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Peard EF, Luu C, Hageman KJ, Sepesy R, Bernhardt SA. Exploring sources of inaccuracy and irreproducibility in the CDC bottle bioassay through direct insecticide quantification. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:310. [PMID: 39030647 PMCID: PMC11264779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay is a commonly used susceptibility test for measuring insect response to insecticide exposure. However, inconsistencies and high variability in insect response when conducting CDC bottle bioassays have been reported in previous publications. We hypothesized that the CDC bottle bioassay results may be compromised when expected and actual insecticide concentrations in the bottles are not equivalent and that inadequate bottle cleaning and/or loss during insecticide introduction and bottle storage steps could be responsible. We explored this hypothesis by quantifying insecticides using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in bottles that had been cleaned, prepared, and stored according to the CDC guidelines. METHODS We investigated the bottle cleaning, preparation, and storage methods outlined in the CDC bottle bioassay procedure to identify sources of irreproducibility. We also investigated the effectiveness of cleaning bottles by autoclaving because this method is commonly used in insecticide assessment laboratories. The two insecticides used in this study were chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin). Insecticides were removed from glass bioassay bottles by rinsing with ethyl-acetate and n-hexane and then quantified using GC-MS/MS. RESULTS The CDC bottle bioassay cleaning methods did not sufficiently remove both insecticides from the glass bottles. The cleaning methods removed chlorpyrifos, which has higher water solubility, more effectively than λ-cyhalothrin. Chlorpyrifos experienced significant loss during the bottle-coating process whereas λ-cyhalothrin did not. As for bottle storage, no significant decreases in insecticide concentrations were observed for 6 h following the initial drying period for either insecticide. CONCLUSIONS The CDC bottle bioassay protocol is susceptible to producing inaccurate results since its recommended bottle cleaning method is not sufficient and semi-volatile insecticides can volatilize from the bottle during the coating process. This can lead to the CDC bottle bioassay producing erroneous LC50 values. High levels of random variation were also observed in our experiments, as others have previously reported. We have outlined several steps that CDC bottle bioassay users could consider that would lead to improved accuracy and reproducibility when acquiring toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evah F Peard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Calvin Luu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Rose Sepesy
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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2
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Mao KK, Li HR, Zhu JY, Jin MH, Wang P, Peng Y, Xiao YT. Rapid test to detect insecticide resistance in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1254765. [PMID: 37680771 PMCID: PMC10482100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1254765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The development of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda populations is a serious threat to the crop industry. Given the spread of invasive resistant populations, prospective monitoring should be accelerated, and the development of diagnostic tools for rapid and accurate assessments of insecticide resistance is essential. Methods: First, the discriminating dose and diagnostic time of the kit were determined by the glass vial method based on a susceptible strain. Then, pests that were collected from field populations were used to determine their susceptibility to seven insecticides by using the diagnostic kit. Finally, the accuracy of the kit was verified based on correlation analyses and the likelihood of insecticide control failure was assessed. Results: Here, we describe a diagnostic kit that enables the rapid detection of resistance to chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr within 1-2 h in S. frugiperda at diagnostic doses of 0.98, 0.84, 0.38, 1.64, 0.0082, 1.75 and 0.65 μg/cm2, respectively. The linear equation between mortalities under diagnostic doses and actual resistance ratios measured by the diet-overlay bioassay was determined. The high correlation indicates that the insecticide resistance levels diagnosed by the kit were consistent with the results of the diet-overlay bioassay. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between diagnostic mortality and the likelihood of control failure for bifenthrin (r = -0.899, p = 0.001), deltamethrin (r = -0.737, p = 0.024) and lambda-cyhalothrin (r = -0.871, p = 0.002). Discussion: The insecticide resistance diagnostic kit for S. frugiperda is a user-friendly tool (portable, short detection time). Its excellent performance qualifies the kit as a reliable screening tool for identifying effective insecticides in sustainable resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu-Tao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Jobe NB, Huijben S, Paaijmans KP. Non-target effects of chemical malaria vector control on other biological and mechanical infectious disease vectors. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e706-e717. [PMID: 37558351 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Public health insecticides play a crucial role in malaria control and elimination programmes. Many other arthropods, including mechanical and biological vectors of infectious diseases, have similar indoor feeding or resting behaviours, or both, as malaria mosquitoes, and could be exposed to the same insecticides. In this Personal View, we show that little is known about the insecticide susceptibility status and the extent of exposure to malaria interventions of other arthropod species. We highlight that there is an urgent need to better understand the selection pressure for insecticide resistance in those vectors, to ensure current and future active ingredients remain effective in targeting a broad range of arthropod species, allowing us to prevent and control future outbreaks of infectious diseases other than malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndey Bassin Jobe
