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Chang CH, Wang SC, Lee CY, Su CH, Lai YJ, Lin WD, Hsu YM. Influence of administration timing of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang treatment on attenuating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4298-4307. [PMID: 38717028 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a serious global health concern, particularly in developing countries, and are further exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a traditional herbal medicine with potent anti-inflammatory properties, has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment. Our study emphasizes on the importance of precise timing in accordance with traditional Chinese medicine principles. A mouse infection model was established while different administration times of SHXXT were recorded for the body weight, clinical scores, bacterial counts in blood, and organs. Additionally, cytokine levels, fatty acids, and amino acids in the serum were also monitored. We found that administering SHXXT 1 day after Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection (T1 group) leads to positive outcomes. This includes restoration of body weight, improved clinical scores, and reduced bacterial counts in blood and vital organs. Interferon-gamma levels remained consistently high across all treatment groups 6 days post-infection. However, the T1 group showed exclusive suppression of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The timing of administration significantly influenced serum fatty acid concentrations, countering Salmonella-induced disruptions, aligning with TNF-α and IL-1β levels. SHXXT had also restored amino acid profiles disrupted by the infection, with notable effects when administered at the correct timing. Our research highlights SHXXT's potential in treating S. Typhimurium infection, emphasizing the importance of precise timing in line with traditional Chinese medicine principles for effective treatment at different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chiu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Lai
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Console L, Scalise M, Eberini I, Indiveri C. Inflammation and Organic Cation Transporters Novel (OCTNs). Biomolecules 2024; 14:392. [PMID: 38672410 PMCID: PMC11048549 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological condition characterized by a complex interplay between different cells handled by metabolites and specific inflammatory-related molecules. In some pathological situations, inflammation persists underlying and worsening the pathological state. Over the years, two membrane transporters namely OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) have been shown to play specific roles in inflammation. These transporters form the OCTN subfamily within the larger SLC22 family. The link between these proteins and inflammation has been proposed based on their link to some chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, the two transporters show the ability to mediate the transport of several compounds including carnitine, carnitine derivatives, acetylcholine, ergothioneine, and gut microbiota by-products, which have been specifically associated with inflammation for their anti- or proinflammatory action. Therefore, the absorption and distribution of these molecules rely on the presence of OCTN1 and OCTN2, whose expression is modulated by inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors typically activated by inflammation. In the present review, we wish to provide a state of the art on OCTN1 and OCTN2 transport function and regulation in relationships with inflammation and inflammatory diseases focusing on the metabolic signature collected in different body districts and gene polymorphisms related to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Console
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Keshani M, Alikiaii B, Babaei Z, Askari G, Heidari Z, Sharma M, Bagherniya M. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Nutr J 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38444016 PMCID: PMC10916166 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host's dysregulated response to infection with an inflammatory process, becomes a real challenge for the healthcare systems. L-carnitine (LC) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as in previous studies. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of LC on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical parameters in critically ill septic patients. METHODS A randomized double-blinded controlled trial was conducted. A total of 60 patients were randomized to receive LC (3 g/day, n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 7 days. Inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters (C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 28-day mortality rate, and some monitoring variables were evaluated. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between study arms in baseline characteristics and disease severity scores. CRP (p < 0.001) and ESR (p: 0.004) significantly reduced, and SOD (p < 0.001) and TAC (p < 0.001) significantly improved in the LC group after 7 days. Between-group analysis revealed a significant reduction in CRP (p: 0.001) and serum chloride (p: 0.032), an increase in serum albumin (p: 0.036) and platelet (p: 0.004) significantly, and an increase in SOD marginally (p: 0.073). The 28-day mortality rate was also lower in the LC group compared with placebo (7 persons vs. 15 persons) significantly (odds ratio: 0.233, p: 0.010). CONCLUSIONS L-carnitine ameliorated inflammation, enhanced antioxidant defense, reduced mortality, and improved some clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with sepsis. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT20201129049534N1; May 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Keshani
