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Pashaei Z, Malandish A, Alipour S, Jafari A, Laher I, Hackney AC, Suzuki K, Granacher U, Saeidi A, Zouhal H. Effects of HIIT training and HIIT combined with circuit resistance training on measures of physical fitness, miRNA expression, and metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese middle-aged women. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:123. [PMID: 38812051 PMCID: PMC11137892 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and HIIT combined with circuit resistance training (HCRT) on selected measures of physical fitness, the expression of miR-9, -15a, -34a, -145, and - 155 as well as metabolic risk factors including lipid profiles and insulin resistance in middle-aged overweight/obese women. METHODS Twenty-seven overweight/obese women aged 35-50 yrs. were randomized to HIIT (n = 14) or HCRT (n = 13) groups. The HIIT group performed running exercises (5 reps x 4 min per session) with active recovery between repetitions for 10 weeks with 5 weekly sessions. The HCRT group performed 10 weeks of HIIT and resistance training with 3 weekly HIIT sessions and 2 weekly HCRT sessions. Anthropometric measures (e.g., body mass), selected components of physical fitness (cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength), levels of miRNAs (miR-9, -15a, -34a, -145, and - 155), lipid profiles (total cholesterol; TC, Triglycerides; TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C), and insulin resistance; HOMA-IR index, were measured at baseline and week 10. RESULTS An ANOVA analysis indicated no significant group by time interactions (p > 0.05) for all anthropometric measures, and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). A significant group by time interaction, however, was found for the one-repetition maximum (IRM; p < 0.001, ES= 0.751 , moderate). A post-hoc test indicated an increase in the pre-to-post mean 1RM for HCRT (p = 0.001, ES = 1.83, large). There was a significant group by time interaction for miR-155 (p = 0.05, ES = 0.014, trivial). Levels for miR-155 underwent pre-to-post HIIT increases (p = 0.045, ES = 1.232, large). Moreover, there were also significant group by time interactions for TC (p = 0.035, ES = 0.187, trivial), TG (p < 0.001, ES = 0.586, small), LDL-C (p = 0.029, ES = 0.200, small) and HDL-C (p = 0.009, ES = 0.273, small). Post-hoc tests indicated pre-post HCRT decreases for TC (p = 0.001, ES = 1.44, large) and HDL-C (p = 0.001, ES = 1.407, large). HIIT caused pre-to-post decreases in TG (p = 0.001, ES = 0.599, small), and LDL-C (p = 0.001, ES = 0.926, moderate). CONCLUSIONS Both training regimes did not improve cardiovascular fitness. But, HCRT improved lower/upper limb muscle strength, and HIIT resulted in an increase in miR-155 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, HIIT and HCRT each improved selected metabolic risk factors including lipid profiles and glucose and insulin metabolism in overweight/obese middle-aged women. TRIAL REGISTRATION OSF, October, 4th 2023. Registration DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UZ92E . osf.io/tc5ky . "Retrospectively registered".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaleh Pashaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Malandish
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Afshar Jafari
- Department of Biological Sciences in sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences laboratory (M2S). UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, Rennes Cedex, 35044, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), Irodouer, 35850, France.
