. However, despite a lengthening of the progression free survival in several types of tumors including colon, lung, breast, kidney, and ovarian cancers, modest improvements in overall survival were reported. Anti-angiogenic therapies targeting VEGF/VEGFR are still used in colon and ovarian cancer and remain reference treatments for renal cell carcinoma. Although the concept of inhibiting angiogenesis remains relevant, new targets need to be discovered to improve the therapeutic index of anti-VEGF/VEGFR. Neuropilin 1 and 2 (NRP1/2), initially described as neuronal receptors, stimulate angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and immune tolerance. Moreover, overexpression of NRPs in several tumors is synonymous of patients' shorter survival. This article aims to overview the different roles of NRPs in cells constituting the tumor microenvironment to highlight the therapeutic relevance of their targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Dumond
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.,Inserm U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bao L, Zhao Y, Liu C, Cao Q, Huang Y, Chen K, Song Z. The Identification of Key Gene Expression Signature and Biological Pathways in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:1712-1726. [PMID: 32194783 PMCID: PMC7052876 DOI: 10.7150/jca.38379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the potential mechanisms contributing to metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), screen the hub genes, associated pathways of metastatic ccRCC and identify potential biomarkers. Methods: The ccRCC metastasis gene expression profile GSE47352 was employed to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DAVID was performed to assess Gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and modules were constructed. The function pathway, prognostic and diagnostic analysis of these hub genes was picked out to estimate their potential effects on metastasis of ccRCC. Results: A total of 873 DEGs were identified (503 upregulated genes and 370 downregulated genes). Meanwhile, top 20 hub genes were displayed. GO analysis showed that the top 20 hub genes were enriched in regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling, positive regulation of DNA replication, protein autophosphorylation, protein tyrosine kinase activity, etc. KEGG analysis indicated these hub genes were enriched in the Ras signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, Pathways in cancer, etc. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses for the hub genes disclosed important biological features of metastatic ccRCC. PPI network showed the interaction of top 20 hub genes. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that some of the hub genes was associated with metastasis, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia cancer and adipogenesis of ccRCC. Some top hub genes were distinctive and new discoveries compared with that of the existing associated researches. Conclusions: Our analysis uncovered that changes in signal pathways such as Ras signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc. may be the main signatures of metastatic ccRCC. We identified several candidate biomarkers related with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of ccRCC patients. Accordingly, they might be novel therapeutic targets and used as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis of ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - ChenChen Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thammineni KL, Thakur GK, Kaur N, Banerjee BD. Significance of MMP-9 and VEGF-C expression in North Indian women with breast cancer diagnosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 457:93-103. [PMID: 30993496 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-associated mortality and renders the targeted therapy fruitless in the patients of breast cancer. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) are thought to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF-C at both mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer and to correlate with lymph node metastasis and other clinicopathological characteristics. Biopsy specimens (N = 100) of breast cancer & benign breast disease (N = 100) were investigated for the mRNA expression of MMP-9 and VEGF-C by Real-time PCR and Protein expression by Western blot. Elevated levels of MMP-9 (p < 0.001) and VEGF-C (p < 0.001) expression were detected in breast cancer with corresponding to benign breast disease. Additionally, we found significantly increased levels of MMP-9 and VEGF-C in node-positive group with respect to node-negative group. Moreover, the levels of MMP-9 were significantly increased in larger tumor size (T3/T4) (p < 0.05) as compared to smaller size (T1/T2), which suggests that MMP-9 plays an important role in the progression of breast cancer. VEGF-C expression was associated with the TNM stage of tumor (p < 0.05). Further, a significant positive correlation was established between the mRNA levels of these two genes (p < 0.001). However, we could not obtain any significant correlation between expression of these genes with other clinicopathological parameters like tumor grade, age, menopausal status, and receptor status like ER, PR, and Her2. This study suggests that the high expression of MMP-9 and VEGF-C could act as markers for the tumor presence in breast cancer. In addition, this study recommends that expression of MMP-9 and VEGF-C was significantly associated with lymph node status and may provide valuable diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Further, MMP-9 expression was associated with the tumor size and VEGF-C expression was correlated with the staging of the tumor, although no association was observed with other clinicopathological variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Latha Thammineni
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Gaurav K Thakur
