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Elhaig MM, AlFaleh FA, Wahdan A. Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Anaplasma marginale in camels and possible co-infections. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106753. [PMID: 38885885 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasma spp. is an important pathogen that affects a wide range of animals, including camels. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of six Anaplasma spp. in 400 camels from Ismailia, Suez, and Sharkia governorates in northern Egypt, as well as their associated risk factors and possible coinfections. Blood and fecal samples were examined using bacterial culture, the vitek2 system, and PCR. Genetic divergence among Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) isolates was characterized using the msp4 gene. The overall prevalence of A. marginale was 19.5%. Sequencing analysis confirmed the PCR results, and a single A. marginale genotype was recognized by msp4 sequencing. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the study A. marginale isolates clustered together and were close to Egyptian A. marginale identified from buffalo (OP142725 and OP142726). Age, sex, housing type, tick infestation, body conditions, and tick control factors were significantly associated with camel anaplasmosis using a logistic regression model (odds ratio >1, P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the infection was 2.03, 1.9, 2.6, 1.9, and 1.8 times higher in females, semi-enclosed housing, ages >5 years, tick infestation, and emaciated camels. The risk of infection due to a tick control factor increased by 4.4 and 2.6 times when no control was applied or with irregular control, respectively. This is the first molecular report of A. marginale infection in camels in Ismailia, Suez, and Sharkia in northern Egypt, indicating a moderate prevalence of A. marginale and the involvement of multiple bacterial infections, mainly Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Thus, it is necessary to develop effective management and control for camel anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Faleh A AlFaleh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Wahdan
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Nahal A, Ben Said M, Ouchene N. Current status of ruminant anaplasmosis in Algeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:164. [PMID: 38740638 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease that is being recognised all over the world, with impact on animal health.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the rate infection of Anaplasma spp. infection in Algerian ruminants. Three databases were searched to identify eligible studies for the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The 'meta' package in the R software was used for the meta-analysis, and the random effects model was chosen to pool the data. Meta-analysis encompasses 14 research papers spanning 19 years (2004-2023), out of an initial pool of 737 articles retrieved from various databases. The study included a total of 1515 cattle, 190 sheep, and 310 goats, and the overall Anaplasma infection rate was estimated at 28% (95% CI, 17-41%). The analysis revealed varying infection rates among species, with cattle at 20%, sheep at 30%, and goats at 61%. Five classified species and two unclassified strains belonging to Anaplasma genus were identified in ruminants, which are A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-like strains, and A. platys-like strains. Among these, A. marginale was prevalent in ten out of eleven cattle studies. The data also revealed regional variations, with Northeastern Algeria showing a higher infection rate (26%) compared to North-central Algeria (9%). In the subgroup analysis, clinically healthy cattle had a higher infection rate (28%) compared to suspected disease cattle (16%). Molecular biology screening methods yielded a significantly higher infection rate (33%) than microscopy (12%). Gender analysis suggested slightly higher infection rates among male cattle (19%) compared to females (16%). Age analysis indicated that Anaplasma infection was more common in cattle less than 12 months (14%) compared to those over 12 months (9%). This systematic review provides valuable insights, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and potential preventive strategies in different regions and among different animal populations in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nahal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Chadli Bendjedid University- El-Tarf, B.P 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria.
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Street of Soumâa, University Sâad Dahlab Blida 1, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida, 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
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Mosha ET, Kuria JKN, Otiende M, Lekolool I. Molecular Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Small Mammals and Infesting Ticks in Laikipia County, Kenya. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:5575162. [PMID: 38756415 PMCID: PMC11098608 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5575162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a set of disease conditions of various mammals caused by bacteria species of the genus Anaplasma. These are sub-microscopic, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Significant species that infect domestic and wildlife animals include Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma mesaeterum, Anaplasma platys, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Although A. phagocytophilum has a widespread distribution, there are only a few epidemiological reports from sub-Saharan Africa. This study focused on molecular detection and characterization of A. phagocytophilum in small mammals and their infesting ticks in Laikipia County, Kenya. A total of 385 blood and 84 tick archival samples from small mammals (155 females and 230 males) were analyzed. The blood samples were subjected to a nested PCR-HRM melt analysis using species-specific primers to amplify the 16S ribosomal RNA genes. The ticks were also subjected to nested PCR-HRM involving 16S rRNA gene primers. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was detected in 19 out of 385 samples using species-specific 16S rRNA gene primers giving a prevalence of 4.9% for A. phagocytophilum. Analysis of the tick's samples using 16S rRNA gene species-specific primers also detected A. phagocytophilum in 3 samples from Haemaphysalis leachi ticks (3/84) equivalent to prevalence of 3.6%. Sequencing of 16S rRNA PCR products confirmed A. phagocytophilum in small mammals and ticks' samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotype from this study demonstrated a close ancestral link with strains from Canis lupus familiaris, Alces alces, Apodemus agrarius, and ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis) reported in Europe, China, and Africa. Comparison was also made with a known pathogenic A. phagocytophilum variant HA and a nonpathogenic variant 1 that were clustered into a distinctive clade different form haplotypes detected in this study. All the haplotype sequences for A. phagocytophilum from this study were submitted and registered in GenBank under the accession numbers OQ308965-OQ308976. Our study shows that small mammals and their associated ticks harbor A. phagocytophilum. The vector competence for H. leachi in A. phagocytophilum transmission should further be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Titus Mosha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph K. N. Kuria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Otiende
- Forensic Laboratory, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac Lekolool
- Forensic Laboratory, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Nairobi, Kenya
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Chakraborty S, Gao S, Allan BF, Smith RL. Effects of cattle on vector-borne disease risk to humans: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011152. [PMID: 38113279 PMCID: PMC10763968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) causing vector-borne diseases (VBDs) can circulate among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, with cattle in particular serving as an important source of exposure risk to humans. The close associations between humans and cattle can facilitate the transmission of numerous VBPs, impacting public health and economic security. Published studies demonstrate that cattle can influence human exposure risk positively, negatively, or have no effect. There is a critical need to synthesize the information in the scientific literature on this subject, in order to illuminate the various ecological mechanisms that can affect VBP exposure risk in humans. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to review the scientific literature, provide a synthesis of the possible effects of cattle on VBP risk to humans, and propose future directions for research. This study was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 extension guidelines for systematic review. After screening 470 peer-reviewed articles published between 1999-2019 using the databases Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed Central, CABI Global Health, and Google Scholar, and utilizing forward and backward search techniques, we identified 127 papers that met inclusion criteria. Results of the systematic review indicate that cattle can be beneficial or harmful to human health with respect to VBDs depending on vector and pathogen ecology and livestock management practices. Cattle can increase risk of exposure to infections spread by tsetse flies and ticks, followed by sandflies and mosquitoes, through a variety of mechanisms. However, cattle can have a protective effect when the vector prefers to feed on cattle instead of humans and when chemical control measures (e.g., acaricides/insecticides), semio-chemicals, and other integrated vector control measures are utilized in the community. We highlight that further research is needed to determine ways in which these mechanisms may be exploited to reduce VBD risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Chakraborty
- Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, Illinois, United Sates of America
| | - Siyu Gao
- School of Social Work, The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United Sates of America
| | - Brian. F. Allan
- Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, Illinois, United Sates of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United Sates of America
| | - Rebecca Lee Smith
- Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, Illinois, United Sates of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United Sates of America
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Makgabo SM, Brayton KA, Oosthuizen MC, Collins NE. Unravelling the diversity of Anaplasma species circulating in selected African wildlife hosts by targeted 16S microbiome analysis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100198. [PMID: 37675244 PMCID: PMC10477809 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms in the genus Anaplasma are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria. Bovine anaplasmosis, predominantly caused by Anaplasma marginale, is the most prevalent tick-borne disease (TBD) of cattle worldwide. Other Anaplasma species are known to cause disease; these include A. ovis, A. platys in dogs, A. capra in goats and humans, and A. phagocytophilum in humans. The rapid advancement of next-generation sequencing technologies has led to the discovery of many novel sequences ascribed to the genus Anaplasma, with over 20 putative new species being proposed since the last formal organization of the genus. Most 16S rRNA gene surveys for Anaplasma were conducted on cattle and to a lesser extent on rodents, dogs, and ticks. Little is known about the occurrence, diversity, or impact of Anaplasma species circulating in wildlife species. Therefore, we conducted a 16S rRNA gene survey with the goal of identifying Anaplasma species in a variety of wildlife species in the Kruger National Park and neighbouring game reserves, using an unbiased 16S rRNA gene microbiome approach. An Anaplasma/Ehrlichia-group specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay revealed the presence of Anaplasma and/or Ehrlichia species in 70.0% (21/30) of African buffalo, 86.7% (26/30) of impala, 36.7% (11/30) of greater kudu, 3.2% (1/31) of African wild dog, 40.6% (13/32) of Burchell's zebra, 43.3% (13/30) of warthog, 22.6% (7/31) of spotted hyena, 40.0% (12/30) of leopard, 17.6% (6/34) of lion, 16.7% (5/30) of African elephant and 8.6% (3/35) of white rhinoceros samples. Microbiome sequencing data from the qPCR positive samples revealed four 16S rRNA sequences identical to previously published Anaplasma sequences, as well as nine novel Anaplasma 16S genotypes. Our results reveal a greater diversity of putative Anaplasma species circulating in wildlife than currently classified within the genus. Our findings highlight a potential expansion of the Anaplasma host range and the need for more genetic information from other important genes or genome sequencing of putative novel species for correct classification and further assessment of their occurrence in wildlife, livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Marcus Makgabo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Piloto-Sardiñas E, Foucault-Simonin A, Wu-Chuang A, Mateos-Hernández L, Marrero-Perera R, Abuin-Denis L, Roblejo-Arias L, Díaz-Corona C, Zając Z, Kulisz J, Woźniak A, Moutailler S, Corona-González B, Cabezas-Cruz A. Dynamics of Infections in Cattle and Rhipicephalus microplus: A Preliminary Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:998. [PMID: 37623958 PMCID: PMC10458817 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) pose a significant threat to livestock, including bovine species. This study aimed to investigate TBPs in cattle and ticks across four sampling points, utilizing real-time microfluidic PCR. The results revealed that Rhipicephalus microplus ticks were found infesting all animals. Among the detected TBPs in cattle, Anaplasma marginale was the most frequently identified, often as a single infection, although mixed infections involving Rickettsia felis, uncharacterized Rickettsia sp., and Anaplasma sp. were also observed. In ticks, A. marginale was predominant, along with R. felis, Rickettsia sp., and Ehrlichia sp. It is noteworthy that although A. marginale consistently infected all cattle during various sampling times, this pathogen was not detected in all ticks. This suggests a complex dynamic of pathogen acquisition by ticks. A phylogenetic analysis focused on the identification of Anaplasma species using amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments revealed the presence of A. marginale and Anaplasma platys strains in bovines. These findings underscore the presence of multiple TBPs in both cattle and ticks, with A. marginale being the most prevalent. Understanding the dynamics and phylogenetics of TBPs is crucial for developing effective control strategies to mitigate tick-borne diseases in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elianne Piloto-Sardiñas
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Angélique Foucault-Simonin
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Roxana Marrero-Perera
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Lianet Abuin-Denis
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Lisset Roblejo-Arias
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Cristian Díaz-Corona
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Zbigniew Zając
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (Z.Z.); (J.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Joanna Kulisz
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (Z.Z.); (J.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Aneta Woźniak
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (Z.Z.); (J.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba; (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (C.D.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; (E.P.-S.); (A.F.-S.); (A.W.-C.); (L.M.-H.); (L.A.-D.)
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Siddiki AZ, Alam S, Tithi FA, Hoque SF, Sajib EH, Bin Hossen FF, Hossain MA. Construction of a multi-epitope in silico vaccine against Anaplasma Marginale using immunoinformatics approach. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 50:102706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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8
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Abdelbaset AE, Kwak ML, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Human-biting ticks and zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in North Africa: diversity, distribution, and trans-Mediterranean public health challenges. One Health 2023; 16:100547. [PMID: 37363219 PMCID: PMC10288109 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
North Africa is home to more than 200 million people living across five developing economies (Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and two Spanish exclaves (Ceuta and Melilla), many of whom are impacted by ticks and tick-borne zoonoses. Populations in Europe are also increasingly vulnerable to North African ticks and tick-borne zoonoses due to a combination of climate change and the movement of ticks across the Mediterranean on migratory birds, human travellers, and trafficked wildlife. The human-biting ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in North Africa are reviewed along with their distribution in the region. We also assess present and future challenges associated with ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in North African and highlight opportunities for collaboration and coordination between governments in Europe and North Africa to address public health challenges posed by North African ticks and tick-borne zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mackenzie L. Kwak
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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9
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Kolo A. Anaplasma Species in Africa-A Century of Discovery: A Review on Molecular Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Control. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050702. [PMID: 37242372 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma species, belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales, are obligate intracellular bacteria responsible for various tick-borne diseases of veterinary and human significance worldwide. With advancements in molecular techniques, seven formal species of Anaplasma and numerous unclassified species have been described. In Africa, several Anaplasma species and strains have been identified in different animals and tick species. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of classified and unclassified Anaplasma species detected in animals and ticks across Africa. The review also covers control measures that have been taken to prevent anaplasmosis transmission on the continent. This information is critical when developing anaplasmosis management and control programs in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Kolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Karshima SN, Ahmed MI, Mohammed KM, Pam VA, Momoh-Abdullateef H, Gwimi BP. Worldwide meta-analysis on Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in animal reservoirs: Prevalence, distribution and reservoir diversity. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 38:100830. [PMID: 36725159 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of vertebrate species are competent reservoirs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, where the pathogen is maintained in the enzootic cycle and transmitted to humans through activities of tick vectors. An insight into the role and diversity of these reservoirs is vital in understanding the epidemiology of this pathogen. Here, we determined the prevalence, distribution and reservoir diversity of A. phagocytophilum using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data pooling was performed by the random-effects model, heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran's Q-test and publication bias by Egger's regression test. Eighty-nine studies from 33 countries across 5 continents revealed A. phagocytophilum pooled prevalence of 15.18% (95% CI: 11.64, 19.57). Continental estimates varied significantly (p < 0.0001), with a range of 2.88% (95% CI: 0.25, 26.20) in South America to 19.91% (95% CI: 13.57, 28.24) in Europe. Country-based estimates ranged between 2.93% (95% CI: 1.17, 7.16) in Slovakia and 71.58% (95% CI: 25.91, 94.77) in Norway. Studies on A. phagocytophilum were concentrated in Europe (51.69%; 46/89) by continent and the USA (22.47%; 20/89) by country. Prevalence in wildlife (17.64%; 95% CI: 12.21-28.59) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that among domestic animals (10.68%; 95% CI: 6.61-16.83). Diverse species of wildlife, domestic animals and birds were infected by A. phagocytophilum. To curtail the public health, veterinary and economic consequences of A. phagocytophilum infections, we recommend an all-inclusive epidemiological approach that targets the human, animal and environmental components of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ngutor Karshima