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Silvie Huijben
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Simon A Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Simon A Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
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4
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Chaubey R, Shukla A, Kushwaha AK, Tiwary P, Kumar Singh S, Hennings S, Singh OP, Lawyer P, Rowton E, Petersen CA, Bernhardt SA, Sundar S. Assessing insecticide susceptibility, diagnostic dose and time for the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011276. [PMID: 37163529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne protozoan disease, which can be fatal if left untreated. Synthetic chemical insecticides are very effective tools for controlling of insect vectors, including the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of VL in the Indian subcontinent. However, repeated use of the same insecticide with increasing doses potentially can create high selection pressure and lead to tolerance and resistance development. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal concentrations and assess levels of susceptibility, diagnostic doses and times to death of laboratory-reared P. argentipes to five insecticides that are used worldwide to control vectors. Using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay, 20-30 sand flies were exposed in insecticide- coated 500-ml glass bottles. Flies were then observed for 24 hours and mortality was recorded. Dose-response survival curves were generated for each insecticide using QCal software and lethal concentrations causing 50%, 90% and 95% mortality were determined. A bioassay was also conducted to determine diagnostic doses and diagnostic times by exposing 20-30 flies in each bottle containing set concentrations of insecticide. Mortality was recorded at 10-minute intervals for 120 minutes to generate the survival curve. Phlebotomus argentipes are highly susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin, followed by deltamethrin, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and least susceptible to DDT. Also, the lowest diagnostic doses and diagnostic times were established for alpha-cypermethrin (3μg/ml for 40 minutes) to kill 100% of the flies. The susceptibility data, diagnostic doses and diagnostic times presented here will be useful as baseline reference points for future studies to assess insecticide susceptibility and resistance monitoring of field caught sand flies and to assist in surveillance as VL elimination is achieved in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chaubey
- Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Puja Tiwary
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Shawna Hennings
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Om Praksh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Phillip Lawyer
- Arthropod Collections, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Edgar Rowton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Scott A Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Huang W, Yang Q, Ji X, Wang L, Wang Q, Rui C, Cui L. An insecticide phenotypic resistance diagnostic kit for cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera Aphididae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5463-5470. [PMID: 36067017 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphis gossypii is a notorious pest worldwide, and evidence of resistance of A. gossypii to various insecticides has been documented. Diagnostic tools for the rapid and accurate assessment of insecticide resistance are urgently needed to implement effective pest control and insecticide resistance management strategies. RESULTS Using this diagnostic kit based on the glass vial bioassay, detection results can be obtained in 3 h and the values of 897.86, 133.57, 12 037.45, 2849.26, 19 457.33 and 215.60 ng/cm2 were finally identified as the actual diagnostic doses of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, dinotefuran and sulfoxaflor, respectively. The regression equation between mortalities under diagnostic doses and actual resistance ratios tested by the leaf-dipping method were conducted in different strains of A. gossypii, and the diagnostic mortality of A. gossypii was negatively correlated with the resistance ratio to imidacloprid (r = -0.986, P = 0.002), acetamiprid (r = -0.964, P = 0.008), thiamethoxam (r = -0.930, P = 0.022), nitenpyram (r = -0.950, P = 0.013), dinotefuran (r = -0.976, P = 0.004) and sulfoxaflor (r = -0.937, P = 0.019). Moreover, four A. gossypii field populations were selected to apply the diagnostic kit in the field. CONCLUSIONS A diagnostic kit based on the glass vial bioassay for the rapid detection of resistance to imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, dinotefuran and sulfoxaflor in A. gossypii was developed. The insecticide diagnostic kit for A. gossypii can be a useful screening tool to determine effective insecticides quickly and accurately. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjie Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Changhui Rui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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6