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Surgery, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Doğan F, Özateş NP, Bağca BG, Abbaszadeh Z, Söğütlü F, Gasımlı R, Gündüz C, Biray Avcı Ç. Investigation of the effect of telomerase inhibitor BIBR1532 on breast cancer and breast cancer stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1282-1293. [PMID: 30368861 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is emphasized that cancer stem cells (CSCs) forming the subpopulation of tumour cells are responsible for tumour growth, metastasis, and cancer drug resistance. Inadequate response to conventional therapy in breast cancer leads researchers to find new treatment methods and literature surveys that support CSC studies. A selective anticancer agent BIBR1532 inhibits the telomerase enzyme. Many of the chemotherapeutic drugs used in clinical trials have harmful effects, but the advantage of telomerase-based inhibitors is that they are less toxic to healthy tissues. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is common in breast cancer, and the interaction between the mTOR pathway and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is essential for the survival of cancer cells. In our study, we treated MCF-7, breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) and normal breast epithelial cell MCF10A with the BIBR1532 inhibitor. The IC 50 doses for the 48th hour of BIBR1532 treatment were detected as 34.59 μM in MCF-7, 29.91 μM in BCSCs, and 29.07 μM in MCF10A. It has been observed that this agent induces apoptosis in the BCSC and MCF-7 cell lines. According to the results of cell cycle analysis, G 2 /M phase accumulation was observed in BCSC and MCF-7 cell lines. It has also been shown that BIBR1532 suppresses telomerase activity in BCSC and MCF-7. The effect of BIBR1532 on the mTOR signalling pathway has been investigated for the first time in this study. It is thought that the telomerase inhibitor may bring a new approach to the treatment and it may be useful in the treatment of CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Doğan
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| | | | - Bakiye Göker Bağca
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Zeka Abbaszadeh
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Fatma Söğütlü
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Röya Gasımlı
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gündüz
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Çığır Biray Avcı
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
VEGF/Neuropilin Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030490. [PMID: 30678134 PMCID: PMC6387347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancer extends beyond angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Specifically, VEGF-mediated signaling occurs in tumor cells and this signaling contributes to key aspects of tumorigenesis including the self-renewal and survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In addition to VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases, the neuropilins (NRPs) are critical for mediating the effects of VEGF on CSCs, primarily because of their ability to impact the function of growth factor receptors and integrins. VEGF/NRP signaling can regulate the expression and function of key molecules that have been implicated in CSC function including Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and transcription factors. The VEGF/NRP signaling axis is a prime target for therapy because it can confer resistance to standard chemotherapy, which is ineffective against most CSCs. Indeed, several studies have shown that targeting either NRP1 or NRP2 can inhibit tumor initiation and decrease resistance to other therapies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO. Carcinogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling: Interaction of the NADPH Oxidase NOX1-5 and Superoxide Dismutase 1-3 Signal Transduction Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:443-486. [PMID: 29478325 PMCID: PMC6393772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction/oxidation (redox) balance could be defined as an even distribution of reduction and oxidation complementary processes and their reaction end products. There is a consensus that aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly observed in cancer, stimulate primary cell immortalization and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism how different ROS regulate redox balance is not completely understood. Recent Advances: In the current review, we have summarized the main signaling cascades inducing NADPH oxidase NOX1-5 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1-3 expression and their connection to cell proliferation, immortalization, transformation, and CD34+ cell differentiation in thyroid, colon, lung, breast, and hematological cancers. CRITICAL ISSUES Interestingly, many of the signaling pathways activating redox enzymes or mediating the effect of ROS are common, such as pathways initiated from G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors involving protein kinase A, phospholipase C, calcium, and small GTPase signaling molecules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The clarification of interaction of signal transduction pathways could explain how cells regulate redox balance and may even provide means to inhibit the accumulation of harmful levels of ROS in human pathologies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Beaini S, Saliba Y, Hajal J, Smayra V, Bakhos JJ, Joubran N, Chelala D, Fares N. VEGF-C attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9616-9630. [PMID: 30378108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for renal impairment leading to chronic kidney disease. High-salt diet leads to hypertonic skin interstitial volume retention enhancing the activation of the tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) within macrophages leading to vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) secretion and NOS3 modulation. This promotes skin lymphangiogenesis and blood pressure regulation. Whether VEGF-C administration enhances renal and skin lymphangiogenesis and attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension remains to be elucidated. Hypertension was induced in BALB/c mice by a high-salt diet. VEGF-C was administered subcutaneously to high-salt-treated mice as well as control animals. Analyses of kidney injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and biochemical markers were performed in vivo. VEGF-C reduced plasma inflammatory markers in salt-treated mice. In addition, VEGF-C exhibited a renal anti-inflammatory effect with the induction of macrophage M2 phenotype, followed by reductions in interstitial fibrosis. Antioxidant enzymes within the kidney as well as urinary RNA/DNA damage markers were all revelatory of abolished oxidative stress under VEGF-C. Furthermore, VEGF-C decreased the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and blood pressure as well as glomerular and tubular damages. These improvements were associated with enhanced TonEBP, NOS3, and lymphangiogenesis within the kidney and skin. Our data show that VEGF-C administration plays a major role in preserving renal histology and reducing blood pressure. VEGF-C might constitute an interesting potential therapeutic target for improving renal remodeling in salt-sensitive hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Beaini
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youakim Saliba
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Hajal
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Viviane Smayra
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jules-Joel Bakhos
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Joubran
