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Aiduang W, Jatuwong K, Luangharn T, Jinanukul P, Thamjaree W, Teeraphantuvat T, Waroonkun T, Lumyong S. A Review Delving into the Factors Influencing Mycelium-Based Green Composites (MBCs) Production and Their Properties for Long-Term Sustainability Targets. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:337. [PMID: 38921217 PMCID: PMC11202202 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycelium-based green composites (MBCs) represent an eco-friendly material innovation with vast potential across diverse applications. This paper provides a thorough review of the factors influencing the production and properties of MBCs, with a particular focus on interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term sustainability goals. It delves into critical aspects such as fungal species selection, substrate type selection, substrate preparation, optimal conditions, dehydrating methods, post-processing techniques, mold design, sterilization processes, cost comparison, key recommendations, and other necessary factors. Regarding fungal species selection, the paper highlights the significance of considering factors like mycelium species, decay type, hyphal network systems, growth rate, and bonding properties in ensuring the safety and suitability of MBCs fabrication. Substrate type selection is discussed, emphasizing the importance of chemical characteristics such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and the C: N ratio in determining mycelium growth and MBC properties. Substrate preparation methods, optimal growth conditions, and post-processing techniques are thoroughly examined, along with their impacts on MBCs quality and performance. Moreover, the paper discusses the importance of designing molds and implementing effective sterilization processes to ensure clean environments for mycelium growth. It also evaluates the costs associated with MBCs production compared to traditional materials, highlighting potential cost savings and economic advantages. Additionally, the paper provides key recommendations and precautions for improving MBC properties, including addressing fungal strain degeneration, encouraging research collaboration, establishing biosecurity protocols, ensuring regulatory compliance, optimizing storage conditions, implementing waste management practices, conducting life cycle assessments, and suggesting parameters for desirable MBC properties. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the complex interplay of factors influencing MBCs production and provides guidance for optimizing processes to achieve sustainable, high-quality composites for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawoot Aiduang
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.A.); (K.J.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kritsana Jatuwong
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.A.); (K.J.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thatsanee Luangharn
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Praween Jinanukul
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.J.); (T.W.)
| | - Wandee Thamjaree
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Tanut Waroonkun
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.J.); (T.W.)
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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Bagder Elmaci S, Schultz J, Isci A, Scherzinger M, Aslanhan DD, Cam MD, Sakiyan O, Kaltschmitt M. Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of cork dust - Effects on biomass composition, phenolic extraction and anaerobic degradability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 181:114-127. [PMID: 38608526 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, phenolic compounds using deep eutectic solvents (DES) were extracted from cork dust, and the biogas production potential of DES-treated cork dust samples was determined. The DES treatment was carried out using choline chloride and formic acid (1:2 M ratio) at various temperatures (90, 110 and 130 °C) and treatment times (20, 40 and 60 min) at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 g mL-1. The highest total phenolic content (137 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g-1 dry cork dust) was achieved at 110 °C/20 min. The extracts exhibited an antioxidant capacity of up to 56.3 ± 3.1 % 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydazyl (DPPH) inhibition at a dilution rate of 100. DES treatment resulted in minimal sugar solubilization at low temperatures, while approximately 42 % of the xylan fraction in the biomass degraded under severe conditions (e.g., 130 °C/60 min). Catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid were the major phenolics in DES extracts. The biogas yield of DES-treated cork dust increased with treatment severity. The highest biogas yield (115.1mLN gVS-1) was observed at 130 °C/60 min, representing an increase of 125 % compared to the untreated sample. SEM images revealed that the surface structure of the samples became smoother after mild pretreatment and rougher after harsh pretreatment. Compositional and FTIR analyses indicated that a higher biogas formation potential was associated with increased cellulose content in the substrate, which could be attributed to hemicellulose solubilization in the hydrolysate. Overall, DES pretreatment effectively enhanced phenol extraction and anaerobic degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simel Bagder Elmaci