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Beasley EA, Mahachi KG, Petersen CA. Possibility of Leishmania Transmission via Lutzomyia spp. Sand Flies Within the USA and Implications for Human and Canine Autochthonous Infection. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 9:160-168. [PMID: 36159745 PMCID: PMC9490703 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Leishmaniasis is a leading cause of parasitic death, with incidence rising from decreased resources to administer insecticide and anti-leishmanial treatments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Leishmaniasis is nonendemic in the United States (U.S.), but enzootic canine populations and potentially competent vectors warrant monitoring of autochthonous disease as a fluctuating climate facilitates vector expansion. Recent studies concerning sand fly distribution and vector capacity were assessed for implications of autochthonous transmission within the U.S. Recent Findings Climate change and insecticide resistance provide challenges in sand fly control. While most Leishmania-infected dogs in the U.S. were infected via vertical transmission or were imported, autochthonous vector-borne cases were reported. Autochthonous vector-borne human cases have been reported in four states. Further vaccine research could contribute to infection control. Summary Both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis cases in the U.S. are increasingly reported. Prevention measures including vector control and responsible animal breeding are critical to halt this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, CPHB S429, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kurayi G. Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, CPHB S429, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, CPHB S429, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Interdepartmental Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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7
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Balaska S, Fotakis EA, Chaskopoulou A, Vontas J. Chemical control and insecticide resistance status of sand fly vectors worldwide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009586. [PMID: 34383751 PMCID: PMC8360369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies are prominent vectors of Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniasis, which comes second to malaria in terms of parasitic causative fatalities globally. In the absence of human vaccines, sand fly chemical-based vector control is a key component of leishmaniasis control efforts. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a literature review on the current interventions, primarily, insecticide-based used for sand fly control, as well as the global insecticide resistance (IR) status of the main sand fly vector species. Indoor insecticidal interventions, such as residual spraying and treated bed nets are the most widely deployed, while several alternative control strategies are also used in certain settings and/or are under evaluation. IR has been sporadically detected in sand flies in India and other regions, using non-standardized diagnostic bioassays. Molecular studies are limited to monitoring of known pyrethroid resistance mutations (kdr), which are present at high frequencies in certain regions. CONCLUSIONS As the leishmaniasis burden remains a major problem at a global scale, evidence-based rational use of insecticidal interventions is required to meet public health demands. Standardized bioassays and molecular markers are a prerequisite for this task, albeit are lagging behind. Experiences from other disease vectors underscore the need for the implementation of appropriate IR management (IRM) programs, in the framework of integrated vector management (IVM). The implementation of alternative strategies seems context- and case-specific, with key eco-epidemiological parameters yet to be investigated. New biotechnology-based control approaches might also come into play in the near future to further reinforce sand fly/leishmaniasis control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Balaska
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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8
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Denlinger DS, Hudson SB, Keweshan NS, Gompert Z, Bernhardt SA. Standing genetic variation in laboratory populations of insecticide-susceptible Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) for the evolution of resistance. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1248-1262. [PMID: 34025765 PMCID: PMC8127718 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticides can exert strong selection on insect pest species, including those that vector diseases, and have led to rapid evolution of resistance. Despite such rapid evolution, relatively little is known about standing genetic variation for resistance in insecticide-susceptible populations of many species. To help fill this knowledge gap, we generated genotyping-by-sequencing data from insecticide-susceptible Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies that survived or died from a sub-diagnostic exposure to either permethrin or malathion using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. Multi-locus genome-wide association mapping methods were used to quantify standing genetic variation for insecticide resistance in these populations and to identify specific alleles associated with insecticide survival. For each insecticide treatment, we estimated the proportion of the variation in survival explained by the genetic data (i.e., "chip" heritability) and the number and contribution of individual loci with measurable effects. For all treatments, survival to an insecticide exposure was heritable with a polygenic architecture. Both P. papatasi and L. longipalpis had alleles for survival that resided within many genes throughout their genomes. The implications for resistance conferred by many alleles, as well as inferences made about the utility of laboratory insecticide resistance association studies compared to field observations, are discussed.