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Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-García I, Saz-Lara A, Garcia-Klepzig JL, Álvarez-Bueno C, Martínez-Vizcaino V. Comparative effect of different physical exercise training on exercise capacity and cardiac function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a network meta-analysis-ExIC-FEp Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 22:669-678. [PMID: 36718092 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This network meta-analysis aimed to compare the effect of different types of physical exercise [endurance training, endurance/resistance training, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] on exercise capacity and cardiac function parameters in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic search of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify experimental studies addressing the effect of different physical exercise training programmes on exercise capacity and cardiac function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Comparative evaluation of the effect of exercise training type was performed by conducting a standard pairwise meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis for direct and indirect comparisons between exercise training types and controls/non-interventions. Eleven studies were included in the analysis showing that endurance training improves the main exercise capacity parameters (VO2peak, workload, exercise time, peak heart rate, VO2, and 6 min walk distance). Additionally, endurance/resistance training showed a significant effect on VO2peak, workload, early mitral annulus velocity, and early mitral/mitral annulus velocity ratio. Finally, HIIT showed a significant effect on VO2peak, VO2, and the early mitral/mitral annulus velocity ratio. CONCLUSION Our findings support the effect of three different types of physical exercise on exercise capacity, mainly VO2peak. Additionally, endurance/resistance training and HIIT could reverse left ventricular remodelling in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42021276111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Alicia Saz-Lara
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | | | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaino
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
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Papadakis Z, Garcia-Retortillo S, Koutakis P. Effects of Acute Partial Sleep Deprivation and High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Postprandial Network Interactions. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:869787. [PMID: 36926086 PMCID: PMC10013041 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.869787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is deemed effective for cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system (ANS) health-related benefits, while ANS disturbance increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Postprandial lipemia and acute-partial sleep deprivation (APSD) are considered as CVD risk factors due to their respective changes in ANS. Exercising in the morning hours after APSD and have a high-fat breakfast afterwards may alter the interactions of the cardiovascular, autonomic regulation, and postprandial lipemic systems threatening individuals' health. This study examined postprandial network interactions between autonomic regulation through heart rate variability (HRV) and lipemia via low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in response to APSD and HIIE. Methods: Fifteen apparently healthy and habitually good sleepers (age 31 ± 5.2 SD yrs) completed an acute bout of an isocaloric HIIE (in form of 3:2 work-to-rest ratio at 90 and 40% of VO2 reserve) after both a reference sleep (RSX) and 3-3.5 h of acute-partial sleep deprivation (SSX) conditions. HRV time and frequency domains and LDL were evaluated in six and seven time points surrounding sleep and exercise, respectively. To identify postprandial network interactions, we constructed one correlation analysis and one physiological network for each experimental condition. To quantify the interactions within the physiological networks, we also computed the number of links (i.e., number of significant correlations). Results: We observed an irruption of negative links (i.e., negative correlations) between HRV and LDL in the SSX physiological network compared to RSX. Discussion: We recognize that a correlation analysis does not constitute a true network analysis due to the absence of analysis of a time series of the original examined physiological variables. Nonetheless, the presence of negative links in SSX reflected the impact of sleep deprivation on the autonomic regulation and lipemia and, thus, revealed the inability of HIIE to remain cardioprotective under APSD. These findings underlie the need to further investigate the effects of APSD and HIIE on the interactions among physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Panagiotis Koutakis
- Clinical Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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Papadakis Z, Forsse JS, Peterson MN. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Acute Partial Sleep Deprivation on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:824-842. [PMID: 32841103 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1788206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation in healthy adults has been associated with disrupted autonomic nervous system function, which in turn has been linked to cardiovascular health. High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) may affect both sleep and cardiac autonomic modulation. Purpose: To investigate the impact of acute partial sleep deprivation on autonomic cardiac regulation before and after an acute bout of HIIE and the length of time for the autonomic system to return to resting levels. Methods: Fifteen healthy males with body mass index (BMI) of 25.8 ± 2.7 kg·m-2 and age 31 ± 5 y participated in a reference sleep (~9.5 hr) with no HIIE (RS), a reference sleep with HIIE (RSX), and an acute partial sleep deprivation (~3.5 hr) with HIIE (SDX). HIIE was performed in 3:2 intervals at 90% and 40% of VO2 reserve. Autonomic regulation through HRV selected time and frequency domain indices were recorded the night before, the morning of the next day, 1 hr-, 2 hr-, 4hr-, and 6-hr post-exercise. Results: HIIE performed in a 3:2 W:R ratio decreased the HRV (p < .05) at 1-hr post exercise and it took up to 4 hr to return to baseline levels. Parasympathetic related HRV indices increased the morning of the next day for SDX (p < .05). Acute partial sleep deprivation and HIIE did not modify the HRV responses compared to reference sleep and HIIE. Conclusion: HRV disturbance typically seen in responses to an acute episode of HIIE is not influenced by acute partial sleep deprivation.