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, PMB 28 Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Musa Isiyaku Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, PMB 28 Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Kaltume Mamman Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, PMB 28 Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Victoria Adamu Pam
- Department of Zoology, Federal University Lafia, Lafia PMB 146, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Habiba Momoh-Abdullateef
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, PMB 001, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Bulus Peter Gwimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, PMB 28 Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
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11
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Addo SO, Bentil RE, Yartey KN, Ansah-Owusu J, Behene E, Opoku-Agyeman P, Bruku S, Asoala V, Mate S, Larbi JA, Baidoo PK, Wilson MD, Diclaro JW, Dadzie SK. First molecular identification of multiple tick-borne pathogens in livestock within Kassena-Nankana, Ghana. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe risk of pathogen transmission continues to increase significantly in the presence of tick vectors due to the trade of livestock across countries. In Ghana, there is a lack of data on the incidence of tick-borne pathogens that are of zoonotic and veterinary importance. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the prevalence of such pathogens in livestock using molecular approaches. A total of 276 dry blood spots were collected from cattle (100), sheep (95) and goats (81) in the Kassena-Nankana Districts. The samples were analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and conventional assays and Sanger sequencing that targeted pathogens including Rickettsia, Coxiella, Babesia, Theileria, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. An overall prevalence of 36.96% was recorded from the livestock DBS, with mixed infections seen in 7.97% samples. Furthermore, the prevalence of infections in livestock was recorded to be 19.21% in sheep, 14.13% in cattle, and 3.62% in goats. The pathogens identified were Rickettsia spp. (3.26%), Babesia sp. Lintan (8.70%), Theileria orientalis (2.17%), Theileria parva (0.36%), Anaplasma capra (18.48%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.81%), Anaplasma marginale (3.26%) and Anaplasma ovis (7.25%). This study reports the first molecular identification of the above-mentioned pathogens in livestock in Ghana and highlights the use of dry blood spots in resource-limited settings. In addition, this research provides an update on tick-borne pathogens in Ghana, suggesting risks to livestock production and human health. Further studies will be essential to establish the distribution and epidemiology of these pathogens in Ghana.
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12
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Koonyosying P, Rittipornlertrak A, Chomjit P, Sangkakam K, Muenthaisong A, Nambooppha B, Srisawat W, Apinda N, Singhla T, Sthitmatee N. Incidence of hemoparasitic infections in cattle from central and northern Thailand. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13835. [PMID: 35971431 PMCID: PMC9375545 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hemoparasites, such as Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and Anaplasma spp., can negatively affect the health of farm animals resulting in significant losses in production. These losses inherently affect the economics of the livestock industry. Since increases in the severity of vector-borne diseases in the southeast Asian region have been reported, investigations of parasitic epidemiology in Thailand will be necessary to improve the existing parasite control strategies for blood parasitic infections. This study aims to investigate incidences of bovine hemoparasites throughout central and northern Thailand by focusing on areas of high-density cattle populations. Methods Blood parasitic infections among cattle were screened and identified by microscopic examination. Anemia status was then determined by evaluation of the packed cell volume (PCV) of each animal. Furthermore, blood parasites were detected and identified by genus and species-specific primers through the polymerase chain reaction method. Amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing; thereafter, phylogenetic trees were constructed to determine the genetic diversity and relationships of the parasite in each area. Results A total of 1,066 blood samples were found to be positive for blood parasitic infections as follows: 13 (1.22%), 389 (36.50%), and 364 (34.15%) for Babesia bovis, Theileria orientalis, and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Furthermore, multiple hemoparasitic infections in the cattle were detected. The hematocrit results revealed 161 hemoparasitic infected samples from 965 blood samples, all of which exhibiting indications of anemia with no significant differences. Sequence analysis of the identified isolates in this study revealed that B. bovis rap-1, four separate clades of T. orientalis msps, and A. marginale msp4 exhibited considerable sequence similarity to homologous sequences from isolates obtained from other countries. Sequence similarity ranged between 98.57-100%, 83.96-100%, and 97.60-100% for B. bovis rap-1, T. orientalis msps, and A. marginale msp4, respectively. Conclusion In this study, the analyzed incidence data of cattle hemoparasitic infection in Thailand has provided valuable and basic information for the adaptation of blood-borne parasitic infections control strategies. Moreover, the data obtained from this study would be useful for future effective parasitic disease prevention and surveillance among cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongpisid Koonyosying
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Amarin Rittipornlertrak
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Food Animal clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paweena Chomjit
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sangkakam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anucha Muenthaisong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Boondarika Nambooppha
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Srisawat
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Apinda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Food Animal clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Singhla
- Department of Food Animal clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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Distribution of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals and Their Ticks in the Countries of the Mediterranean Basin between 2000 and 2021: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061236. [PMID: 35744755 PMCID: PMC9228937 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) include a wide range of bacteria, parasites and viruses that cause a large spectrum of animal, human and zoonotic tick-borne diseases (TBDs). The object of this review was to establish an inventory and an analysis of TBPs found in domestic animals in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. This geographic area occupies a central position between several continents and is an area of movement for animals, humans and pathogens of interest and their vectors, which is important in terms of animal and human health. In this systematic review, we included a total of 271 publications produced between 2000–2021 concerning TBPs in domestic animals. Among this literature, we found a total of 90 pathogen species (known as TBPs) reported in the 20 countries of the area; these were detected in tick species from domestic animals and were also directly detected in domestic animals. In all, 31 tick species were recorded and 12 domestic animal species, the latter comprising nine livestock and three pet species. More than 50% of the publications were from Western Europe. Island data were extracted and assessed, as islands of the Mediterranean Basin were represented in 16% of the publications and 77.8% of the TBPs reported. Our results show the importance of islands in the monitoring of TBPs, despite the low percentage of publications.
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First Molecular Evidence for the Presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Naturally Infected Small Ruminants in Tunisia, and Confirmation of Anaplasma ovis Endemicity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030315. [PMID: 35335639 PMCID: PMC8950766 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial vector-borne pathogens that impose economic constraints on animal breeders and threaten human health. Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infect sheep and goats worldwide. A duplex PCR targeting the msp2 and msp4 genes of A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis, respectively, was developed to analyze the field blood samples collected from sheep and goats. A total of 263 apparently healthy small ruminants from 16 randomly selected flocks situated in 3 bioclimatic zones in Tunisia were analyzed for Anaplasma infections. Anaplasma spp. was detected in 78.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 72.8–83.1) of the analyzed animals. The prevalence of A. ovis in sheep (80.4%) and goats (70.3%) was higher than that of A. phagocytophilum (7.0% in sheep and 1.6% in goats). Using an inexpensive, specific, and rapid duplex PCR assay, we provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first molecular evidence for the presence of A. phagocytophilum in small ruminants in Tunisia. A. phagocytophilum generally presented as a co-infection with A. ovis. This study provides important data to understand the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in small ruminants, and highlights the risk of contracting the infection upon tick exposure.