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social & Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, & Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Pochini L, Barone F, Console L, Brunocilla C, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Indiveri C. OCTN1 (SLC22A4) displays two different transport pathways for organic cations or zwitterions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184263. [PMID: 38092232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OCTN1 belongs to the SLC22 family, which includes transporters for cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic substrates. OCTN1 function and role in cells are still poorly understood. Not only cations, such as TEA, but also zwitterions, such as carnitine and ergothioneine, figure among transported molecules. METHODS In this work, we carried out transport assays measuring [14C]-TEA and [3H]-Carnitine in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the recombinant human OCTN1 in the presence of Na+ or other cations. The homology model of OCTN1 was built using the structure of OCT3 as a template for docking analysis. RESULTS TEA and carnitine did not inhibit each other. Moreover, carnitine uptake was not affected by the presence of Na+ and TEBA, whereas TEA was strongly inhibited by both compounds. Computational data revealed that TEA, Na+, and carnitine can interact with E381 in the OCTN1 substrate site. Differently from TEA, in the presence of Na+, carnitine is still able to interact with the binding site via R469. CONCLUSIONS The lack of mutual inhibition of the two prototype substrates, the different effect of Na+ and TEBA on their transport reaction, together with the computational analysis supports the existence of two transport pathways for cations and zwitterions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results shed new light on the transport mechanisms of OCTN1, helping to get further insights into the structure/function relationships. The described results correlate well with previous and very recent findings on the polyspecificity of the OCT group of transporters belonging to the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Barone
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Chiara Brunocilla
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Mahfouz R, H El-Rewini S, I Ghoneim A, Sheta E, A Ali M, Ibrahim SSA. L-Carnitine augments probenecid anti-inflammatory effect in monoiodoacetate-induced knee osteoarthritis in rats: involvement of miRNA-373/P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB milieu. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:715-731. [PMID: 37994991 PMCID: PMC10907466 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, whereas the underlying molecular trails involved in its pathogenesis are not fully elucidated. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the role of miRNA-373/P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB trajectory in its pathogenesis as well as the possible anti-inflammatory effects of probenecid and l-carnitine in ameliorating osteoarthritis via modulating this pathway. In the current study, male Sprague Dawley rats were used and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritis model was adopted. Probenecid and/or L-carnitine treatments for 14 days succeeded in reducing OA knee size and reestablishing motor coordination and joint mobility assessed by rotarod testing. Moreover, different treatments suppressed the elevated serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α via tackling the miRNA-373/P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB, witnessed as reductions in protein expressions of P2X7, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and NF-κB. These were accompanied by increases in procaspase-1 and IκB protein expression and in miRNA-373 gene expression OA knee to various extents. In addition, different regimens reversed the abnormalities observed in the H and E as well as Safranin O-Fast green OA knees stained sections. Probenecid or l-carnitine solely showed comparable results on the aforementioned parameters, whereas the combination therapy had the most prominent effect on ameliorating the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, l-carnitine augmented the probenecid's anti-inflammatory effect to attenuate MIA-induced osteoarthritis in rats by provoking the miRNA-373 level and inhibiting the P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB milieu, leading to the suppression of serum inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α. These findings suggest the possibility of using probenecid and l-carnitine as a useful therapeutic option for treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Mahfouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Safaa H El-Rewini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asser I Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherihan Salaheldin Abdelhamid Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Ok MU, Şahin R, Balik MS, Okçu O. The healing effects of L-carnitine and spongostan on cartilage defect in rat model. Injury 2023; 54:111115. [PMID: 37867024 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the effect of L-carnitine and spongostan on cartilage healing in an experimental animal model with a full-thickness cartilage defect. METHODS In the study 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups in equal numbers. A cartilage defect with a diameter of 1 mm and a depth of 3 mm was created in the femoral intercondylar region of rats in groups A, B, and C. Group A received no treatment in the defective area. Group B received treatment with spongostan. Group C received treatment with spongostan soaked in L-carnitine. Group D served as the healthy control group. The rats were euthanized 6 weeks after the treatment. Histological evaluation of the condyles was done with the modified Mankin scoring. RESULTS In the histopathological imaging of the cartilage structure, it was observed that in group A, there was complete disorganization and cellular structure was completely absent up to the subchondral bone. In group B, moderate structural improvement, partially intact appearance in border integrity and mostly diffuse hypercellularity were observed. In group C, a near-normal healing, a completely intact appearance in boundary integrities and normal or hypercellularity in cellular structure were observed. The total score of the modified Mankin decreases numerically from A to D. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the A-B (p = 0.176), C-D (p = 0.145), and C-B (p = 0.580) groups, while significant differences were detected between the A-C (p = 0.004), B-D (p = 0.007), and A-D (p = 0.000) groups. CONCLUSION It has been known that mitochondrial activity is reduced in the osteoarthritis, and as a result, decrease in cellular activity occurs with ATP synthesis. For this reason, we found that L-carnitine, which we expect to stimulate cell proliferation by stimulating ATP synthesis, makes a positive contribution to cartilage healing, as expected. It has been found that combining spongostan with L-carnitine for the treatment of cartilage healing, instead of applying spongostan alone, provides near-normal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Uğur Ok
- Department of Orthopaedia and Traumatology, Bismil State Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Rıfat Şahin
- Department of Orthopaedia and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sabri Balik