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Saint Georges Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dania Chelala
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nassim Fares
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The relations of vascular endothelial growth factor–C and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.443836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
20
|
Bell R, Barraclough R, Vasieva O. Gene Expression Meta-Analysis of Potential Metastatic Breast Cancer Markers. Curr Mol Med 2018; 17:200-210. [PMID: 28782484 PMCID: PMC5748874 DOI: 10.2174/1566524017666170807144946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer metastasis is a highly prevalent cause of death for European females. DNA microarray analysis has established that primary tumors, which remain localized, differ in gene expression from those that metastasize. Cross-analysis of these studies allow to revile the differences that may be used as predictive in the disease prognosis and therapy. Objective: The aim of the project was to validate suggested prognostic and therapeutic markers using meta-analysis of data on gene expression in metastatic and primary breast cancer tumors. Method: Data on relative gene expression values from 12 studies on primary breast cancer and breast cancer metastasis were retrieved from Genevestigator (Nebion) database. The results of the data meta-analysis were compared with results of literature mining for suggested metastatic breast cancer markers and vectors and consistency of their reported differential expression. Results: Our analysis suggested that transcriptional expression of the COX2 gene is significantly downregulated in metastatic tissue compared to normal breast tissue, but is not downregulated in primary tumors compared with normal breast tissue and may be used as a differential marker in metastatic breast cancer diagnostics. RRM2 gene expression decreases in metastases when compared to primary breast cancer and could be suggested as a marker to trace breast cancer evolution. Our study also supports MMP1, VCAM1, FZD3, VEGFC, FOXM1 and MUC1 as breast cancer onset markers, as these genes demonstrate significant differential expression in breast neoplasms compared with normal breast tissue. Conclusion: COX2 and RRM2 are suggested to be prominent markers for breast cancer metastasis. The crosstalk between upstream regulators of genes differentially expressed in primary breast tumors and metastasis also suggests pathways involving p53, ER1, ERB-B2, TNF and WNT, as the most promising regulators that may be considered for new complex drug therapeutic interventions in breast cancer metastatic progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bell
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB. United Kingdom
| | - R Barraclough
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB. United Kingdom
| | - O Vasieva
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB. United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mira E, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Pérez-Villamil B, Casas J, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Martínez-Rey D, Martín-González P, Heras-Murillo I, Paz-Cabezas M, Tardáguila M, Oury TD, Martín-Puig S, Lacalle RA, Fabriás G, Díaz-Rubio E, Mañes S. SOD3 improves the tumor response to chemotherapy by stabilizing endothelial HIF-2α. Nat Commun 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 29422508 PMCID: PMC5805714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One drawback of chemotherapy is poor drug delivery to tumor cells, due in part to hyperpermeability of the tumor vasculature. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is an antioxidant enzyme usually repressed in the tumor milieu. Here we show that specific SOD3 re-expression in tumor-associated endothelial cells (ECs) increases doxorubicin (Doxo) delivery into and chemotherapeutic effect on tumors. Enhanced SOD3 activity fostered perivascular nitric oxide accumulation and reduced vessel leakage by inducing vascular endothelial cadherin (VEC) transcription. SOD3 reduced HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain protein activity, which increased hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) stability and enhanced its binding to a specific VEC promoter region. EC-specific HIF-2α ablation prevented both the SOD3-mediated increase in VEC transcription and the enhanced Doxo effect. SOD3, VEC, and HIF-2α levels correlated positively in primary colorectal cancers, which suggests a similar interconnection of these proteins in human malignancy. Tumour vasculature influences drug delivery. Here, the authors show that SOD3 re-expression enhances doxorubicin delivery and effects through normalization of tumour vasculature via the HIF-2a/VE-cadherin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mira
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lorena Carmona-Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Villamil
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - María Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Diego Martínez-Rey
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Paula Martín-González
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Mateo Paz-Cabezas
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Manuel Tardáguila
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Silvia Martín-Puig
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Lacalle
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriás
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Eduardo Díaz-Rubio
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hollern DP, Swiatnicki MR, Andrechek ER. Histological subtypes of mouse mammary tumors reveal conserved relationships to human cancers. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007135. [PMID: 29346386 PMCID: PMC5773092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer has been characterized by extensive transcriptional heterogeneity, with dominant patterns reflected in the intrinsic subtypes. Mouse models of breast cancer also have heterogeneous transcriptomes and we noted that specific histological subtypes were associated with particular subsets. We hypothesized that unique sets of genes define each tumor histological type across mouse models of breast cancer. Using mouse models that contained both gene expression data and expert pathologist classification of tumor histology on a sample by sample basis, we predicted and validated gene expression signatures for Papillary, EMT, Microacinar and other histological subtypes. These signatures predict known histological events across murine breast cancer models and identify counterparts of mouse mammary tumor types in subtypes of human breast cancer. Importantly, the EMT, Adenomyoepithelial, and Solid signatures were predictive of clinical events in human breast cancer. In addition, a pan-cancer comparison revealed that the histological signatures were active in a variety of human cancers such as lung, oral, and esophageal squamous tumors. Finally, the differentiation status and transcriptional activity implicit within these signatures was identified. These data reveal that within tumor histology groups are unique gene expression profiles of differentiation and pathway activity that stretch well beyond the transgenic initiating events and that have clear applicability to human cancers. As a result, our work provides a predictive resource and insights into possible mechanisms that govern tumor heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Hollern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Swiatnicki