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Selim A, Manaa E, Abdelhady A, Ben Said M, Sazmand A. Serological and molecular surveys of Anaplasma spp. in Egyptian cattle reveal high A. marginale infection prevalence. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 22:288-297. [PMID: 35126536 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.40587.5879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious disease with worldwide distribution. It spreads by various routes mainly through tick bites. AIMS This study aimed to investigate bovine related Anaplasma spp. in cattle from three northern governorates of Egypt by serological and molecular assays, to evaluate the associated risk factors and to analyze the phylogeny of revealed A. marginale isolates. METHODS During 2020, a total of 650 blood samples were collected from asymptomatic cattle in the governorates of Kafr El-Sheikh (n=240), Menofia (n=230), and Al-Gharbia (n=180). Sera samples were examined using the Anaplasma antibody test kit, cELISA v2. Blood genomic DNA of seropositive cattle was then examined by PCRs specific to A. marginale, A. centrale, and A. bovis. Selected positive samples were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Risk factors (i.e. geographical area, breed, type of production, sex, age, herd size, season, husbandry system, tick infestation, and application of acaricides) were evaluated by logistic regression approach. RESULTS In total, 130 cattle (20%, 95% CI: 17.1-23.3) were recorded seropositive for Anaplasma species. Major risk factors associated with seropositivity were being crossbred, dairy cattle, aged more than 5 years, summer season, herd size of below 300, pasture grazing, tick infestation, and not being subjected to regular treatment with acaricides. By using species-specific PCR, only A. marginale was detected. Nucleotide sequencing showed the occurrence of two different msp4 genotypes. CONCLUSION This study shows the high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle of Kafr El-Sheikh, Al-Gharbia, and Menofia. However, the connection between Anaplasma species and their tick vectors remains unknown in Egypt and merits further investigations. Since these infections primarily spread through ixodid tick bites, effective ectoparasite control strategies, regular examination of cattle and successful chemoprophylaxis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - E Manaa
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - A Abdelhady
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - M Ben Said
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia, and Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - A Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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16
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Yan Y, Cui Y, Zhao S, Jing J, Shi K, Jian F, Zhang L, Wang R, Wang K, Zhou Y, Ning C. Development of a duplex PCR assay for detecting Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:319-330. [PMID: 34591210 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coinfections with the tick-borne pathogens Theileria luwenshuni and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can cause significant economic losses in sheep and goat farming. The difficulty in detecting these two pathogens by microscopic examination warrants the development of a rapid detection test to discriminate them. In this study, a duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect T. luwenshuni and A. phagocytophilum. Alignment of the sequences from related pathogens allowed us to design a primer pair targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene in T. luwenshuni and generate a target product of 962 bp, whereas a previously reported species-specific primer (SSAP2f/SSAP2r) for A. phagocytophilum was used in the same reaction to generate a product of 641 bp. Genomic DNA from T. luwenshuni and A. phagocytophilum was 10-fold serially diluted for testing PCR sensitivity. Under the optimal PCR conditions we established, the lower limit of detection of the assay was 29.13 fg/μL for T. luwenshuni and 1.53 fg/μL for A. phagocytophilum, and PCR primers used in this study were confirmed to be 100% species-specific using other hemoparasites previously identified by other methods. No significant difference was found between conventional and duplex PCR protocols used to detect the two species. Our study provides an effective, sensitive, specific, and accurate tool for the diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of mixed infections of the two pathogens in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- School of Biotechnology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jichun Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong, District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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Belkahia H, Ben Abdallah M, Andolsi R, Selmi R, Zamiti S, Kratou M, Mhadhbi M, Darghouth MA, Messadi L, Ben Said M. Screening and Analysis of Anaplasma marginale Tunisian Isolates Reveal the Diversity of lipA Phylogeographic Marker and the Conservation of OmpA Protein Vaccine Candidate. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:731200. [PMID: 34746278 PMCID: PMC8566978 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.731200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale is a disease responsible for serious animal health problems and great economic losses all over the world. Thereby, the identification of A. marginale isolates from various bioclimatic areas in each country, the phylogeographic analysis of these isolates based on the most informative markers, and the evaluation of the most promising candidate antigens are crucial steps in developing effective vaccines against a wide range of A. marginale strains. In order to contribute to this challenge, a total of 791 bovine samples from various bioclimatic areas of Tunisia were tested for the occurrence of A. marginale DNA through msp4 gene fragment amplification. Phylogeographic analysis was performed by using lipA and sucB gene analyses, and the genetic relationship with previously characterized A. marginale isolates and strains was analyzed by applying similarity comparison and phylogenetic analysis. To evaluate the conservation of OmpA protein vaccine candidate, almost complete ompA nucleotide sequences were also obtained from Tunisian isolates, and various bioinformatics software were used in order to analyze the physicochemical properties and the secondary and tertiary structures of their deduced proteins and to predict their immunodominant epitopes of B and T cells. A. marginale DNA was detected in 19 bovine samples (2.4%). Risk factor analysis shows that cattle derived from subhumid bioclimatic area were more infected than those that originated from other areas. The analysis of lipA phylogeographic marker indicated a higher diversity of Tunisian A. marginale isolates compared with other available worldwide isolates and strains. Molecular, phylogenetic, and immuno-informatics analyses of the vaccine candidate OmpA protein demonstrated that this antigen and its predicted immunodominant epitopes of B and T cells appear to be highly conserved between Tunisian isolates and compared with isolates from other countries, suggesting that the minimal intraspecific modifications will not affect the potential cross-protective capacity of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against multiple A. marginale worldwide strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanène Belkahia
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben Abdallah
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Andolsi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Rachid Selmi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.,Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire, Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sayed Zamiti
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Myriam Kratou
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.,Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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18
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Ogata S, Pereira JAC, Jhonny LVA, Carolina HPG, Matsuno K, Orba Y, Sawa H, Kawamori F, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Molecular Survey of Babesia and Anaplasma Infection in Cattle in Bolivia. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090188. [PMID: 34564582 PMCID: PMC8473379 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Latin American countries produce more than a quarter of the world's beef and are a major global supplier of livestock protein. Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a major constraint to the livestock industry worldwide, including in Latin America. The aim of this study was to detect and characterise tick-borne pathogens in cattle from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, where no detailed epidemiological data are available. Blood samples were collected from 104 cattle. Apicomplexan parasites were detected by nested PCR amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA), and Anaplasmataceae was screened by the PCR amplification of 16S rDNA, followed by characterisation based on the heat shock protein and citrate synthase gene sequences. Babesia infection was observed in nine cattle (one Babesia bovis and eight Babesia bigemina), while Anaplasmataceae infection was detected in thirty-two cattle. A sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma platys-like. These results provide the first molecular evidence for the four above-mentioned tick-borne pathogens in cattle in Bolivia. This information improves our understanding of the epidemiology of TBDs and will help in formulating appropriate and improved pathogen control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Ogata
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (S.O.); (N.N.)
| | - Juan Antonio Cristian Pereira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Loza Vega Ariel Jhonny
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Herbas Perez Gladys Carolina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kawamori
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. 26 de Febrero Entre Av. Busch y Av. Centenario, Ciudad Universitaria, Modulo 228, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; (J.A.C.P.); (L.V.A.J.); (H.P.G.C.); (F.K.)
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (S.O.); (N.N.)