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Téllez-T LA, Camelo-Prieto D, Hernández-Quiñonez PA, Correa-Bautista JE, Garcia-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Effect of Moderate- Versus High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Inactive Latin-American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3403-3415. [PMID: 28198783 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ramírez-Vélez, R, Tordecilla-Sanders, A, Téllez-T, LA, Camelo-Prieto, D, Hernández-Quiñonez, PA, Correa-Bautista, JE, Garcia-Hermoso, A, Ramírez-Campillo, R, and Izquierdo, M. Effect of moderate- versus high-intensity interval exercise training on heart rate variability parameters in inactive Latin-American adults: a randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3403-3415, 2020-We investigated the effect of moderate versus high-intensity interval exercise training on the heart rate variability (HRV) indices in physically inactive adults. Twenty inactive adults were randomly allocated to receive either moderate-intensity training (MCT group) or high-intensity interval training (HIT group). The MCT group performed aerobic training at an intensity of 55-75%, which consisted of walking on a treadmill at 60-80% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax) until the expenditure of 300 kcal. The HIT group ran on a treadmill for 4 minutes at 85-95% peak HRmax and had a recovery of 4 minutes at 65% peak HRmax until the expenditure of 300 kcal. Supine resting HRV indices (time domain: SDNN = SD of normal-to-normal intervals; rMSSD = root mean square successive difference of R-R intervals and frequency domain: HFLn = high-frequency spectral power; LF = low-frequency spectral power and HF/LF ratio) were measured at baseline and 12 weeks thereafter. The SDNN changes were 3.4 (8.9) milliseconds in the MCT group and 29.1 (7.6) milliseconds in the HIT group {difference between groups 32.6 (95% confidence interval, 24.9 to 40.4 [p = 0.01])}. The LF/HFLn ratio changes were 0.19 (0.03) milliseconds in the MCT group and 0.13 (0.01) milliseconds in the HIT group (p between groups = 0.016). No significant group differences were observed for the rMSSD, HF, and LF parameters. In inactive adults, this study showed that a 12-week HIT training program could increase short-term HRV, mostly in vagally mediated indices such as SDNN and HF/LFLn ratio power. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02738385 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01796275, registered on March 23, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Luis A Téllez-T
- GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Diana Camelo-Prieto
- GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Paula A Hernández-Quiñonez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Correa-Bautista
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- School of Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Santiago, Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Center for Biomedical Research in Network (CIBER) of Fragility and Healthy Aging (CB16/10/00315), Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M, Castro-Astudillo K, Medrano-Mena C, Monroy-Díaz AL, Castellanos-Vega RDP, Triana-Reina HR, Correa-Rodríguez M. Weight Loss after 12 Weeks of Exercise and/or Nutritional Guidance Is Not Obligatory for Induced Changes in Local Fat/Lean Mass Indexes in Adults with Excess of Adiposity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082231. [PMID: 32722652 PMCID: PMC7468717 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this secondary analysis are (1) to investigate the differential effects of exercise training modalities-high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), combined training (CT = HIIT + RT), and/or nutritional guidance (NG) alone-on local fat/lean mass indexes in adults with excess of adiposity; (2) to identify the individual patterns of response based on either a clinical criterion of weight loss (≥5%) and/or technical error (TE) of measurement of local fat/lean mass indexes; and (3) to assess the individual change for body composition parameters assigned either to HIIT, RT, CT, and/or NG groups utilizing a TE. A 12-week trial was conducted in 55 participants randomized to one of the four interventions. The primary outcome was clinical change in body weight (i.e., weight loss of ≥5%). Secondary outcomes included change in ratio of android and gynoid fat mass, as well as local fat and lean mass indexes (arms, trunk, and legs), before and after intervention. The main findings from the current analysis revealed that (i) after 12 weeks of follow-up, significant decreases in several body composition indexes were found including body weight, arm, trunk, and legs fat mass, and android and gynecoid fat mass were observed in HIIT, RT, and CT groups (p < 0.05); (ii) a significant proportion of individuals showed a positive response following 12 weeks of training, led by the HIIT group with 44% and followed by RT with 39% in 9 indexes; (iii) the HIIT group showed lowest rates of adverse responders with (6%); and (iv) the individual patterns of response utilizing clinically meaningful weight loss were not necessarily associated with the corresponding individual training-induced changes in body composition indexes in adults with excess of adiposity. Overall, the study suggests that HIIT has an important ability to reduce the prevalence of non-response to improve body composition indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-695-526-321