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Eran R. Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Platonov ME, Borovjagin AV, Kaverina N, Xiao T, Kadagidze Z, Lesniak M, Baryshnikova M, Ulasov IV. KISS1 tumor suppressor restricts angiogenesis of breast cancer brain metastases and sensitizes them to oncolytic virotherapy in vitro. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:75-88. [PMID: 29269086 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
KISS1 tumor suppressor protein regulates cancer cell invasion via MMP9 metalloproteinase. Downregulation of KISS1 gene expression promotes progression of breast cancer and melanoma, resulting in the development of distant metastases. In the current study, we investigated whether restoration of KISS1 expression in KISS1-deficient human metastatic breast cancer cells holds potential as an advanced anticancer strategy. To this end we engineered an infectivity-enhanced conditionally-replicative human adenovirus type 5 encoding KISS1 as an "arming" transgene in the Ad5 E3 region for an ectopic KISS1 expression in transduced cancer cells. The oncolytic potential of the vector was examined using brain-invading metastatic clones of CN34 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which supported high levels of AdKISS1 replication, correlating with a robust CRAd-mediated cytotoxicity. Secretion of cellular factors responsible for tumor angiogenesis, cell-to-cell communication and anti-tumoral immune responses upon KISS1 expression in breast cancer cells was analyzed by a RayBiotech Kiloplex Quantibody array. Overall, our results indicate that KISS1 transgene expression provides an important benefit for CRAd-mediated cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells and holds potential as an anticancer treatment in conjunction with oncolytic virotherapy of breast and other metastatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E Platonov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anton V Borovjagin
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Kashirskoe Shosse 23, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Zaira Kadagidze
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Kashirskoe Shosse 23, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Maciej Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Marya Baryshnikova
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMN, Kashirskoe Shosse 23, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Ilya V Ulasov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Griess B, Tom E, Domann F, Teoh-Fitzgerald M. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and its role in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:464-479. [PMID: 28842347 PMCID: PMC5685559 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of cellular signaling and a strict balance of ROS levels must be maintained to ensure proper cellular function and survival. Notably, ROS is increased in cancer cells. The superoxide dismutase family plays an essential physiological role in mitigating deleterious effects of ROS. Due to the compartmentalization of ROS signaling, EcSOD, the only superoxide dismutase in the extracellular space, has unique characteristics and functions in cellular signal transduction. In comparison to the other two intracellular SODs, EcSOD is a relatively new comer in terms of its tumor suppressive role in cancer and the mechanisms involved are less well understood. Nevertheless, the degree of differential expression of this extracellular antioxidant in cancer versus normal cells/tissues is more pronounced and prevalent than the other SODs. A significant association of low EcSOD expression with reduced cancer patient survival further suggests that loss of extracellular redox regulation promotes a conducive microenvironment that favors cancer progression. The vast array of mechanisms reported in mediating deregulation of EcSOD expression, function, and cellular distribution also supports that loss of this extracellular antioxidant provides a selective advantage to cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression of EcSOD inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, indicating a role as a tumor suppressor. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms of deregulation and tumor suppressive function of EcSOD in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Griess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Eric Tom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Frederick Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, United States
| | - Melissa Teoh-Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Y, Wu K, Liu Y, Shi L, Tao K, Wang G. Prognostic significance of metabolic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 in breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8690. [PMID: 29145305 PMCID: PMC5704850 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Numerous studies have reported that aberrant pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) expressed in cancer, indicating that PKM2 plays a critical role in tumor initiation and progression. Nevertheless, its prognostic value in breast cancer tumor is yet contentious. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic significance of PKM2 in breast cancer. METHODS Eligible relevant literatures were retrieved by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase through December 2016. Articles that comparing different PKM2 expression levels in human breast cancer tissues and prognostic significance were included. Software RevMan 5.3 and STATA (Review Manager (RevMan): [Computer program]. Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014. STATA StataCorp. 2011. Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP) were applied to analyze the outcomes. Pooled results were presented in hazardous ratios (HRs) of 5-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and odds ratios (ORs) of clinicopathological features with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Data from 6 involved studies with 895 patients were summarized. Breast cancer patients with high PKM2 had a worse OS (pooled HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.31-2.08, P < .001) and PFS (pooled HR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.84-3.36, P < .00001). High PKM2 expression is related to lymph node metastasis (N1+N2+N3 vs N0, OR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.39-2.80, P = .0001). The outcome stability was verified via sensitivity analysis. But elevated PKM2 expression was not correlated to tumor stage (T2+T3 vs T1, pooled OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.36-1.77, P = .58) and differential grade (G2+G3 vs G1, OR = 2.74, 95%CI = 0.76-9.84, P = .12). No publication bias was found in the included studies for OS (Begg test, P = .260; Egger test, P = .747). CONCLUSIONS High PKM2 expression denotes worse OS and PFS in breast cancer patients, and correlate with the lymph node metastasis. However, there is no evidence for the impact of PKM2 expression on T stage and tumor differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