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (S.O.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-5196
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McFadzean H, Johnson N, Phipps LP, Hobbs RL. High morbidity associated with an outbreak of tick‐borne disease in a dairy herd, Cornwall. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet McFadzean
- Veterinary Investigation Centre Starcross, Animal and Plant Health Agency Exeter UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Virology Department Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge) Addlestone UK
| | - L. Paul Phipps
- Virology Department Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge) Addlestone UK
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Atelerix algirus, the North African Hedgehog: Suitable Wild Host for Infected Ticks and Fleas and Reservoir of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Tunisia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080953. [PMID: 34451417 PMCID: PMC8399139 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small wild mammals are an important element in the emergence and transmission of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs). Among these species, hedgehogs have been found to be a reservoir of VBPs and host of arthropod vectors. Surveillance of VBPs in wildlife and their arthropods are crucial in a one health context. We conducted an exploratory study to screen Atelerix algirus hedgehogs and their infesting ticks and fleas for VBPs using a high throughput microfluidic real-time PCR system. Tested biopsies from hedgehogs were found to be naturally infected by Theileria youngi, Hepatozoon sp., Ehrlichia ewingii, Coxiella burnetii, and Candidatus Ehrlichia shimanensis. Similarly, Haemaphysalis erinacei and Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick species were infected by Ehrlichia ewingii, Rickettsia spp., Rickettsia massiliae, Borrelia sp., Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia lusitaniae and Anaplasma sp. Archaeopsylla erinacei fleas were infected by Rickettsia asembonensis, Coxiella burnetii, and Rickettsia massiliae. Co-infections by two and three pathogens were detected in hedgehogs and infesting ticks and fleas. The microfluidic real-time PCR system enabled us not only to detect new and unexpected pathogens, but also to identify co-infections in hedgehogs, ticks, and fleas. We suggest that hedgehogs may play a reservoir role for VBPs in Tunisia and contribute to maintaining enzootic pathogen cycles via arthropod vectors.
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Foughali AA, Ziam H, Aiza A, Boulkrout H, Berber A, Bitam I, Gharbi M. Cross-sectional survey of cattle haemopathogens in Constantine, Northeast Algeria. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1237-1244. [PMID: 33683831 PMCID: PMC8294368 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of haemopathogens in cattle in Beni Hamidene locality, district of Constantine (Νortheastern Algeria). Between June and October 2014, 169 bovines from 25 farms were included in this survey, 32 (18.9%) among them were suspected of piroplasmosis and/or anaplasmosis. Infection prevalences were estimated by microscopic examination of Giemsa‐stained blood smears and blood samples from all included cattle (n = 169). Animals were infected by Theileria annulata (65/169; 38.46%), Anaplasma marginale (22/169; 13%) and Babesia bovis (5/169; 3%). Two co‐infection patterns were found: Theileria annulata/Anaplasma marginale (7.69%) and Theileria annulata/Babesia bovis (1.18%). Only one farm had no cattle infected by any of the haemopathogens. There was a signification difference of T. annulata infection prevalence according to age category (p =.04). These results emphasised mainly the presence of bovine tropical theileriosis in northeastern, Beni Hamidene locality, province of Constantine, Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Amina Foughali
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement : Interactions et Génomes. Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiène, Algiers, Algeria.,Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Ouled Yaich, Blida, Algeria
| | - Hocine Ziam
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Ouled Yaich, Blida, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Environnement et Santé, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algeria
| | - Asma Aiza
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Liées à la Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Ali Berber
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Liées à la Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Université Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement : Interactions et Génomes. Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiène, Algiers, Algeria.,École Supérieure en Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires (ESSAIA), El Harrach, Alger, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ. Manouba, Sidi Thabet, 2020, Tunisia
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Abstract
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a vector-borne, infectious and non-contagious disease. The disease is caused by various pathogens of the genus Anaplasma. The different species cause different types of anaplasmosis depending on which cells that are infected in the mammalian host. Anaplasmosis has a wide host range, including humans, and it is distributed worldwide. The zoonotic potential of some species is of great importance in regards to public health concerns. This review presents information about anaplasmosis in animals and its prevalence in Europe, and other countries in the world.
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Kolo AO, Collins NE, Brayton KA, Chaisi M, Blumberg L, Frean J, Gall CA, M. Wentzel J, Wills-Berriman S, Boni LD, Weyer J, Rossouw J, Oosthuizen MC. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Other Anaplasma spp. in Various Hosts in the Mnisi Community, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1812. [PMID: 33217891 PMCID: PMC7698776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA samples from 74 patients with non-malarial acute febrile illness (AFI), 282 rodents, 100 cattle, 56 dogs and 160 Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were screened for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the msp2 gene. The test detected both A. phagocytophilum and Anaplasma sp. SA/ZAM dog DNA. Microbiome sequencing confirmed the presence of low levels of A. phagocytophilum DNA in the blood of rodents, dogs and cattle, while high levels of A. platys and Anaplasma sp. SA/ZAM dog were detected in dogs. Directed sequencing of the 16S rRNA and gltA genes in selected samples revealed the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA in humans, dogs and rodents and highlighted its importance as a possible contributing cause of AFI in South Africa. A number of recently described Anaplasma species and A. platys were also detected in the study. Phylogenetic analyses grouped Anaplasma sp. SA/ZAM dog into a distinct clade, with sufficient divergence from other Anaplasma species to warrant classification as a separate species. Until appropriate type-material can be deposited and the species is formally described, we will refer to this novel organism as Anaplasma sp. SA dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha O. Kolo
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mamohale Chaisi
- Zoological Research, Foundational Biodiversity & Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - John Frean
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | | | - Jeanette M. Wentzel
- Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Samantha Wills-Berriman
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Liesl De Boni
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Rossouw
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
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Sarangi LN, Rana SK, Prasad A, Ponnanna NM, Sharma GK. Prevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma in cattle and buffaloes of different organized herds in India. J Parasit Dis 2020; 45:359-365. [PMID: 34295034 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne disease in ruminants causing huge economic loss to the dairy industry. A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect serum antibodies to Anaplasma infection in cattle and buffaloes housed in 14 organized herds located at various climatic zones spreading over 9 different states in India. A total of 911 serum samples, collected from 667 cattle and 244 buffaloes, were subjected to a competitive enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay detecting an epitope of major surface protein 5 (MSP5) of Anaplasma. The overall true prevalence was 48.72% (95% CI 45.13-52.32%). The prevalence rate was higher in cattle (51.58%) than buffaloes (40.89%) and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Indigenous cattle (59.30%) showed higher seropositivity than crossbreed (57.16%) and exotic cattle breeds (42.28%). Although statistically not significant, female (52.37%) showed higher seropositivity than male (46.43%). Similarly, significant difference in prevalence (p < 0.05) was observed for animals reared in different climatic zones with highest prevalence recorded in arid zone (90.49%) and lowest in semi-arid zone (29.83%). Very wide variation in prevalence (9.95-100%) was recorded between farms. The present study indicates endemicity of Anaplasma in India, similar to other tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. Endemic instability was recorded in some of the studied farms suggesting possibility of outbreak of new clinical cases resulting in economic loss. Therefore, suitable policies and procedures for prevention and control of Anaplasma infection should be adopted in these farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Narayan Sarangi
- National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032 India
| | | | - Amitesh Prasad
- National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032 India
| | - Nadikerianda Muthappa Ponnanna
- National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032 India
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Molecular Detection, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Genetic Diversity of Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale in Cattle in Three Districts of Egypt. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:620-627. [PMID: 32207056 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the poor hygienic conditions, tick-borne pathogens cause severe economic losses to the cattle industry. PURPOSE The current study investigated the presence of Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, the most relevant tick-borne pathogens in cattle, in 3 provinces of Egypt utilizing species-specific PCR assays. METHODS PCR was conducted, on bovine blood specimens, using primers targeting the T. annulata merozoite-piroplasm surface antigen (Tams1, 768 bp), A. marginale major surface protein-1b gene (msp1b, 265 bp), and B. bigemina small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSrRNA, 543 bp). RESULTS PCR findings revealed overall prevalences of T. annulata, B. bigemina, and A. marginale as 22.0% (33/150), 19.33% (29/150), and 10.6% (16/150), respectively. The co-infection with two or three pathogens was detected in 20.0% (30/150) of examined specimens. Sequence analyses indicated that T. annulata and A. marginale varied from those of corresponding GenBank sequences revealing percent identities ranging from 90.68 to 97.75% and from 94.98 to 98.63%, respectively. On the other hand, the obtained B. bigemina sequences showed a high similarity with those previously reported in GenBank with a percent identity ranging from 98.85 to 100%. CONCLUSION T. annulata was the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen in examined bovine specimens. The genetic diversity of markers used for identification of T. annulata and A. marginale should be highly considered.