- Ankara University, Food Engineering Department, 06830 Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jana Schultz
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Eissendorfer Straße 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Asli Isci
- Ankara University, Food Engineering Department, 06830 Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Marvin Scherzinger
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Eissendorfer Straße 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Miyase Deniz Cam
- Ankara University, Food Engineering Department, 06830 Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Sakiyan
- Ankara University, Food Engineering Department, 06830 Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Kaltschmitt
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Eissendorfer Straße 40, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Wang J, Ma D, Lou Y, Ma J, Xing D. Optimization of biogas production from straw wastes by different pretreatments: Progress, challenges, and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166992. [PMID: 37717772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) presents a promising feedstock for carbon management due to enormous potential for achieving carbon neutrality and delivering substantial environmental and economic benefit. Bioenergy derived from LCB accounts for about 10.3 % of the global total energy supply. The generation of bioenergy through anaerobic digestion (AD) in combination with carbon capture and storage, particularly for methane production, provides a cost-effective solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, while concurrently facilitating bioenergy production and the recovery of high-value products during LCB conversion. However, the inherent recalcitrant polymer crystal structure of lignocellulose impedes the accessibility of anaerobic bacteria, necessitating lignocellulosic residue pretreatment before AD or microbial chain elongation. This paper seeks to explore recent advances in pretreatment methods for LCB biogas production, including pulsed electric field (PEF), electron beam irradiation (EBI), freezing-thawing pretreatment, microaerobic pretreatment, and nanomaterials-based pretreatment, and provide a comprehensive overview of the performance, benefits, and drawbacks of the traditional and improved treatment methods. In particular, physical-chemical pretreatment emerges as a flexible and effective option for methane production from straw wastes. The burgeoning field of nanomaterials has provoked progress in the development of artificial enzyme mimetics and enzyme immobilization techniques, compensating for the intrinsic defect of natural enzyme. However, various complex factors, such as economic effectiveness, environmental impact, and operational feasibility, influence the implementation of LCB pretreatment processes. Techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and artificial intelligence technologies provide efficient means for evaluating and selecting pretreatment methods. This paper addresses current issues and development priorities for the achievement of the appropriate and sustainable utilization of LCB in light of evolving economic and environmentally friendly social development demands, thereby providing theoretical basis and technical guidance for improving LCB biogas production of AD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dongmei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Kubiak A, Pilarska AA, Wolna-Maruwka A, Niewiadomska A, Panasiewicz K. The Use of Fungi of the Trichoderma Genus in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17576. [PMID: 38139408 PMCID: PMC10743432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant waste biomass is the most abundant renewable energy resource on Earth. The main problem with utilising this biomass in anaerobic digestion is the long and costly stage of degrading its complex structure into simple compounds. One of the promising solutions to this problem is the application of fungi of the Trichoderma genus, which show a high capacity to produce hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading lignocellulosic biomass before anaerobic digestion. This article discusses the structure of plant waste biomass and the problems resulting from its structure in the digestion process. It presents the methods of pre-treatment of lignocellulose with a particular focus on biological solutions. Based on the latest research findings, key parameters related to the application of Trichoderma sp. as a pre-treatment method are discussed. In addition, the possibility of using the digestate from agricultural biogas plants as a carrier for the multiplication of the Trichoderma sp. fungi, which are widely used in many industries, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Kubiak
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland; (A.K.); (A.W.-M.); (A.N.)
| | - Agnieszka A. Pilarska
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94A, 60-649 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland; (A.K.); (A.W.-M.); (A.N.)
| | - Alicja Niewiadomska
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland; (A.K.); (A.W.-M.); (A.N.)