- Department of Orthopaedia and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Okçu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Radwan SM, Abdel-Latif GA, Abbas SS, Elmongy NF, Wasfey EF. The beneficial effects of l-carnitine and infliximab in methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity: Emphasis on Notch1/Hes-1 signaling. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300312. [PMID: 37625018 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity is a serious adverse effect that may limit its use. Therefore, eligible drugs to ameliorate MTX-induced hepatotoxicity are required. l-Carnitine (LC) is a natural molecule with beneficial metabolic effects and infliximab (INF) is an anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Recently, Notch1/Hes-1 signaling was found to play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver injury. However, its role in MTX-induced hepatotoxicity is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effects of LC or INF on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and to explore the underlying mechanism with emphasis on the Notch1/Hes-1 signaling pathway. Sixty rats were randomized into six groups (n = 10): (1) control (saline); (2) MTX (20 mg/kg MTX, intraperitoneal [ip], once); (3) LC group (500 mg/kg ip, 5 days); (4) INF (7 mg/kg INF ip, once); (5) MTX+LC (20 mg/kg ip, once, 500 mg/kg ip, 5 days, respectively); (6) MTX+INF (20 mg/kg ip, once, 7 mg/kg INF ip, once, respectively). Oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and Notch1/Hes-1 were investigated. MTX induced the expression of Notch1 and Hes-1 proteins and increased the levels of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in the liver. Cotreatment with LC or INF showed apparent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Interestingly, the downregulation of Notch1 and Hes-1 expression was more prominent in LC cotreatment as compared with INF. In conclusion, LC or INF attenuates MTX-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of Notch1/Hes-1 signaling. The LC ameliorative effect against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity is significantly better than that of INF. Therefore, LC cotreatment may present a safe and therapeutically effective therapy in alleviating MTX-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Radwan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Abdel-Latif
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
- Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah S Abbas
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
- Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura F Elmongy
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Eman F Wasfey
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Sharebiani H, Keramat S, Chavoshan A, Fazeli B, Stanek A. The Influence of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Aging in Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1295. [PMID: 37372025 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide trend that is growing in incidence very fast. Adipose tissue dysfunction caused by obesity is associated with the generation of oxidative stress. Obesity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Vascular aging is one of the main pathogenesis mechanisms. The aim of this study is to review the effect of antioxidants on vascular aging caused by oxidative stress in obesity. In order to achieve this aim, this paper is designed to review obesity-caused adipose tissue remodeling, vascular aging generated by high levels of oxidative stress, and the effects of antioxidants on obesity, redox balance, and vascular aging. It seems that vascular diseases in obese individuals are complex networks of pathological mechanisms. In order to develop a proper therapeutic tool, first, there is a need for a better understanding of interactions between obesity, oxidative stress, and aging. Based on these interactions, this review suggests different lines of strategies that include change in lifestyle to prevent and control obesity, strategies for adipose tissue remodelling, oxidant-antioxidant balance, inflammation suppression, and strategies against vascular aging. Some antioxidants support different lines of these strategies, making them appropriate for complex conditions such as oxidative stress-induced vascular diseases in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiva Sharebiani
- Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger's Disease, Buerger's Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran
| | - Shayan Keramat
- Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger's Disease, Buerger's Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran
| | - Abdolali Chavoshan
- Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger's Disease, Buerger's Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran
| | - Bahar Fazeli
- Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger's Disease, Buerger's Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran
| | - Agata Stanek
- Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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Arabi SM, Hadi S, Gholambareshi P, Bahrami LS, Hazrati E, Mirghazanfari SM, Sahebkar A, Hadi V. The effect of l-carnitine supplementation on mortality and clinical outcomes in ventilator-dependent critically ill patients with obesity and COVID-19: Protocol for a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 32:101082. [PMID: 36742110 PMCID: PMC9886566 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) still remains a pandemic accounting for at least 15% of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Recently, it has been observed that l-carnitine levels, which play an important role in fatty acid metabolism, have an inverse association with the severity of COVID-19 and its complications, hence a potential role for supplementing with this nutraceutical has been suggested. The current protocol describes a trial aiming to an evaluation of the effect of l-carnitine intervention on mortality and clinical outcomes in ICU-admitted patients with COVID-19. Methods This parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind clinical trial involves 50 participants and will be performed at the ICU of Artesh (AJA) Hospital, Mashhad, IRAN. Eligible participants will be randomized into two groups: 1) the intervention group will receive 1000 mg l-carnitine capsules 3 times a day, and 2) the placebo group will receive 1000 mg placebo capsules 3 times a day. Assessments will be performed at baseline, 7 and 28 days after study initiation. The primary outcome includes changes in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Secondary outcomes include the length of stay in the ICU, ICU mortality, hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Conclusion Based on previous evidence, l-carnitine may reduce inflammation and oxidation stress and improve respiratory function. However, the effects of l-carnitine on ventilator-dependent COVID-19 critically ill patients have not been assessed yet, justifying the necessity to conduct a clinical study in this field. c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mostafa Arabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Saeid Hadi
- Department of Health, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Gholambareshi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Sadat Bahrami