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26
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Tumwebaze MA, Lee SH, Adjou Moumouni PF, Mohammed-Geba K, Sheir SK, Galal-Khallaf A, Abd El Latif HM, Morsi DS, Bishr NM, Galon EM, Byamukama B, Liu M, Li J, Li Y, Ji S, Ringo AE, Rizk MA, Suzuki H, Ibrahim HM, Xuan X. First detection of Anaplasma ovis in sheep and Anaplasma platys-like variants from cattle in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Parasitol Int 2020; 78:102150. [PMID: 32485226 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are of global economic importance, especially due to the costs associated with disease treatment and productivity losses in livestock. In this study, 244 livestock animals (cattle N = 92, buffaloes N = 86 and sheep N = 66) from Menoufia, Egypt were tested for Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Babesia species using PCR. Results revealed detection of A. ovis (9.1%) in sheep while Anaplasma spp. (14.1%), A. marginale (15.2%), B. bigemina (6.5%) and B. bovis (5.4%) in cattle. On the other hand, Anaplasma spp. (1.2%), A. marginale (1.2%) and B. bovis (1.2%), were detected in buffaloes. Significantly higher detection rates were observed in cattle for Anaplasma spp. (P = .020), A. marginale (P = .001) and B. bigemina (P = .022) than in buffaloes. Sequence analysis of Anaplasma spp. isolates from cattle, revealed A. platys-like strains. Phylogenetic analyses of the A. platys-like isolates revealed variation among the strains infecting cattle. The A. marginale buffalo isolate, on the other hand, showed some level of divergence from the cattle isolates. This study reports the first detection of A. ovis in sheep and A. platys-like strains in cattle in Menoufia and Egypt at large. The results of the current study provide valuable information on the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of tick-borne pathogens infecting livestock in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agnes Tumwebaze
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Khaled Mohammed-Geba
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sherin K Sheir
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Galal-Khallaf
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Heba M Abd El Latif
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Dalia S Morsi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nora M Bishr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Benedicto Byamukama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hany M Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Peng Y, Zhao S, Wang K, Song J, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Shi K, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang L, Ning C. A Multiplex PCR Detection Assay for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Anaplasma Species in Field Blood Samples. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606. [PMID: 32318051 PMCID: PMC7154085 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), which includes the species Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma ovis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is responsible for a wide variety of infections in both human and veterinary health worldwide. Multiple infections with these four Anaplasma pathogens have been reported in many cases. We introduce a novel multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis, and A. phagocytophilum, based on species-specific primers against the groEL (A. capra and A. bovis), msp4 (A. ovis), and 16S rRNA (A. phagocytophilum) genes. To verify the specificity of the PCR reactions, we evaluated four sets of primers to analyze samples containing different blood pathogens. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was evaluated by amplifying 10-fold dilutions of total genomic DNA extracted from sheep blood infected with A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis, or A. phagocytophilum. The reproducibility of the assay was evaluated by testing 10-fold dilutions of total genomic DNA extracted from sheep blood infected with these pathogens from 100 to 10–3 ng/μL per reaction in triplicate on three different days. A total of 175 field blood DNA samples were used to evaluate the reproducibility of multiplex PCR compared with the simplex PCRs. PCR primers used in this study were confirmed to be 100% species-specific using blood pathogens previously identified by other methods. The lower limit of detection of the multiplex PCR with good repeatability enabled the detection of A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis and A. phagocytophilum at concentrations of 3 × 10–5, 5 × 10–7, 2 × 10–5, and 7 × 10–7 ng/μL, respectively. There was no significant difference between conventional and multiplex PCR protocols used to detect the four Anaplasma species (P > 0.05). The results of the multiplex PCR revealed that the A. capra groEL gene, the A. bovis groEL gene, the A. ovis msp4 gene, and the A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene were reliable target genes for species identification in clinical isolates, being specific for each of the four target Anaplasma species. Our study provides an effective, sensitive, specific, and accurate tool for the rapid differential clinical diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of Anaplasma pathogens in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Animal Medical Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxing Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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Zobba R, Ben Said M, Belkahia H, Pittau M, Cacciotto C, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Messadi L, Alberti A. Molecular epidemiology of Anaplasma spp. related to A. phagocytophilum in Mediterranean small ruminants. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105286. [PMID: 31790650 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma currently comprises 6 bacterial species mostly pathogenic to animals and/or human, including the zoonotic species Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever (TBF) of ruminants, and of granulocytic anaplasmosis of horses, dogs and human. Recently, novel potentially non-pathogenic strains related to A. phagocytophilum have been identified in Japan, China, and Tunisia. This paper reports the identification, molecular typing, and evolutionary history of novel Anaplasma strains (A. phagocytophilum-like 1 and 2), related to but distinct from A. phagocytophilum in Mediterranean area of Europe and Africa. PCR-RFLP and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA provided evidence for the circulation of A. phagocytophilum-like 1 strains in Europe. Phylogeny based on groEL gene showed the inclusion of Sardinian and Tunisian A. phagocytophilum-like 1 strains in a unique clade distinct from, but related to that of Japanese strains. Results suggest that genetic diversity within the genus Anaplasma is much greater than expected and provide information useful for the development of specific and effective diagnostic and prophylactic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Marco Pittau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Remesar S, Díaz P, Prieto A, García-Dios D, Fernández G, López CM, Panadero R, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Spain. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101351. [PMID: 31822398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum can infect a wide range of vertebrates; nevertheless, some genetic variants are associated with particular species of tick vectors and animal hosts. It has been suggested that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) mainly acts as a reservoir of several A. phagocytophilum non-pathogenic variants for other animal species. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and identify the genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum in roe deer from Spain in order to assess host-pathogen associations and their pathogenic potential. The spleens of 212 roe deer hunted in Spain were individually collected and analysed by a commercial qPCR kit in order to detect the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA. Positive samples were further characterized at groESL, 16S rRNA and msp2 partial genes. The possible influence of several intrinsic (age and sex) and extrinsic factors (ecological area) on A. phagocytophilum prevalence was analysed using a logistic regression. Overall, 41.5 % of the samples resulted positive to A. phagocytophilum. The percentage of infected roe deer was significantly higher in the Mediterranean and Oceanic areas than in the Continental and Mountain regions; nevertheless, prevalence was not related to age or sex. Sequence analysis at groESL and 16S rRNA genes allowed the identification of three ecotypes (I to III) and four variants ("Y", "X", "W", "I"), respectively. A high percentage of roe deer from Spain is infected with different variants of A. phagocytophilum; these results have implications for public and animal health since some of these ecotypes and variants have been previously identified in both human and animal clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Remesar
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - David García-Dios