| | - Liang Shi
- Laboratory of Laparoscopic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu J, Xia J, Zhang Y, Fu M, Gong S, Guo Y. Associations between the expression of MTA1 and VEGF-C in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymph angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3275-3281. [PMID: 28927077 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression levels of metastasis-related gene 1 (MTA1) and vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with lymph angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. The paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 107 cases of ESCC and 56 cases of normal esophageal tissues were collected from the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital from March 2013 to January 2014. Immunohistochemical assays were performed to detect the expression levels of MTA1, VEGF-C and D2-40 in ESCC, and the micro-lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was evaluated. Their associations with various clinicopathological parameters were also analyzed. The protein expression levels of MTA1 and VEGF-C in ESCC were significantly higher compared with those in normal esophageal tissues (P<0.05); the high protein expression levels of MTA1 and VEGF-C in ESCC tissues at various tumor-node-metastasis stages exhibited statistically significant differences, as revealed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of MTA1 and VEGF-C in ESCC exhibited positive correlations (Spearman's ρ, r=0.512; P=0.000); the LVD level in the group with high expression of MTA1 and VEGF-C was significantly higher compared with in the low expression group (P<0.05). The comparison between MTA1 and VEGF-C protein expression levels in the group with a high rate of lymph node metastasis demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared with in the low lymph node metastasis group (P<0.05). The expression levels of MTA1 and VEGF-C in ESCC exhibited a positive correlation in ESCC, which may co-promote lymph angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in ESCC; therefore, they may be used as biomarkers for determining the prognosis of ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xia
- Department of Pathology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China
| | - Yongheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China
| | - Maoyong Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Proline-Rich Homeodomain protein (PRH/HHEX) is a suppressor of breast tumour growth. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e346. [PMID: 28604763 PMCID: PMC5519192 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumours progress from hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain/haematopoietically expressed homeobox) is a transcription factor that displays both tumour suppressor and oncogenic activity in different disease contexts; however, the role of PRH in breast cancer is poorly understood. Here we show that nuclear localization of the PRH protein is decreased in DCIS and IBC compared with normal breast. Our previous work has shown that PRH phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2 prevents PRH from binding to DNA and regulating the transcription of multiple genes encoding growth factors and growth factor receptors. Here we show that transcriptionally inactive phosphorylated PRH is elevated in DCIS and IBC compared with normal breast. To determine the consequences of PRH loss of function in breast cancer cells, we generated inducible PRH depletion in MCF-7 cells. We show that PRH depletion results in increased MCF-7 cell proliferation in part at least due to increased vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Moreover, we demonstrate that PRH depletion increases the formation of breast cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, and in keeping with these findings, we show that PRH overexpression inhibits the growth of mammary tumours in mice. Collectively, these data indicate that PRH plays a tumour suppressive role in the breast and they provide an explanation for the finding that low PRH mRNA levels are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
28
|
Galadari S, Rahman A, Pallichankandy S, Thayyullathil F. Reactive oxygen species and cancer paradox: To promote or to suppress? Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:144-164. [PMID: 28088622 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of highly reactive ions and molecules, are increasingly being appreciated as powerful signaling molecules involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. Indeed, their role is continuously being delineated in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. For instance, cancer cells are shown to have increased ROS levels in comparison to their normal counterparts. This is partly due to an enhanced metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells. The escalated ROS generation in cancer cells contributes to the biochemical and molecular changes necessary for the tumor initiation, promotion and progression, as well as, tumor resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, increased ROS in cancer cells may provide a unique opportunity to eliminate cancer cells via elevating ROS to highly toxic levels intracellularly, thereby, activating various ROS-induced cell death pathways, or inhibiting cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Such results can be achieved by using agents that either increase ROS generation, or inhibit antioxidant defense, or even a combination of both. In fact, a large variety of anticancer drugs, and some of those currently under clinical trials, effectively kill cancer cells and overcome drug resistance via enhancing ROS generation and/or impeding the antioxidant defense mechanism. This review focuses on our current understanding of the tumor promoting (tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and chemoresistance) and the tumor suppressive (apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis) functions of ROS, and highlights the potential mechanism(s) involved. It also sheds light on a very novel and an actively growing field of ROS-dependent cell death mechanism referred to as ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Al Jalila Foundation Research Centre, P.O. Box 300100, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Anees Rahman