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Rêgo FD, Soares RP. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200254. [PMID: 33950136 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652021xxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. It is a permissive vector susceptible to infection with several Leishmania species. One of the advantages that favors the study of this sand fly is the possibility of colonization in the laboratory. For this reason, several researchers around the world use this species as a model for different subjects including biology, insecticides testing, host-parasite interaction, physiology, genetics, proteomics, molecular biology, and saliva among others. In 2003, we published our first review (Soares & Turco 2003) on this vector covering several aspects of Lu. longipalpis. This current review summarizes what has been published between 2003-2020. During this period, modern approaches were incorporated following the development of more advanced and sensitive techniques to assess this sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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10
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RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Rocha DDA, Costa LMD, Pessoa GDC, Obara MT. Methods for detecting insecticide resistance in sand flies: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105747. [PMID: 33188748 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The classification of insecticide resistance in sand flies populations is based on concepts and methodologies used to characterize the susceptibility profile in mosquitoes. This can generate erroneous and subjective interpretations since they are biologically different organisms. In this context, the goal of this review is to analyze the works and/or articles that aimed at characterizing the susceptibility of sand flies and describing the methodological parameters, in order to improve future works to estimate more accurately the resistance of sand flies to insecticides. Using keywords that refer to the purpose of this review, scientific studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese published until December 2019 were analyzed. A total of 3481 articles were found in searches in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, BVS and ScienceDirect) and 61 were selected. The panorama of sand-fly resistance revealed 47 populations of sand flies, of species Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. argentipes e Sergentomyia shorttii, with confirmed resistance, and 28 populations of species Ph. papatasi, Ph. argentipes, Ph. sergenti e Lutzomyia longipalpis. Of the 61 selected studies, only three studies performed comparisons between field and colony phlebotomines, and all colony populations were less susceptible than field populations to at least one tested insecticide. The lethal doses and lethal times of sand flies are very varied, revealing that there is no specific protocol for assessing the susceptibility of sand flies to insecticides. For a quick and early detection of sand flies' resistance to insecticides, we suggest the use of CDC bottle tests with an SRL to estimate the local Dose and Diagnostic Time. Males and females can be used in the same proportion, but with only female sand flies in the control group. Females with engorged abdomen or pregnant should be avoided in the experiment and, if possible, use the F1 generation of field sand flies, up to 5 days old, or at least 100 sand flies to reduce the influence of age on the susceptibility of the population.
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Parker C. Collection and Rearing of Container Mosquitoes and a 24-h Addition to the CDC Bottle Bioassay. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:13. [PMID: 33135763 PMCID: PMC7751146 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Container mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposit their eggs in both natural and artificial containers. Many container mosquito species also serve as important vectors of disease-causing pathogens including Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. triseriatus. Control of these species can be done through the use of adulticide sprays. The efficacy of these treatments is highly dependent on the insecticide susceptibility status of the local mosquito populations. This paper provides protocols on collecting and rearing container mosquitoes for use in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay. A brief description of the CDC bottle bioassay is provided as well as a standardized protocol for the incorporation of a 24-h mortality to the CDC bottle bioassay. Results from this 24-h holding addition to the CDC bottle bioassay reveal that some forms of resistance may be missed without the incorporation of the additional mortality reading. These protocols provide a foundation for new laboratories to establish rearing protocols and begin conducting resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Parker
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, FL
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13
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Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Rassi Y, Gholampour F, Shareghi N, Madreseh E, Vatandoost H. Monitoring of Laboratory Reared of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis to Different Imagicides in Hyper endemic Areas, Esfahan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:116-125. [PMID: 32766355 PMCID: PMC7382688 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i1.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In domestic and per domestic area, insecticides such as DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and, more recently, synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, have been successfully used to control sand flies in many countries. The present study reports the results of time-mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and deltamethrin 0.05% in recently colonized Phlebotomus papatasi populations in Iran. Methods: The insecticide susceptibility status of P. papatasi laboratory population was assessed during 2016–2017, following the standard WHO technique for mosquito (WHO, 2013) based on diagnostic dose. Sand flies collected from rural area of Badrood (Matin Abad), Natanz County, Esfahan Province, using aspirator. Results: Susceptibility test to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed on 3534 laboratory-reared P. papatasi (1746 females and 1788 males). The LT
50
and LT
90
values were measured using probit analysis and regression lines. The test results against males of P. papatasi revealed that LT
50