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Dahmani M, Davoust B, Sambou M, Bassene H, Scandola P, Ameur T, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Molecular investigation and phylogeny of species of the Anaplasmataceae infecting animals and ticks in Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:495. [PMID: 31640746 PMCID: PMC6805679 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study aimed to assess the diversity of the species of Anaplasmataceae in Senegal that infect animals and ticks in three areas: near Keur Momar Sarr (northern region), Dielmo and Diop (Sine Saloum, central region of Senegal), and in Casamance (southern region of Senegal). METHODS A total of 204 ticks and 433 blood samples were collected from ruminants, horses, donkeys and dogs. Ticks were identified morphologically and by molecular characterization targeting the 12S rRNA gene. Molecular characterization of species of Anaplasmataceae infecting Senegalese ticks and animals was conducted using the 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA, rpoB and groEL genes. RESULTS Ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (84.3%), Hyalomma rufipes (8.3%), Hyalomma impeltatum (4.9%), R. bursa (1.5%) and R. muhsamae (0.9%). The overall prevalence of Anaplasmataceae infection in ticks was 0.9%, whereas 41.1% of the sampled animals were found infected by one of the species belonging to this family. We identified the pathogen Anaplasma ovis in 55.9% of sheep, A. marginale and A. centrale in 19.4% and 8.1%, respectively, of cattle, as well as a putative new species of Anaplasmataceae. Two Anaplasma species commonly infecting ruminants were identified. Anaplasma cf. platys, closely related to A. platys was identified in 19.8% of sheep, 27.7% of goats and 22.6% of cattle, whereas a putative new species, named here provisionally "Candidatus Anaplasma africae", was identified in 3.7% of sheep, 10.3% of goats and 8.1% of cattle. Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys were identified only from dogs sampled in the Keur Momar Sarr area. Ehrlichia canis was identified in 18.8% of dogs and two R. e. evertsi ticks removed from the same sheep. Anaplasma platys was identified in 15.6% of dogs. Neither of the dogs sampled from Casamance region nor the horses and donkeys sampled from Keur Momar Sarr area were found infected by an Anaplasmataceae species. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a summary of Anaplasmataceae species that infect animals and ticks in three areas from the northern, central and southern regions of Senegal. To our knowledge, our findings demonstrate for the first time the presence of multiple Anaplasmataceae species that infect ticks and domestic animals in Senegal. We recorded two potentially new species commonly infecting ruminants named here provisionally as Anaplasma cf. platys and "Candidatus Anaplasma africae". However, E. canis was the only species identified and amplified from ticks. None of the other Anaplasmataceae species identified in animals were identified in the tick species collected from animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Masse Sambou
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Hubert Bassene
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Pierre Scandola
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Tinhinene Ameur
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,VITROME, UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France. .,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Ghafar MW, Amer SAM. Molecular survey of zoonotic Anaplasma phagocytophilum and genetic evidence of a putative novel Anaplasma species in goats from Taif, Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2019.54-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Genus Anaplasma is of veterinary and public health importance, and its members utilize ruminants as key hosts in their epidemiology. To date, information about the occurrence and molecular identity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and other Anaplasma species in Saudi Arabian goats is scarce. This study aimed to molecularly detect and characterize zoonotic A. phagocytophilum and other Anaplasma spp. in goats from Taif District, KSA. Materials and Methods: Blood samples collected from 67 goats were polymerase chain reaction tested using common and A. phagocytophilum-specific primers targeting 16S rRNA and msp4 genes, respectively. Amplicons of common reactions were purified, sequenced, and analyzed. Results: Six goats yielded positive results with common primers, whereas all animals proved negative for A. phagocytophilum. Analysis of the two successfully sequenced amplicons revealed the presence of a variant strain of Anaplasma ovis (99.52% ID) and a new Anaplasma organism, which was clustered with Anaplasma bovis (95.9% ID) and Aegyptianella pullorum (94.99% ID) and distinctly separated from all other recognized species of the genus Anaplasma. Conclusion: The tested goats proved negative for A. phagocytophilum; however, we could not confirm that the area is pathogen free. A variant strain of A. ovis and a putative novel Anaplasma spp. were reported raising the concern of veterinary and zoonotic potential. Other genes should be sequenced and analyzed for complete identification of the detected organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Ghafar
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sayed A. M. Amer
- Department of Forensic Biology, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
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Bursakov SA, Kovalchuk SN. Co-infection with tick-borne disease agents in cattle in Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:709-713. [PMID: 30878569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases cause significant livestock losses worldwide. In Russia, information concerning single or mixed infections with different Anaplasma, Theileria and Babesia species in cattle is very limited. This study was conducted to determine the level of co-infection with protozoan pathogens (Theileria spp. and Babesia spp.) and rickettsial pathogens (A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum) in cattle in central Russia. Blood samples were examined with real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum, and by amplifying the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene, followed by cloning, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses, for Babesia and Theileria species. In total 67% of examined blood samples were positive for Theileria spp. or A. marginale, and 19% of the animals were co-infected with Theileria spp. and A. marginale. Seasonal variation in prevalence was found for Theileria spp. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed the presence of five Theileria species: T. annulata, T. orientalis, T. buffeli, T. sergenti, and T. sinensis. No samples were positive for Babesia spp. or A. phagocytophilum. The data obtained for prevalence of bovine theileriosis and anaplasmosis in the central part of Russia underscore the need for improved surveillance and control programs to reduce tick-borne diseases in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Bursakov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Center of Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnologies, Kostyakova str., 12, b.4, Moscow, 127422, Russia.
| | - Svetlana N Kovalchuk
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Center of Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnologies, Kostyakova str., 12, b.4, Moscow, 127422, Russia
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Paramanandham K, Mohankumar A, Puttahonnappa Suresh K, Susan Jacob S, Roy P. Prevalence of Anaplasma species in India and the World in dairy animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:159-170. [PMID: 30677616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the prevalence of Anaplasma species in diary animals from India and World was estimated using meta-analysis. Based on systematic review of studies on Anaplasma species from India [35] and World [66] from 1988 to 2017 and 1978-2017, respectively, using online databases and offline literatures, meta-analysis using meta package in R-Software was done. Prevalence of Anaplasma species in India and World were 11% [95% level, Confidence Interval[CI] 7-16%, Prediction Interval[PI] 1-69%] and 39% [95% level, CI 30-49%, PI 2-95%], and these were obtained using 31,117 and 46,365 samples, respectively. Period-wise analysis revealed high Anaplasma species prevalence before 2011 for India and the World than from 2011 through 2017. Zone-wise prevalence indicated high prevalence in Central zone [61%] and low in West and South zones [6%] in India, and continent-wise, it was high in South America [82%]. The studies used methods including blood smear examination, serology and nucleic acid-based techniques and revealed high prevalence in serology for India [34%] and World [46%], low prevalence by blood smear for India [7%] and World [21%], but higher sensitivity using nucleic acid-based techniques. Species-wise indicated higher prevalence in cattle [12%] than buffaloes [2%] in India. Prevalence was lower in India compared to the World and higher in South America. Overall, anaplasmosis causes low productivity in dairy animals and economic loss to dairy farmers. Hence, there is a need to control Anaplasma infections in high risk areas by adopting effective therapeutic and preventive measures so as to improve the economic benefits in dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Paramanandham
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ashwini Mohankumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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Differential identification of Anaplasma in cattle and potential of cattle to serve as reservoirs of Anaplasma capra, an emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:15-22. [PMID: 30389039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne, infectious, non-contagious disease caused by Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, and zoonotic A. phagocytophilum. Recently, Anaplasma capra detected in goats was identified as a novel zoonotic pathogen. To determine whether A. capra can infect bovines, we used PCR to differentially diagnose Anaplasma spp. in 1219 South Korean cattle by performing multilocus gene typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis detected the 16S rRNA gene of A. bovis and four genes from A. capra in 12 (1.0%) and five (0.4%) cattle, respectively. Supplementary discrimination between A. bovis and A. capra was accomplished by RFLP. The 16S rRNA, msp4, groEL, and gltA genes of A. capra identified in this study had much lower degrees of identity to those in A. centrale and other Anaplasma spp. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of the tested cattle. Although the prevalence was low, this study suggests the potential of cattle to serve as reservoirs of A. capra. Thus, further studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis of A. capra in cattle and its possible involvement in transmission to humans.