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thomas C, Henry W, Cuiffo BG, Collmann AY, Marangoni E, Benhamo V, Bhasin MK, Fan C, Fuhrmann L, Baldwin AS, Perou C, Vincent-Salomon A, Toker A, Karnoub AE. Pentraxin-3 is a PI3K signaling target that promotes stem cell-like traits in basal-like breast cancers. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/467/eaah4674. [PMID: 28223411 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) exhibit hyperactivation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway because of the frequent mutational activation of the PIK3CA catalytic subunit and the genetic loss of its negative regulators PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and INPP4B (inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type II). However, PI3K inhibitors have had limited clinical efficacy in BLBC management because of compensatory amplification of PI3K downstream signaling loops. Therefore, identification of critical PI3K mediators is paramount to the development of effective BLBC therapeutics. Using transcriptomic analysis of activated PIK3CA-expressing BLBC cells, we identified the gene encoding the humoral pattern recognition molecule pentraxin-3 (PTX3) as a critical target of oncogenic PI3K signaling. We found that PTX3 abundance is stimulated, in part, through AKT- and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent pathways and that presence of PTX3 is necessary for PI3K-induced stem cell-like traits. We further showed that PTX3 expression is greater in tumor samples from patients with BLBC and that it is prognostic of poor patient survival. Our results thus reveal PTX3 as a newly identified PI3K-regulated biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in BLBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Whitney Henry
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin G Cuiffo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anthony Y Collmann
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Manoj K Bhasin
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Antoine E Karnoub
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Modulates Cancer Cell Growth and Migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41416. [PMID: 28216675 PMCID: PMC5316948 DOI: 10.1038/srep41416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor stroma-secreted growth factors, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence tumor development from early stages to the metastasis phase. Previous studies have demonstrated downregulation of ROS-producing extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) in thyroid cancer cell lines although according to recent data, the expression of SOD3 at physiological levels stimulates normal and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, to analyze the expression of SOD3 in tumor stroma, we characterized stromal cells from the thyroid. We report mutually exclusive desmoplasia and inflammation in papillary and follicular thyroid cancers and the presence of multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in non-carcinogenic thyroids and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The phenotypic and differentiation characteristics of Thyroid MSCs and PTC MSCs were comparable with bone marrow MSCs. A molecular level analysis showed increased FIBROBLAST ACTIVATING PROTEIN, COLLAGEN 1 TYPE A1, TENASCIN, and SOD3 expression in PTC MSCs compared to Thyroid MSCs, suggesting the presence of MSCs with a fibrotic fingerprint in papillary thyroid cancer tumors and the autocrine-paracrine conversion of SOD3 expression, which was enhanced by cancer cells. Stromal SOD3 had a stimulatory effect on cancer cell growth and an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, thus indicating that SOD3 might be a novel player in thyroid tumor stroma.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang W, Xia MX, Chen J, Yuan R, Deng FN, Shen FF. Gene Expression Characteristics and Regulation Mechanisms of Superoxide Dismutase and Its Physiological Roles in Plants under Stress. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:465-80. [PMID: 27297897 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are key enzymes functioning as the first line of antioxidant defense by virtue of the ability to convert highly reactive superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. SOD plays a central role in protecting plants against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species generated during normal cellular metabolic activity or as a result of various environmental stresses. Our review focuses on the characteristics of expression of SOD genes, the mechanisms regulating expression of SOD genes at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translation levels, and their functional role(s) during development and in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. We propose two important research directions: studying SOD at the genome-wide or proteome-wide level, and improving plant stress tolerances by selecting varieties using transgenic technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shirali S, Barari A, Hosseini SA, Khodadi E. Effects of Six Weeks Endurance Training and Aloe Vera Supplementation on COX-2 and VEGF Levels in Mice with Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:31-36. [PMID: 28240006 PMCID: PMC5563116 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine effects of six weeks endurance training and Aloe Vera supplementation on
COX-2 and VEGF levels in mice with breast cancer. For this purpose, 35 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:
control (healthy) and 4 cancer groups: control (cancer only), training, Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera + training. Breast
cancer tumors were generated in mice by implantind. The training program comprised six weeks of swimming training
accomplished in three sessions per week. Training time started with 10 minutes on the first day and increased to 60
minutes in the second week and the water flow rate was increased from 7 to 15 liters per minute at a constant rate. Aloe
Vera extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW was administrated to rats by intraperitoneal injection. At the end of the study
period, rats were anesthetized and blood samples were taken. Significant differences were concluded at p<0.05 with
Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Tukey tests to analyze the data. The results showed significant increase in levels of serum.