| | - Katarzyna Panasiewicz
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
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Wiśniewska M, Sadłowska A, Herda K, Urban T, Nowicki P. Production of Mineral-Carbon Composites and Activated Carbons as a Method of Used Gear Oil, Ashes, and Low-Quality Brown Coals Management. Molecules 2023; 28:6919. [PMID: 37836762 PMCID: PMC10574163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the low-quality brown coal, ash obtained as a result of its combustion, as well as used gear oil for the production of mineral-carbon adsorbents. The adsorbents were characterized in terms of textural parameters, acidic-basic character of the surface, mineral matter contribution to the structure, as well as their suitability for drinking water purification. Adsorption tests were carried out against two synthetic dyes-methylene blue and methyl orange. In order to understand the nature of the organic pollutants adsorption, the effect of the initial dye concentration, temperature, and pH of the system as well as the phase contact time were investigated. The obtained mineral-carbon composite and activated carbons significantly differed not only in terms of the elemental composition and chemical character of the surface (from slightly acidic to strongly alkaline), but also showed a very diverse degree of specific surface development (from 21 to 656 m2/g) and the type of porous structure generated (from micro/mesoporous to typically mesoporous). Adsorption tests showed that the efficiency of organic dye removal from aqueous solutions primarily depends on the type of the adsorbent and adsorbate applied, and, to a lesser extent, on the temperature and pH of the system. In turn, kinetic studies have shown that the sorption of dyes on such materials is consistent with a pseudo-second-order kinetics model, regardless of the type of adsorbed dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wiśniewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Amanda Sadłowska
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Herda
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa Urban
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Nowicki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Singh P, Srivastava N, Mohammad A, Lal B, Singh R, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Verma M, Mishra PK, Gupta VK. Facile pretreatment strategies to biotransform Kans grass into nanocatalyst, cellulolytic enzymes, and fermentable sugars towards sustainable biorefinery applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129491. [PMID: 37463616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation is targeted towards the facile fabrication of a carbon-based nanocatalyst (CNCs) using Kans grass biomass (KGB) and its sustainable application in microbial cellulase enhancement for the alleviation of enzymatic hydrolysis for sugar production. Different pretreatments, including physical, KGB extract-mediated treatment, followed by KOH pretreatment, have been applied to produce CNCs using KGB. The presence of CNCs influences the pretreatment of KGB substrate, fungal cellulase production, stability, and sugar recovery in the enzymatic hydrolysis of KGB. Using 1.0% CNCs pretreated KGB-based solid-state fermentation, 33 U/gds FPA and 126 U/gds BGL were obtained at 72 h, followed by 107 U/gds EG at 48 h in the presence of 0.5% CNCs. Further, 42 °C has been identified as the optimum temperature for cellulase production, while the enzyme showed thermal stability at 50 °C up to 20 h and produced 38.4 g/L sugar in 24 h through enzymatic hydrolysis of KGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Technology Business Incubator, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Akbar Mohammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Basant Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - P K Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advance Material Research Centre, SRUC, Barony Campus, Parkgate, Dumfries DG1 3NE, United Kingdom; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
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Mironova GF, Budaeva VV, Skiba EA, Gismatulina YA, Kashcheyeva EI, Sakovich GV. Recent Advances in Miscanthus Macromolecule Conversion: A Brief Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13001. [PMID: 37629183 PMCID: PMC10455303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscanthus is a valuable renewable feedstock and has a significant potential for the manufacture of diverse biotechnology products based on macromolecules such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Herein, we overviewed the state-of-the art of research on the conversion of miscanthus polymers into biotechnology products comprising low-molecular compounds and macromolecules: bioethanol, biogas, bacterial cellulose, enzymes (cellulases, laccases), lactic acid, lipids, fumaric acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. The present review aims to assess the potential of converting miscanthus polymers in order to develop sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera V. Budaeva
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), 659322 Biysk, Russia; (G.F.M.); (E.A.S.); (Y.A.G.); (E.I.K.)