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Han DG, Ryu JH, Chae JB, Kim DW, Kwon CH, Choi KS. First report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Holstein cattle in the Republic of Korea. Acta Trop 2018; 183:110-113. [PMID: 29654732 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has increased the incidence and risk of tick-borne diseases in domestic animals and humans in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Holstein cattle (n = 214) in the ROK using specific PCR assays. A. phagocytophilum infection was detected in only two animals (0.93%, 2/214). Our findings showed that PCR assay using the 16S rRNA gene, but not groEL, was suitable for detection of A. phagocytophilum in cattle. Phylogenetic analysis based on the16S rRNA gene showed that A. phagocytophilum was divided into two clades. Clade 1 included Korean isolates, such as those from dogs, cats, Korean water deer, and ticks, while A. phagocytophilum identified in Holstein cattle formed clade 2. Our results suggest that there is genetic variability among isolates of A. phagocytophilum circulating in the ROK. This is the first study to report A. phagocytophilum infection in Holstein cattle in the ROK. As A. phagocytophilum has zoonotic potential, additional epidemiological studies are needed to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of A. phagocytophilum from different regions and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Gyeong Han
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Ho Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Ben Said M, Ben Asker A, Belkahia H, Ghribi R, Selmi R, Messadi L. Genetic characterization of Anaplasma marginale strains from Tunisia using single and multiple gene typing reveals novel variants with an extensive genetic diversity. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1275-1285. [PMID: 29778634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale, which is responsible for bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions, is a tick-borne obligatory intraerythrocytic bacterium of cattle and wild ruminants. In Tunisia, information about the genetic diversity and the phylogeny of A. marginale strains are limited to the msp4 gene analysis. The purpose of this study is to investigate A. marginale isolates infecting 16 cattle located in different bioclimatic areas of northern Tunisia with single gene analysis and multilocus sequence typing methods on the basis of seven partial genes (dnaA, ftsZ, groEL, lipA, secY, recA and sucB). The single gene analysis confirmed the presence of different and novel heterogenic A. marginale strains infecting cattle from the north of Tunisia. The concatenated sequence analysis showed a phylogeographical resolution at the global level and that most of the Tunisian sequence types (STs) formed a separate cluster from a South African isolate and from all New World isolates and strains. By combining the characteristics of each single locus with those of the multi-loci scheme, these results provide a more detailed understanding on the diversity and the evolution of Tunisian A. marginale strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ben Said
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Alaa Ben Asker
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Raoua Ghribi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Rachid Selmi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie.
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Ben Said M, Belkahia H, Messadi L. Anaplasma spp. in North Africa: A review on molecular epidemiology, associated risk factors and genetic characteristics. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:543-555. [PMID: 29398602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family (order Rickettsiales) comprises obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. Six species and five types of strains genetically related are currently assigned to the genus Anaplasma including Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. platys as classified species, and "A. capra", A. odocolei sp. nov., A. phagocytophilum-like 1 (Anaplasma sp.-Japan), A. phagocytophilum-like 2 (Anaplasma sp.-China) and A. platys-like (also named Candidatus Anaplasma camelii) as unclassified strains. Most of these Anaplasma species and strains have been molecularly identified in several animal and/or tick species in the north of Africa. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about molecular epidemiology, associated risk factors and genetic diversity of Anaplasma species and related strains infecting animals and/or their incriminated tick vectors in North Africa. All these data should be considered when establishing of common management and control programs for anaplasmosis infecting humans and different animal species in North African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ben Said
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Abdela N, Ibrahim N, Begna F. Prevalence, risk factors and vectors identification of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in and around Jimma town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2018; 177:9-18. [PMID: 28939494 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among tick-borne diseases, bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis are considered to be one of the most important in ruminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical areas. This cross-sectional study was therefore undertaken from November 2016 to April 2017 with the objectives to assess the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis and also to identify the vectors involved in transmission of these diseases in and around Jimma town, south western Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique was employed for selecting a sampling unit and logistic regression was used to determine the association of hypothesized risk factors with positivity for bovine anaplasmosis and/or babesiosis. A total of 408 bovine blood samples were examined for the presence of either anaplasmosis or babesiosis by Giemsa staining technique and overall prevalence of 11.7% babesiosis and 6.1% anaplasmosis were determined. Two Babesia species (2.2% Babesia bovis and 9.8% B. bigemina) and two anaplasma species (5.1% Anaplasma marginale and 1.2% A. centrale) were identified. Even though risk factors like age, body condition, management system, sex and presence of ticks were considered, only age (p=0.006) and body condition (p=0.039) were found to be significantly associated with anaplasmosis. Moreover, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant association of babesiosis with age (p=0.003), body condition (p=0.012) and presence of ticks (p=0.005). For both infections the mean PCV of infected animals was significantly (p<0.05) lower than non-infected animals. Similarly, the mean body temperature of infected animals was significantly (p<0.05) higher than non-infected animals. The overall 70.8% infestation of cattle with four tick species, namely Amblyomma cohaerens (58.5%) and A. variegatum (44.1%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (50.5%) and R. evertsi evertsi (12.9%) were recorded. A significant positive correlation was observed between the presence of R. evertsi evertsi (p=0.000) and R. (B). decoloratus (p=0.000) on the animals and positivity for bovine anaplasmosis. Besides, R. (B). decoloratus was found to be the only tick species which its presence on the animal was significantly correlated (p=0.000) with babesiosis positivity. Conclusively, the study revealed a moderate prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in the study area which need further investigations using modern serological and molecular techniques for the identification of the carriers the infections and identification of the potential vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejash Abdela
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box. 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Nuraddis Ibrahim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box. 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Feyissa Begna
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box. 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution and genetic analysis of Anaplasma species infecting small ruminants from Northern Tunisia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Spatio-temporal variations and genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. in cattle from the North of Tunisia. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:223-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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41
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Molecular typing and diagnosis of Anaplasma spp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants from Tunisia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:412-422. [PMID: 28109769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of animal and zoonotic diseases, such as granulocytic anaplasmosis, is crucial to estimate risk during control programs. In this study, 16S rRNA nested PCR and RFLP assay were combined to investigate the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and genetically related strains (namely A. phagocytophilum-like 1 and 2) in 936 Tunisian ruminants. By using this method, A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of the tested animals, while A. phagocytophilum-like 1 and A. phagocytophilum-like 2 were detected at variable prevalence rates in sheep, goats and cattle at coinfection rates respectively of 3.9, 2.5 and 0.5%. Sequence analysis validated RFLP data, and confirmed the co-occurrence of two potentially novel species closely related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisian ruminants. Phylogeny indicated the presence of genetic variants shared by different ruminant species for each type of A. phagocytophilum-like strains. Results raise concern on the use and interpretation of indirect and direct tests traditionally employed for detecting pathogenic A. phagocytophilum strains in ruminants and in other vertebrates' species, and provide additional background to improve classification of bacterial species closely related to A. phagocytophilum, and to reconstruct their evolutionary history.
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