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Hazrati
- Trauma Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayid Mahdi Mirghazanfari
- Department of Physiology and Iranian Medicine, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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L-Carnitine and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Nutrition and Health Perspectives. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020298. [PMID: 36836532 PMCID: PMC9960140 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive segmental glomerulosclerosis is acknowledged as a characteristic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). It is a major health issue that exponentially reduces health and economy and also causes serious morbidity and mortality across the globe. This review is aimed at comprehending the health perspectives of L-Carnitine (LC) as an adjuvant regimen for alleviating CKD and its associated complications. The data were gathered from different online databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc., using keywords such as CKD/Kidney disease, current epidemiology and its prevalence, LC supplementations, sources of LC, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of LC and its supplementation for mimicking the CKD and its associated problem, etc. Various items of literature concerning CKD were gathered and screened by experts based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings suggest that, among the different comorbidities such as oxidative stress and inflammatory stress, erythropoietin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, muscle weakness, myalgia, etc., are considered as the most significant onset symptoms in CKD or hemodialysis patients. LC or creatine supplementation provides an effective adjuvant or therapeutic regimen that significantly reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress and erythropoietin-resistant anemia and evades comorbidities such as tiredness, impaired cognition, muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle wasting. However, no significant changes were found in biochemical alteration such as creatinine, uric acid, urea, etc., after creatine supplementation in a patient with renal dysfunction. The expert-recommended dose of LC or creatine to a patient is approached for better outcomes of LC as a nutritional therapy regimen for CKD-associated complications. Hence, it can be suggested that LC provides an effective nutritional therapy to ameliorate impaired biochemicals and kidney function and to treat CKD and its associated complications.
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11
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Al-Dhuayan IS. Biomedical role of L-carnitine in several organ systems, cellular tissues, and COVID-19. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 82:e267633. [PMID: 36629544 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.267633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine is a conditionally necessary vitamin that aids in energy creation and fatty acid metabolism. Its bioavailability is higher in vegetarians than in meat-eaters. Deficits in carnitine transporters occur because of genetic mutations or in conjunction with other illnesses. Carnitine shortage can arise in health issues and diseases-including hypoglycaemia, heart disease, starvation, cirrhosis, and ageing-because of abnormalities in carnitine control. The physiologically active form of L-carnitine supports immunological function in diabetic patients. Carnitine has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, several painful neuropathies, and other conditions. It has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of heart disease, and it also aids in the treatment of obesity and reduces blood glucose levels. Therefore, L-carnitine shows the potential to eliminate the influences of fatigue in COVID-19, and its consumption is recommended in future clinical trials to estimate its efficacy and safety. This review focused on carnitine and its effect on tissues, covering the biosynthesis, metabolism, bioavailability, biological actions, and its effects on various body systems and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Al-Dhuayan
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Yahyapoor F, Keshani M, Sedaghat A, Feizi A, Clark CCT, Bagherniya M, Safarian M, Badpeyma M, Norouzy A. The effects of adjunctive treatment with L-carnitine on monitoring laboratory variables in ICU patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:3. [PMID: 36597167 PMCID: PMC9808964 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-07010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill patients must be monitored constantly in intensive care units (ICUs). Among many laboratory variables, nutritional status indicators are a key role in the prognosis of diseases. We investigated the effects of L-carnitine adjunctive therapy on monitoring variables in critical illness. METHOD A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was implemented in a medical ICU. Participants were 54 patients, aged > 18 years, with multiple conditions, randomly assigned to receive 3 g L-carnitine per day or placebo, along with enteral feeding, for 1 week. Primary outcomes included monitoring variables related to nutritional status. RESULT Of 54 patients randomly assigned, 51 completed the trial. Serum albumin (Alb) (P-value: 0.001), total protein (P-value: 0.003), and calcium (Ca) (0.044) significantly increased in the intervention vs. control group. Alanine transaminase (ALT) (0.022), lactate (<0.001), creatinine (Cr) (0.005), and international normalized ratio (INR) (0.049) decreased meaningfully in the intervention vs. control group. CONCLUSION L-Carnitine supplementation in critically ill patients can improve several parameters including INR, Cr, ALT, lactate, Ca, Alb, and total protein. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT 20151108024938N2. This trial was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (registration code: IR.MUMS.fm.REC.1396.671) (available at https://en.irct.ir/trial/30748 , May 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farveh Yahyapoor
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Keshani
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XFood Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sedaghat
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XBiostatistics and Epidemiology Department, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- grid.8096.70000000106754565Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XFood Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XAnesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Badpeyma
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Norouzy
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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