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Abusweireh RS, Rajamohan N, Sonne C, Vasseghian Y. Algae biogas production focusing on operating conditions and conversion mechanisms - A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17757. [PMID: 37449195 PMCID: PMC10336526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is the result of traditional fuel use and manufacturing, which release significant volumes of CO2 and other greenhouse gases from factories. Moreover, rising energy consumption, anticipated limitations of fossil fuels in the near future, and increased interest in renewable energies among scientists, currently increase research in biofuels. In contrast to biomass from urban waste materials or the land, algae have the potential to be a commercially successful aquatic energy crop, offering a greater energy potential. Here we discuss the importance of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) for enhanced biogas yield, characterization, and comparisons between algae pretreatment methods namely, mechanical, thermal, microwave irradiation, and enzymatic and catalytic methods. The importance of anaerobic digestion enhances biogas yield, characterization, and comparisons between mechanical, thermal, microwave irradiation, and enzymatic and catalytic treatment. Additionally, operational aspects such as algal species, temperature, C/N ratio, retention period, and particle size impact biofuel yield. The highest algal biogas yield reported was 740 mL/gVS, subtracted from Taihu de-oiled algae applying thermos-chemical pretreatment under conditions of temperature, time, and catalyst concentration of 70 °C, 3 h, and 6%, respectively. Another high yield of algal-based biogas was obtained from Laminaria sp. with mechanical pretreatment under temperature, time, and VS concentration of 38 ± 1 °C, 15 min, and 2.5% respectively, with a maximum yield of 615 ± 7 mL/g VS. Although biofuels derived from algae species are only partially commercialized, the feedstock for biogas might soon be commercially grown. Algae and other plant species that could be cultivated on marginal lands as affordable energy crops with the potential to contribute to the production of biogas are promising and are already being worked on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, P C-311, Oman
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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Olatunji KO, Madyira DM. Effect of acidic pretreatment on the microstructural arrangement and anaerobic digestion of Arachis hypogea shells; and process parameters optimization using response surface methodology. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15145. [PMID: 37095976 PMCID: PMC10121849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose feedstocks has been observed as the rate-limiting stage during anaerobic digestion. This necessitated the need for pretreatment before anaerobic digestion for an effective and efficient process. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of acidic pretreatment on Arachis hypogea shells, and different conditions of H2SO4 concentration, exposure time, and autoclave temperature were considered. The substrates were digested for 35 days at a mesophilic temperature to assess the impact of pretreatment on the microstructural organization of the substrate. For the purpose of examining the interactive correlations between the input parameters, response surface methodology (RSM) was used. The result reveals that acidic pretreatment has the strength to disrupt the recalcitrance features of Arachis hypogea shells and make them accessible for microorganisms' activities during anaerobic digestion. In this context, H2SO4 with 0.5% v. v-1 for 15 min at an autoclave temperature of 90 °C increases the cumulative biogas and methane released by 13 and 178%, respectively. The model's coefficient of determination (R2) demonstrated that RSM could model the process. Therefore, acidic pretreatment poses a novel means of total energy recovery from lignocellulose feedstock and can be investigated at the industrial scale.
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Madondo NI, Rathilal S, Bakare BF, Tetteh EK. Application of Bioelectrochemical Systems and Anaerobic Additives in Wastewater Treatment: A Conceptual Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4753. [PMID: 36902185 PMCID: PMC10003464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interspecies electron transfer (IET) between microbes and archaea is the key to how the anaerobic digestion process performs. However, renewable energy technology that utilizes the application of a bioelectrochemical system together with anaerobic additives such as magnetite-nanoparticles can promote both direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) as well as indirect interspecies electron transfer (IIET). This has several advantages, including higher removal of toxic pollutants present in municipal wastewater, higher biomass to renewable energy conversion, and greater electrochemical efficiencies. This review explores the synergistic influence of bioelectrochemical systems and anaerobic additives on the anaerobic digestion of complex substrates such as sewage sludge. The review discussions present the mechanisms and limitations of the conventional anaerobic digestion process. In addition, the applicability of additives in syntrophic, metabolic, catalytic, enzymatic, and cation exchange activities of the anaerobic digestion process are highlighted. The synergistic effect of bio-additives and operational factors of the bioelectrochemical system is explored. It is elucidated that a bioelectrochemical system coupled with nanomaterial additives can increase biogas-methane potential compared to anaerobic digestion. Therefore, the prospects of a bioelectrochemical system for wastewater require research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhlanganiso Ivan Madondo
- Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 Level 1, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sudesh Rathilal
- Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 Level 1, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Babatunde Femi Bakare
- Environmental Pollution and Remediation Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4026, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh
- Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 Level 1, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Wang M, Qiao J, Sheng Y, Wei J, Cui H, Li X, Yue G. Bioconversion of corn fiber to bioethanol: Status and perspectives. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:256-268. [PMID: 36577277 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rising demand for green energy, bioethanol has attracted increasing attention from academia and industry. Limited by the bottleneck of bioethanol yield in traditional corn starch dry milling processes, an increasing number of studies focus on fully utilizing all corn ingredients, especially kernel fiber, to further improve the bioethanol yield. This mini-review addresses the technological challenges and opportunities on the way to achieving the efficient conversion of corn fiber. Significant advances during the review period include the detailed characterization of different forms of corn kernel fiber and the development of off-line and in-situ conversion strategies. Lessons from cellulosic ethanol technologies offer new ways to utilize corn fiber in traditional processes. However, the commercialization of corn kernel fiber conversion may be hampered by enzyme cost, conversion efficiency, and overall process economics. Thus, future studies should address these technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qiao
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Sheng
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Wei
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guojun Yue
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; SDIC Biotech Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100034, China
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Srivastava N, Singh R, Srivastava M, Mohammad A, Harakeh S, Pratap Singh R, Pal DB, Haque S, Tayeb HH, Moulay M, Kumar Gupta V. Impact of nanomaterials on sustainable pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels production: An advanced approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128471. [PMID: 36521823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass to biofuels production technology appears to be one of the most sustainable strategies among various renewable energy resources. Herein, pretreatment is an unavoidable and key step to increase free cellulose availability and digestibility to produce green fuels. Various existing pretreatment technologies of lignocellulosics biomasses (LCBs) face distinct challenges e.g., energy consuming, cost intensive, may lead partial removal of lignin, complex inhibitors production as well as may cause environmental pollutions. These, limitations may be overcome with the application of nanomaterials, employed as nanocatalysts during the pretreatment process of LCBs. In this prospect, the present review focuses and summarizes results of numerous studies and exploring the utilizations of magnetic, carbon based nanostructure, and nanophotocatalysts mediated pretreatment processes along with their possible mechanisms to improve the biofuels production compared to conventional chemical based pretreatment approaches. Furthermore, different aspects of nanomaterials based pretreatment methods with their shortcomings and future prospects have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akbar Mohammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dan Bahadur Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Nawabganj Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hossam H Tayeb
- Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovation in Personalised Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Moulay
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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13
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Mohanakrishna G, Modestra JA. Value addition through biohydrogen production and integrated processes from hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128386. [PMID: 36423757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy production is the most sought-after topics at the crunch of energy demand, climate change and waste generation. In view of this, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) rich in complex organic content has the potential to produce bioenergy in several forms following the pretreatment. Hydrothermal pretreatment that employs high temperatures and pressures is gaining momentum for organics recovery from LCB which can attain value-addition. Diverse bioprocesses such as dark fermentation, anaerobic digestion etc. can be utilized following the pretreatment of LCB which can result in biohydrogen and biomethane production. Besides, integration approaches for LCB utilization that enhance process efficiency and additional products such as biohythane production as well as application of solid residue obtained after LCB pretreatment were discussed. Importance of hydrothermal pretreatment as one of the suitable strategies for LCB utilization is emphasized suggesting its future potential in large scale energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Mohanakrishna
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India.
| | - J Annie Modestra
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87 Luleå, Sweden
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14
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Olatunji KO, Madyira DM, Ahmed NA, Ogunkunle O. Experimental evaluation of the influence of combined particle size pretreatment and Fe 3O 4 additive on fuel yields of Arachis Hypogea shells. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:467-476. [PMID: 36128600 PMCID: PMC9925899 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A smart energy recovery process can achieve maximum energy recovery from organic wastes. Pretreatment of feedstock is essential to biogas and methane yields during the anaerobic digestion process. This work combined particle size reduction with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to investigate their influence on biogas and methane yields from anaerobic digestion of Arachis hypogea shells. Twenty milligrams per litre of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was implemented with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm particle sizes and a single treatment of Fe3O4 for 35 days. The treatments were compared with each other and were discovered to significantly (p < 0.05) enhance biogas yield by 37.40%, 50.10%, 54.40%, 51.40% and 35.50% compared with control, respectively. Specific biogas yield recorded was 966.2, 1406, 1552.7, 1317.4, 766.2 and 413 mL g-1 volatile solid. This study showed the combination of Fe3O4 with 6 mm particle size of Arachis hypogea shells produced the optimum biogas and methane yields. The addition of Fe3O4 to particle sizes below 6 mm resulted in over-accumulation of volatile fatty acids and lowered the gas yield. This can be applied on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde O Olatunji
- Kehinde O Olatunji, Department of
Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment, University of Johannesburg, B3 Lab 22, Johannesburg 200, South
Africa.