COX-2 and VEGF levels in the cancer group compared with the healthy group. Administration of Aloe Vera extract
caused significant decrease in the COX-2 level in the cancer group. Also, in the training (swimming exercise) and
Aloe Vera + training cancer groups, we observed significant decrease in the VEGF level as compared to controls. Our
results suggest that Aloe Vera and training inhibit the COX pathway and cause decrease production of prostaglandin
E2. Hence administration of Aloe Vera in combination with endurance training might synergistically improve the host
milieu in mice bearing breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shirali
- Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol,Student Research Committee, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
γKlotho is a novel marker and cell survival factor in a subset of triple negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2611-28. [PMID: 26556877 PMCID: PMC4823059 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, breast cancer mortality has declined. However, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenging problem mostly due to early recurrence and lack of molecularly driven treatments. There is a critical need to identify subgroups of TNBC with common molecular features that can be therapeutically targeted. Here we show that in contrast to Klotho and βKlotho, the third member of the Klotho protein family, γKlotho, is overexpressed in more than 60% of TNBCs and correlates with poorer disease progression. Furthermore, we find that γKlotho is expressed in a subset of TNBC cell lines promoting cell growth. Importantly, we demonstrate that in these cells γKlotho is necessary for cell survival and that its depletion leads to constitutive ERK activation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, we observe increased oxidative stress in γKlotho-depleted cells suggesting that γKlotho enables cancer cells to cope with an oxidative environment and that cells become dependent on its expression to maintain this survival advantage. These findings indicate that γKlotho might be a potential marker for patients that would benefit from treatments that alter oxidative stress and constitutes a novel drug target for a subset of TN breast cancers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Castillo B, Kim SH, Sharief M, Sun T, Kim LW. SodC modulates ras and PKB signaling in Dictyostelium. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 96:1-12. [PMID: 27919433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the basal RasG activity is aberrantly high in cells lacking Superoxide dismutase C (SodC). Here we report that other Ras proteins such as RasC and RasD activities are not affected in sodC- cells and mutagenesis studies showed that the presence of the Cys118 in the Ras proteins is essential for the superoxide-mediated activation of Ras proteins in Dictyostelium. In addition to the loss of SodC, lack of extracellular magnesium ions increased the level of intracellular superoxide and active RasG proteins. Aberrantly active Ras proteins in sodC- cells persistently localized at the plasma membrane, but those in wild type cells under magnesium deficient medium exhibited intracellular vesicular localization. Interestingly, the aberrantly activated Ras proteins in wild type cells were largely insulated from their normal downstream events such as Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3) accumulation, Protein Kinase B (PKB) activation, and PKBs substrates phosphorylation. Intriguingly, however, aberrantly activated Ras proteins in sodC- cells were still engaged in signaling to their downstream targets, and thus excessive PKBs substrates phosphorylation persisted. In summary, we suggest that SodC and RasG proteins are essential part of a novel inhibitory mechanism that discourages oxidatively stressed cells from chemotaxis and thus inhibits the delivery of potentially damaged genome to the next generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Castillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mujataba Sharief
- Biochemistry PhD Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lou W Kim
- Biochemistry PhD Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang Y, Gao S, Wang W, Liang J. Temozolomide inhibits cellular growth and motility via targeting ERK signaling in glioma C6 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5732-5738. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
36
|
Linder MC. Ceruloplasmin and other copper binding components of blood plasma and their functions: an update. Metallomics 2016; 8:887-905. [PMID: 27426697 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00103c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We know that blood plasma contains many proteins and also other components that bind copper. The largest contributor to copper in the plasma is ceruloplasmin, which accounts for 40-70 percent. Apart from ceruloplasmin and albumin, most of these components have not been studied extensively, and even for ceruloplasmin and albumin, much remains to be discovered. New components with new functions, and new functions of known components are emerging, some warranting reconsideration of earlier findings. The author's laboratory has been actively involved in research on this topic. This review summarizes and updates our knowledge of the nature and functions of ceruloplasmin and the other known and emerging copper-containing molecules (principally proteins) in this fluid, to better understand how they contribute to copper homeostasis and consider their potential significance to health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Linder
- California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase: Growth Promoter or Tumor Suppressor? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3612589. [PMID: 27293512 PMCID: PMC4880707 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3612589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) gene transfer to tissue damage results in increased healing, increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. At molecular level, in vivo SOD3 overexpression reduces superoxide anion (O2−) concentration and increases mitogen kinase activation suggesting that SOD3 could have life-supporting characteristics. The hypothesis is further strengthened by the observations showing significantly increased mortality in conditional knockout mice. However, in cancer SOD3 has been shown to either increase or decrease cell proliferation and survival depending on the model system used, indicating that SOD3-derived growth mechanisms are not completely understood. In this paper, the author reviews the main discoveries in SOD3-dependent growth regulation and signal transduction.