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karem Castro-Astudillo
- Centro de Acondicionamiento Físico y Nutrición, KCFIT, Santiago de Cali, Valle 760011, Colombia;
| | - Carolina Medrano-Mena
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico;
| | - Angela Liliana Monroy-Díaz
- Programa de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud-Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150003, Boyacá, Colombia;
| | | | - Héctor Reynaldo Triana-Reina
- Grupo GICAEDS, Programa de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
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Tuttor M, von Stengel S, Kohl M, Lell M, Scharf M, Uder M, Wittke A, Kemmler W. High Intensity Resistance Exercise Training vs. High Intensity (Endurance) Interval Training to Fight Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight Men 30-50 Years Old. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:68. [PMID: 33345059 PMCID: PMC7739822 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases are leading causes of death worldwide. Exercise favorably affects this problem, however only few invest (enough) time to favorably influence cardiometabolic risk-factors and cardiac morphology/performance. Time-effective, high-intensity, low-volume exercise protocols might increase people's commitment to exercise. To date, most research has focused on high-intensity interval training (HIIT), the endurance type of HIT, while corresponding HIT-resistance training protocols (HIT-RT) are rarely evaluated. In this study we compared the effect of HIIT vs. HIT-RT, predominately on cardiometabolic and cardiac parameters in untrained, overweight-obese, middle-aged men. Eligible, untrained men aged 30–50 years old in full-time employment were extracted from two joint exercise studies that randomly assigned participants to a HIIT, HIT-RT or corresponding control group. HIIT predominately consisted of interval training 90 s−12 min, (2–4 sessions/week), HIT-RT (2–3 sessions/week) was applied as a single set resistance training to muscular failure. Core intervention length of both protocols was 16 weeks. Main inclusion criteria were overweight-obese status (BMI 25–35 kg/m2) and full employment (occupational working time: ≥38.5 h/week). Primary study-endpoint was the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Z-Score, secondary study-endpoints were ventricular stroke volume index (SVI) and myocardial mass index (MMI) as determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The Intention to treat (ITT) principle was applied to analyze the summarized data set. Twenty-seven eligible men of the HIT-RT and 30 men of the HIIT group were included in the ITT. Both interventions significantly (p < 0.001) improve the MetS Z-Score, however the effect of HIIT was superior (p = 0.049). In parallel, HIT-RT and HIIT significantly affect SVI and MMI, with the effect of HIIT being much more pronounced (p < 0.001). Although HIIT endurance exercise was superior in favorably affecting cardiometabolic risk and particularly cardiac performance, both exercise methods positively affect cardiometabolic risk factors in this overweight to obese, middle-aged cohort of males with low time resources. Thus, the main practical application of our finding might be that in general overweight-obese people can freely choose their preferred exercise type (HIIT-END or HIT-RT) to improve their cardiometabolic health, while investing an amount of time that should be feasible for everybody. Trial Registrations: NCT01406730, NCT01766791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tuttor
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Michael Lell
- Institute of Radiology, University-Hospital Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Michael Scharf
- Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Wittke
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Castro-Astudillo K, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Ruíz K, Izquierdo M, García-Hermoso A, Álvarez C, Ramírez-Campillo R, Correa-Rodríguez M. The Effect of 12 Weeks of Different Exercise Training Modalities or Nutritional Guidance on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Vascular Parameters, and Physical Fitness in Overweight Adults: Cardiometabolic High-Intensity Interval Training-Resistance Training Randomized Controlled Study. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2178-2188. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effects of high vs moderate-intensity intermittent training on functionality, resting heart rate and blood pressure of elderly women. J Transl Med 2020; 18:88. [PMID: 32066460 PMCID: PMC7027031 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study compared the effects of training and detraining periods of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on functional performance, body composition, resting blood pressure and heart rate in elderly women nursing home residents. Methods Forty-six volunteers (age, 80.8 ± 5.2 y; body mass, 69.8 ± 5.2 kg, height, 164.2 ± 4.12 cm) were divided into groups that performed treadmill exercise twice-weekly HIIT (4 bouts of 4-min intervals at 85–95% of the maximal heart rate [HRmax], interspersed by 4 min at 65% HRmax), MIIT (4 bouts of 4 min intervals at 55–75% HRmax, interspersed by 4 min at 45–50% HRmax) and MICT (30-min at 55–75% HRmax). Tests were performed before and after 8 weeks of training and 2 and 4 weeks of detraining. ANCOVA was used to analyze dependent variable changes. Results After 8 weeks HIIT promoted greater reductions in body mass (HIIT = − 1.6 ± 0.1 kg; MICT = − 0.9 ± 0.1 kg; MIIT = − 0.9 ± 0.1 kg; p = 0.001), fat mass (HIIT = − 2.2 ± 0.1%; MICT = − 0.7 ± 0.1%; MIIT = − 1.2 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001) and resting heart rate (HIIT = − 7.3 ± 0.3%; MICT = − 3.6 ± 0.3%; MIIT = − 5.1 ± 0.3%; p < 0.001) and greater improvement in the chair stand test (HIIT = 3.4 ± 0.1 reps; MICT = 2.5 ± 0.1 reps; MIIT = 3.1 ± 0.1 reps; p < 0.001) when compared to MIIT and MICT. These improvements were sustained after 2 and 4 weeks of detraining only in the HIIT group. Conclusion HIIT promoted greater benefits for body composition and functional performance than MICT and MIIT and also showed less pronounced effects of detraining. This suggests that the intensity of physical exercise is an important factor to consider when prescribing exercise to the elderly.
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Acute effect of three different exercise training modalities on executive function in overweight inactive men: A secondary analysis of the BrainFit study. Physiol Behav 2018; 197:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Velasco-Orjuela GP, Domínguez-Sanchéz MA, Hernández E, Correa-Bautista JE, Triana-Reina HR, García-Hermoso A, Peña-Ibagon JC, Izquierdo M, Cadore EL, Hackney AC, Ramírez-Vélez R. Acute effects of high-intensity interval, resistance or combined exercise protocols on testosterone – cortisol responses in inactive overweight individuals. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:401-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Domínguez-Sanchéz MA, Bustos-Cruz RH, Velasco-Orjuela GP, Quintero AP, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Correa-Bautista JE, Triana-Reina HR, García-Hermoso A, González-Ruíz K, Peña-Guzmán CA, Hernández E, Peña-Ibagon JC, Téllez-T LA, Izquierdo M, Ramírez-Vélez R. Acute Effects of High Intensity, Resistance, or Combined Protocol on the Increase of Level of Neurotrophic Factors in Physically Inactive Overweight Adults: The BrainFit Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 29997519 PMCID: PMC6030369 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the neurotrophic factor response following one session of high-intensity exercise, resistance training or both in a cohort of physically inactive overweight adults aged 18–30 years old. A randomized, parallel-group clinical trial of 51 men (23.6 ± 3.5 years; 83.5 ± 7.8 kg; 28.0 ± 1.9 kg/m2) who are physically inactive (i.e., < 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise per week or IPAQ score of <600 MET min/week for >6 months) and are either abdominally obese (waist circumference ≥90 cm) or have a body mass index, BMI ≥25 and ≤ 30 kg/m2 were randomized to the following four exercise protocols: high-intensity exercise (4 × 4 min intervals at 85–95% maximum heart rate [HRmax] interspersed with 4 min of recovery at 75–85% HRmax) (n = 14), resistance training (12–15 repetitions per set, at 50–70% of one repetition maximum with 60 s of recovery) (n = 12), combined high-intensity and resistance exercise (n = 13), or non-exercising control (n = 12). The plasma levels of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (also known as neurotrophin 4/5; NT-4 or NT-4/5), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined before (pre-exercise) and 1-min post-exercise for each protocol session. Resistance training induced significant increases in NT-3 (+39.6 ng/mL [95% CI, 2.5–76.6; p = 0.004], and NT-4/5 (+1.3 ng/mL [95% CI, 0.3–2.3; p = 0.014]), respectively. Additionally, combined training results in favorable effects on BDNF (+22.0, 95% CI, 2.6–41.5; p = 0.029) and NT-3 (+32.9 ng/mL [95% CI, 12.3–53.4; p = 0.004]), respectively. The regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between changes in BDNF levels and changes in NT-4/5 levels from baseline to immediate post-exercise in the combined training group (R2 = 0.345, p = 0.034) but not the other intervention groups. The findings indicate that acute resistance training and combined exercise increase neurotrophic factors in physically inactive overweight adults. Further studies are required to determine the biological importance of changes in neurotrophic responses in overweight men and chronic effects of these exercise protocols. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02915913 (Date: September 22, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Domínguez-Sanchéz