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15
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Lymperatou A, Engelsen TK, Skiadas IV, Gavala HN. Prediction of methane yield and pretreatment efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass based on composition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:302-310. [PMID: 36410147 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is considered a key resource for the future expansion of biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD), and research on the development of pretreatment technologies for improving biomass conversion is an intensive and fast-growing field. Consequently, there is a need for creating tools able to predict the efficiency of a certain pretreatment on different biomass types, fast and accurately, and to assist in selecting a pretreatment technology for a specific biomass. In this study, seven different types of raw lignocellulosic biomass of industrial relevance were systematically analyzed regarding their composition (carbohydrates, lignin, lipids, ash, extractives, etc.) and subjected to a common pretreatment. The aim of the study was to identify the most important characteristics that make a biomass good receptor of the specific pretreatment prior to AD. A simple ammonia pretreatment was chosen as a case study and partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was used for modeling initially the ultimate methane yield of raw and pretreated biomass. In the sequel, PLS-R was used for modeling the efficiency of the pretreatment on increasing the ultimate methane yield and hydrolysis rate as a function of the biomass composition. The fit of the models was satisfactory, ranging from R2 = 0.89 to R2 = 0.97. The results showed that the most decisive characteristics for predicting the efficiency of the pretreatment were the lipid (r = -0.88), ash (r = +0.79), protein (r = -0.61), and hemicellulose/lignin (r = -0.53) content of raw biomass. Finally, the approach followed in this study facilitated an improved understanding of the mechanism of the pretreatment and presented a methodology to be followed for developing tools for the prediction of pretreatment efficiency in the field of lignocellulosic biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lymperatou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Thor K Engelsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ioannis V Skiadas
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Hariklia N Gavala
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 228A, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
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Olatunji KO, Madyira DM, Ahmed NA, Jekayinfa SO, Ogunkunle O. Modelling the effects of particle size pretreatment method on biogas yield of groundnut shells. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1176-1188. [PMID: 35075967 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211073852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optimising biogas yields from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is significant to maximum energy recovery in the biodigestion process and has become an important topic of interest. Substrate particle size is an important process parameter in biogas production, and it precedes other pretreatments methods for the majority of the lignocellulose materials. Optimisation of biogas yield using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was done, and temperature, hydraulic retention time and particle size were considered variables to develop the predictive models. Pretreatment of groundnut shells was investigated using particle size reduction of mechanical pretreatment methods. After pretreatment, 30 samples were digested in a batch digester at mesophilic temperature. The experimental results showed that the temperature, hydraulic retention time and particle size had significant effects of interaction (p < 0.05). The optimum experimental and predicted yields are: 44.70 and 42.92 (lNkgoDM) organic dry matter biogas yield, 20.80 and 19.09 (lN/kgFM) fresh mass biogas yield, 24.00 and 22.68 (lNCH4oDM) organic dry methane yield and 12.30 and 15.59 (lNCH4FM) fresh mass methane yield, respectively. The R2 recorded for the four yield components were 0.6268, 0.5875, 0.6109 and 0.5547. These values seem to be lower and a sign of the average fit of the model. Biogas production from groundnut shells was significantly improved with statistical optimisation and the pretreatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Oladoke Olatunji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel M Madyira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Noor A Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simeon O Jekayinfa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Oyetola Ogunkunle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Effect of Combined Particle Size Reduction and Fe3O4 Additives on Biogas and Methane Yields of Arachis hypogea Shells at Mesophilic Temperature. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose materials has been identified as the rate-limiting step during anaerobic digestion. The application of pretreatment techniques can influence the biodegradability of lignocellulose substrate. This study combined Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which serve as a heterogeneous catalyst during anaerobic digestion, with different particle sizes of Arachis hypogea shells. Batch anaerobic digestion was set up at mesophilic temperature for 35 days. The results showed that 20 mg/L Fe3O4 additives, as a single pretreatment, significantly influence biogas and methane yields with an 80.59 and 106.66% increase, respectively. The combination of 20 mg/L Fe3O4 with a 6 mm particle size of Arachis hypogea shells produced the highest cumulative biogas yield of 130.85 mL/gVSadded and a cumulative methane yield of 100.86 mL/gVSadded. This study shows that 20 mg/L of Fe3O4 additive, combined with the particle size pretreatment, improved the biogas and methane yields of Arachis hypogea shells. This result can be replicated on the industrial scale to improve the energy recovery from Arachis hypogea shells.