Collapse
|
38
|
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Protects Neurons from Ischemic Damage via Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase 3. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:608-622. [PMID: 26746670 PMCID: PMC5026633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been shown to protect oligodendrocytes from ischemia by upregulating endogenous antioxidants. The goal of this study was to determine whether LIF protects neurons during stroke by upregulating superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3). Animals were administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 125 μg/kg LIF at 6, 24, and 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery. Neurons were isolated from rat pups on embryonic day 18 and used between 7 and 15 days in culture. Cells were treated with LIF and/or 10 μM Akt inhibitor IV with PBS and 0.1 % DMSO acting as vehicle controls. Neurons transfected with scrambled or SOD3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were subjected to 24-h ischemia after PBS or LIF treatment. LIF significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity and SOD3 expression in ipsilateral brain tissue compared to PBS. Following 24-h ischemia, LIF reduced cell death and increased SOD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) in vitro compared to PBS. Adding Akt inhibitor IV with LIF counteracted the decrease in cell death. Partially silencing the expression of SOD3 using siRNA prior to LIF treatment counteracted the protective effect of LIF-alone PBS treatment. These results indicate that LIF protects neurons in vivo and in vitro via upregulation of SOD3.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin Y, Liu F, Fan Y, Qian X, Lang R, Gu F, Gu J, Fu L. Both high expression of pyruvate kinase M2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C predicts poorer prognosis in human breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8028-37. [PMID: 26339369 PMCID: PMC4555697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) have been known to play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in breast cancer. However, the association between PKM2 and VEGF-C in breast cancer remains unclear. In the present study, a total of 218 specimens from breast cancer patients and 26 paired breast tumors with adjacent normal tissues as well as two breast cancer cell lines were enrolled to investigate the correlation between PKM2 and VEGF-C. We found that PKM2 and VEGF-C mRNA levels were both significantly increasing in breast tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues. Knockdown of PKM2 mRNA expression resulted in VEGF-C mRNA and protein down-regulated as well as cell proliferation inhibited. A positive correlation between PKM2 and VEGF-C expression was identified by immunohistochemical analyses of 218 specimens of patients with breast cancer (P=0.023). PKM2 high expression was significantly correlated with histological grade (P=0.030), lymph node stage (P=0.001), besides VEGF-C high expression was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion (P=0.012). While combined high expression of PKM2 and VEGF-C was found to be associated with worse histological grade, more lymph node metastasis, more lymphovascular invasion, shorter progression free survival (PFS), and poorer overall survival (OS) in human breast cancer. The results of the present study suggested that PKM2 expression was correlated with VEGF-C expression, and combination of PKM2 and VEGF-C levels had the better prognostic significance in predicting the poor outcome of patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Proportional Hazards Models
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiaolong Qian
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| | - Ronggang Lang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| | - Jun Gu
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at AlbanyNY 12201, United States
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of CancerTianjin 300060, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang CA, Tsai SJ. The non-canonical role of vascular endothelial growth factor-C axis in cancer progression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:718-24. [PMID: 25888649 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215583802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown in many clinical studies that the level of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) positively correlates with lymph node metastasis. Nevertheless, beyond the canonical role of VEGF-C in stimulating lymphangiogenesis and thus promoting lymph node/distant metastasis, emerging evidence indicates that expression of VEGF-C contributes to various aspects of carcinogenicity via autocrine regulation. The newly identified functions of VEGF-C include but are not limited to proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemo-resistance. Besides tumor cell autocrine regulation, VEGF-C can also modulate the immune system such that tumor cells more easily escape immune surveillance. Therefore, understanding the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms related to the VEGF-C axis may lead to alternative strategies for cancer treatment. This mini-review will focus on summarizing recent discoveries regarding the unconventional functions of VEGF-C in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-An Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|