- Grupo de Investigación Movimiento Corporal Humano, Facultad de Enfermería y Rehabilitación, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Rosa H Bustos-Cruz
- Evidence-Based Therapeutic Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gina P Velasco-Orjuela
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea P Quintero
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Héctor R Triana-Reina
- Grupo GICAEDS, Programa de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Facultad de Salud, Programa de Fisioterapia, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Peña-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación INAM-USTA Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Enrique Hernández
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jhonatan C Peña-Ibagon
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Téllez-T
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Navarrabiomed, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Camargo-Ramos CM, Correa-Bautista JE, Correa-Rodríguez M, Ramírez-Vélez R. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Parameters in Overweight and Sedentary Subjects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1104. [PMID: 28984835 PMCID: PMC5664605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition has been established as a relevant factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and cardiometabolic risk parameters in a cohort of 90 overweight and sedentary adults from Bogotá, Colombia. A 24-h dietary record was used to calculate the DII. Body composition variables, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV), lipid profile, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac), and blood pressure were measured and a cardiometabolic risk score (MetScore) was calculated. A lower DII score (anti-inflammatory diet) was significantly associated with higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and FMD, and lower Hb1Ac and MetScore (p < 0.05). A lower DII score was inversely correlated with plasma triglyceride levels (r = -0.354, p < 0.05), glucose (r = -0.422, p < 0.05), MetScore (r = -0.228, p < 0.05), and PWV (r = -0.437, p < 0.05), and positively with FMD (r = 0.261, p < 0.05). In contrast, a higher DII score (pro-inflammatory diet) showed a positive relationship with MetScore (r = 0.410, p < 0.05) and a negative relationship with FMD (r = -0.233, p < 0.05). An increased inflammatory potential of diet was inversely associated with an improved cardiometabolic profile, suggesting the importance of promoting anti-inflammatory diets as an effective strategy for preventing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marcela Camargo-Ramos
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - María Correa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Avda, De la Ilustración, s/n, (18016), Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 111221, Colombia.
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Ruíz K, Tordecilla-Sanders A, García-Hermoso A, Schmidt-RioValle J, González-Jiménez E. The Role of Body Adiposity Index in Determining Body Fat Percentage in Colombian Adults with Overweight or Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101093. [PMID: 28934175 PMCID: PMC5664594 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of body adiposity index (BAI) as a convenient tool for assessing body fat percentage (BF%) in a sample of adults with overweight/obesity using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The study population was composed of 96 volunteers (60% female, mean age 40.6 ± 7.5 years old). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass index, height, waist-to-height ratio, hip and waist circumference), socioeconomic status, and diet were assessed, and BF% was measured by BIA-BF% and by BAI-BF%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between BAI-BF% and BF% assessed by BIA-BF%, while controlling for potential confounders. The concordance between the BF% measured by both methods was obtained with a paired sample t-test, Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plot analysis. Overall, the correlation between BF% obtained by BIA-BF% and estimated by BAI-BF% was r = 0.885, p < 0.001, after adjusting for potential confounders (age, socioeconomic status, and diet). Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was moderate in both sexes. In the men, the paired t-test showed a significant mean difference in BF% between the methods (−5.6 (95% CI −6.4 to −4.8); p < 0.001). In the women, these differences were (−3.6 (95% CI −4.7 to −2.5); p < 0.001). Overall, the bias of the BAI-BF% was −4.8 ± 3.2 BF%; p < 0.001), indicating that the BAI-BF% method significantly underestimated the BF% in comparison with the reference method. In adults with overweight/obesity, the BAI presents low agreement with BF% measured by BIA-BF%; therefore, we conclude that BIA-BF% is not accurate in either sex when body fat percentage levels are low or high. Further studies are necessary to confirm our findings in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá, DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Región Metropolitana, Santiago 7500618, Chile.
| | - Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Avda, De la Ilustración, s/n, (18016), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Emilio González-Jiménez
- Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Téllez-T LA, Camelo-Prieto D, Hernández-Quiñonez PA, Correa-Bautista JE, Garcia-Hermoso A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Similar cardiometabolic effects of high- and moderate-intensity training among apparently healthy inactive adults: a randomized clinical trial. J Transl Med 2017; 15:118. [PMID: 28558739 PMCID: PMC5450080 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, and exercise training is an important factor in the treatment and prevention of the clinical components of MetS. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training and steady-state moderate-intensity training on clinical components of MetS in healthy physically inactive adults. METHODS Twenty adults were randomly allocated to receive either moderate-intensity continuous training [MCT group; 60-80% heart rate reserve (HRR)] or high-intensity interval training (HIT group; 4 × 4 min at 85-95% peak HRR interspersed with 4 min of active rest at 65% peak HRR). We used the revised International Diabetes Federation criteria for MetS. A MetS Z-score was calculated for each individual and each component of the MetS. RESULTS In intent-to-treat analyses, the changes in MetS Z-score were 1.546 (1.575) in the MCT group and -1.249 (1.629) in the HIT group (between-groups difference, P = 0.001). The average number of cardiometabolic risk factors changed in the MCT group (-0.133, P = 0.040) but not in the HIT group (0.018, P = 0.294), with no difference between groups (P = 0.277). CONCLUSION Among apparently healthy physically inactive adults, HIT and MCT offer similar cardiometabolic protection against single MetS risk factors but differ in their effect on average risk factors per subject. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02738385 registered on March 23, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física « CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C, Colombia.
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física « CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Luis Andrés Téllez-T
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física « CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Diana Camelo-Prieto
- Grupo GICAEDS, Facultad de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Hernández-Quiñonez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física « CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física « CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte; Laboratorio de Medición y Evaluación Deportiva, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Unidad de Fisiología Integrativa, Laboratorio del Ciencias del Ejercicio, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CB16/10/00315), Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
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Effect of Lower and Upper Body High Intensity Training on Genes Associated with Cellular Stress Response. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2768546. [PMID: 28589135 PMCID: PMC5447314 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2768546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of upper and lower body high intensity exercise (HIE) on select gene expression in athletes. Fourteen elite male artistic gymnasts (age 20.9 ± 2.6 years; weight 68.6 ± 7.2 kg; fat free mass 63.6 ± 6.7 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.04 m) performed lower and upper body 30 s Wingate Tests (WAnTs) before and after eight weeks of specific HIIT. Two milliliters of blood was collected before and after (5, 30 min, resp.) lower and upper body WAnTs, and select gene expression was determined by PCR. Eight weeks of HIIT caused a significant increase in maximal power (722 to 751 Wat), relative peak power in the lower body WAnTs (10.1 to 11 W/kg), mean power (444 to 464 W), and relative mean power (6.5 to 6.8 W/kg). No significant differences in lower versus upper body gene expression were detected after HIIT, and a significant decrease in the IL6/IL10 ratio was observed after lower (−2∧0.57 p = 0.0019) and upper (−2∧0.5 p = 0.03) WAnTs following eight weeks of HIIT. It is hypothesized that a similar adaptive response to exercise may be obtained by lower and upper body exercise.
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