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Martínez SAH, Melchor-Martínez EM, Hernández JAR, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HM. Magnetic nanomaterials assisted nanobiocatalysis systems and their applications in biofuels production. FUEL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Increasing the Biogas Potential of Rapeseed Straw Using Pulsed Electric Field Pre-Treatment. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14248307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high availability of lignocellulosic biomass, which can be obtained from terrestrial plants, agricultural waste biomass, and the agro-food, paper or wood industries, its use for energy production by methane fermentation is economically and environmentally justified. However, due to their complex structures, lignocellulosic substrates have a low conversion factor to biogas. Therefore, scientists are still working on the development of new methods of the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic materials that will increase the biogas productivity from lignocellulosic biomass. The presented research focuses on the use of a pulsed electric field (PEF) to disintegrate rapeseed straw prior to the methane fermentation process. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that, in the disintegrated sample, the extent of damage to the plant tissue was more severe than in the control sample. In the sample disintegrated for 7 min, the chemical oxygen demand increased from 4146 ± 75 mg/L to 4920 ± 60 mg/L. The best result was achieved with a 5-min PEF pre-treatment. The methane production reached 290.8 ± 12.1 NmL CH4/g VS, and the biogas production was 478.0 ± 27.5 NmL/g VS; it was 14% and 15% higher, respectively, compared to the control sample.
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Abstract
Nowadays, the climate mitigation policies of EU promote the energy production based on renewable resources. Anaerobic digestion (AD) constitutes a biochemical process that can convert lignocellulosic materials into biogas, used for chemical products isolation or energy production, in the form of electricity, heat or fuels. Such practices are accompanied by several economic, environmental and climatic benefits. The method of AD is an effective method of utilization of several different low-value and negative-cost highly available materials of residual character, such as the lignocellulosic wastes coming from forest, agricultural or marine biomass utilization processes, in order to convert them into directly usable energy. Lignin depolymerization remains a great challenge for the establishment of a full scale process for AD of lignin waste. This review analyzes the method of anaerobic digestion (biomethanation), summarizes the technology and standards involved, the progress achieved so far on the depolymerization/pre-treatment methods of lignocellulosic bio-wastes and the respective residual byproducts coming from industrial processes, aiming to their conversion into energy and the current attempts concerning the utilization of the produced biogas. Substrates’ mechanical, physical, thermal, chemical, and biological pretreatments or a combination of those before biogas production enhance the hydrolysis stage efficiency and, therefore, biogas generation. AD systems are immensely expanding globally, especially in Europe, meeting the high demands of humans for clean energy.
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Wang Y, Xu X, Xue H, Zhang D, Li G. Physical-chemical properties of cell wall interface significantly correlated to the complex recalcitrance of corn straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:196. [PMID: 34598712 PMCID: PMC8487139 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue heterogeneity significantly influences the overall saccharification efficiency of plant biomass. However, the mechanisms of specific organ or tissue recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction are generally complicated and unclear. A multidimensional analysis of the anatomical fraction from 12 corn cultivars was conducted to understand the essence of recalcitrance. RESULTS The results showed that leaf, leaf sheath, stem pith and stem rind of corn straw exhibited remarkable heterogeneity in chemical composition, physical structure and cell type, which resulted in the different saccharification ratio of cellulose. The high saccharification ratio ranging from 21.47 to 38.96% was in stem pith, whereas the low saccharification ratio ranging from 17.1 to 27.43% was in leaf sheath. High values of lignin, hemicelluloses, degree of polymerization and crystallinity index were critical for the increased recalcitrance, while high value of neutral detergent soluble and pore size generated weak recalcitrance. Interestingly, pore traits of cell wall, especial for microcosmic interface structure, seemed to be a crucial factor that correlated to cellulase adsorption and further affected saccharification. CONCLUSIONS Highly heterogeneity in cell wall traits influenced the overall saccharification efficiency of biomass. Furthermore, the holistic outlook of cell wall interface was indispensable to understand the recalcitrance and promote the biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xianyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Huiting Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Road, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Dejian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
| | - Guanhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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