values to DDT 4%, Permethrin 0.75%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% were 439.28, 108.90, 97.75, 5.00 and 57.84 seconds. The figures for females were 641.62, 136.15, 146.44, 8.71 and 72.69 seconds, respectively. Conclusion: According to presented results, the reared population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Esfahan Province is still susceptible to prethroids and Resistance candidate to DDT 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Shirani-Bidabadi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Yavar Rassi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholampour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Shareghi
- Esfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research ,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Madreseh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Polutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmenatl Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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González MA, Bell MJ, Bernhardt SA, Brazil RP, Dilger E, Courtenay O, Hamilton JGC. Susceptibility of wild-caught Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies to insecticide after an extended period of exposure in western São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:110. [PMID: 30871639 PMCID: PMC6419423 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, members of the sand fly species complex Lutzomyia longipalpis transmit Leishmania infantum, a protist parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis. Male Lu. longipalpis produce a sex pheromone that is attractive to both females and males. During a cluster randomised trial, to determine the combined effect of synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone and insecticide on Le. infantum transmission Lu. longipalpis had been continuously exposed to insecticide for 30 months. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of continuous exposure to the insecticides used in the trial on the susceptibility of Lu. longipalpis population. METHODS During the trial the sand flies had been exposed to either lambda-cyhalothrin [pheromone + residual insecticide spray (PI)], deltamethrin [dog collars (DC)] or no insecticide [control (C)], for 30 months (November 2012 to April 2015). The insecticide treatment regime was kept in place for an additional 12 months (May 2015-April 2016) during this susceptibility study. Sand flies collected from the field were exposed to WHO insecticide-impregnated papers cyhalothrin (0.05%), deltamethrin (0.5%) and control (silicone oil) in a modified WHO insecticide exposure trial to determine their susceptibility. RESULTS We collected 788 Lu. longipalpis using CDC-light traps in 31 municipalities across the three trial arms. Probit analysis showed that the knockdown times (KDTs) of Lu. longipalpis collected from the lambda-cyhalothrin exposed PI-arm [KDT50: 31.1 min, confidence interval (CI): 29.6-32.6 and KDT90: 44.2 min, CI: 42.1-46.7] were longer than the KDTs from the non-insecticide-treated C-arm (KDT50: 26.3 min, CI: 25.1-27.6 and KDT90: 38.2, CI: 36.5-40.2) (no-overlapping 95% CIs). KDTs of Lu. longipalpis collected from the deltamethrin exposed DC-arm had similar values (KDT50: 13.7 min, CI: 10.1-16.2 and KDT90: 26.7 min, CI: 21.8-30.6) to those for the C-arm (KDT50: 13.5 min; CI: 12.2-14.8 and KDT90: 23.2 min, CI: 21.4-25.4) (overlapping CIs). The wild-caught unexposed Lu. longipalpis (C-arm), took approximately twice as long to knock down as laboratory-colonised specimens for both insecticides. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals slight changes in KDT, in sand flies after prolonged exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin in the presence of pheromone. These changes are not considered to have reached the reference levels indicative of resistance in sand flies suggesting that pheromone and insecticide treatment at the level indicated in this study do not constitute a significant risk of increased insecticide resistance. Prolonged exposure to deltamethrin in dog collars did not result in changes to KDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, LA1 4YG UK
- Present Address: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER-Teknalia), Derio, 48160 Biscay Spain
| | - Melissa J. Bell
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, LA1 4YG UK
| | | | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 4365 Brazil
| | - Erin Dilger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, LA1 4YG UK
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15
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Denlinger DS, Li AY, Durham SL, Lawyer PG, Anderson JL, Bernhardt SA. Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Methods for Blood Feeding of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Laboratory. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1112-1116. [PMID: 27297215 PMCID: PMC7289326 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli is a medically important insect that has been successfully colonized in the laboratory, and blood feeding is critical for colony propagation. There has been much interest in developing established protocols for in vitro blood-feeding systems. The objective of this study was to determine if a Parafilm membrane and a hog's gut membrane could be successfully used with in vitro feeding systems. We evaluated percentages of P. papatasi females that blood fed on different blood-feeding systems (a mouse, a Hemotek feeder, or a glass feeder) used with either a Parafilm or a hog's gut membrane, with cohorts of 250 and 500 P. papatasi females, and with or without external exhalations. For all feeding system combinations, female P. papatasi blood fed in higher percentages when in cohorts of 500 individuals and in the presence of exhalations. Higher percentages of P. papatasi fed on a mouse, but this study also demonstrates that P. papatasi will readily feed with in vitro feeding systems using a Parafilm membrane or a hog's gut membrane. This study suggests that female P. papatasi may use an invitation effect to blood feed and are attracted to blood sources via chemical olfaction cues, both of which have been characterized in other blood-feeding arthropods. Our study demonstrates that a Parafilm membrane or a hog's gut membrane, in conjunction with the Hemotek or glass feeder system, is potentially a viable alternative to live rodents to blood feed a colony of P. papatasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Denlinger
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 (, , )
| | - Andrew Y Li
- USDA, ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insect Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028
- Current address: USDA, ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | | | - Phillip G Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph L Anderson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 (, , )
| | - Scott A Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 (, , )
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