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Hasan MN, Khalil I, Chowdhury MAB, Rahman M, Asaduzzaman M, Billah M, Banu LA, Alam MU, Ahsan A, Traore T, Uddin MJ, Galizi R, Russo I, Zumla A, Haider N. Two decades of endemic dengue in Bangladesh (2000-2022): trends, seasonality, and impact of temperature and rainfall patterns on transmission dynamics. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:345-353. [PMID: 38253990 PMCID: PMC10936167 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare dengue virus (DENV) cases, deaths, case-fatality ratio [CFR], and meteorological parameters between the first and the recent decades of this century (2000-2010 vs. 2011-2022) and to describe the trends, seasonality, and impact of change of temperature and rainfall patterns on transmission dynamics of dengue in Bangladesh. For the period 2000-2022, dengue cases and death data from Bangladesh's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's website, and meteorological data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department were analyzed. A Poisson regression model was performed to identify the impact of meteorological parameters on the monthly dengue cases. A forecast of dengue cases was performed using an autoregressive integrated moving average model. Over the past 23 yr, a total of 244,246 dengue cases were reported including 849 deaths (CFR = 0.35%). The mean annual number of dengue cases increased 8 times during the second decade, with 2,216 cases during 2000-2010 vs. 18,321 cases during 2011-2022. The mean annual number of deaths doubled (21 vs. 46), but the overall CFR has decreased by one-third (0.69% vs. 0.23%). Concurrently, the annual mean temperature increased by 0.49 °C, and rainfall decreased by 314 mm with altered precipitation seasonality. Monthly mean temperature (Incidence risk ratio [IRR]: 1.26), first-lagged rainfall (IRR: 1.08), and second-lagged rainfall (IRR: 1.17) were significantly associated with monthly dengue cases. The increased local temperature and changes in rainfall seasonality might have contributed to the increased dengue cases in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nayeem Hasan
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mahbubur Rahman
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asaduzzaman
- School of Digital, Technologies, and Arts, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent ST4 2DE, UK
| | - Masum Billah
- School of Digital, Technologies, and Arts, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent ST4 2DE, UK
| | - Laila Arjuman Banu
- Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbub-Ul Alam
- Environmental Intervention Unit, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Atik Ahsan
- Environmental Intervention Unit, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tieble Traore
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Programme, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Dakar Hub, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
- Department of General Educational and Development, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Roberto Galizi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ilaria Russo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London and NIHR-BRC, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Najmul Haider
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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Dawah HA, Abdullah MA, Ahmad SK, Turner J, Azari-Hamidian S. An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females. Zootaxa 2023; 5394:1-76. [PMID: 38220993 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Dawah
- Centre for Environmental Research and Studies; Jazan University; P.O. Box 2095; Jazan; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Abdullah
- Department of Biology; College of Science; King Khalid University; PO Box 9004; Abha-61413; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Kamran Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh; India.
| | - James Turner
- National Museum of Wales; Department of Natural Sciences; Entomology Section; Cardiff; CF10 3NP; UK.
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment; School of Health; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology; Mycology and Entomology; School of Medicine; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran.
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Harbach RE, Wilkerson RC. The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification. Zootaxa 2023; 5303:1-184. [PMID: 37518540 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beginning about 80 years ago, the recognition of morphological varieties of mosquitoes was gradually replaced by the recognition of subspecies. As an examination of revisionary and detailed taxonomic studies of mosquitoes clearly shows, subspecies are untenable concepts which have been synonymized with nominotypical forms or recognized as distinct species. Thus, from our perspective, subspecies is not a functional or practical taxonomic rank. Consequently, in this study we critically assessed the taxonomic status of the 120 nominal taxa distinguished as subspecies before now to determine whether they should be recognized as separate species or synonymous names. As a result, 96 subspecies are formally elevated to specific rank, 22 are relegated to synonymy with nominotypical forms, one is considered a nomen dubium, one a species inquirenda and the names of four nominal species regarded as synonyms are revalidated. The subspecies and their new status are listed in a conspectus. The revalidated species include Anopheles argentinus (Brèthes, 1912), from synonymy with An. pseudopunctipennis Theobald, 1901c; An. peruvianus Tamayo, 1907, from synonymy with An. pseudopunctipennis as nomen dubium; Culex major Edwards, 1935, from synonymy with Cx. annulioris consimilis Newstead, 1907; and Trichoprosopon trichorryes (Dyar & Knab, 1907), from synonymy with Tr. compressum Lutz, 1905. Additionally, the type locality of Anopheles sergentii Theobald, 1907 is restricted to El Outaya, Biskra Province, Algeria. A complete list of species to be retained, added to or removed from the Encyclopedia of Life, with a few corrections, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Science; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road; London SW7 5BD; UK.
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013; USA; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit; Museum Support Center; Smithsonian Institution; Suitland; MD 20746; USA; One Health Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD 20910; USA.
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Al-Amin HM, Rodriguez I, Phru CS, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Burton TA, Alam MS, Lobo NF. Composition of Anopheles species and bionomic characteristics over the peak malaria transmission season in Bandarban, Bangladesh. Malar J 2023; 22:176. [PMID: 37280591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint efforts by government and non-government organizations have helped to reduce malaria in Bangladesh and set the country on a clear path to eventual malaria elimination. However, achieving that goal would be challenging without a comprehensive understanding of vector bionomics. METHODS Targeted capturing of Anopheles mosquitoes over a rainy season, utilizing specific sampling methods, including human landing catches (HLCs), CDC-light traps (CDC-LTs), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were aimed to characterize entomological drivers of transmission in four sites of Bandarban, Bangladesh. RESULTS Molecular characterization of a subset of 4637 mosquitoes has demonstrated the presence of at least 17 species whose capture rates were representative of the rainy season. Species compositions and bionomic traits did not vary between sites with Anopheles maculatus having the highest landing rate by HLCs and Anopheles vagus having the highest capture rate with CDC-LTs. Interestingly, Anopheles species compositions and capture rates varied significantly (p < 0.05) for An. vagus, between HLCs and its often-used proxy-CDC-LTs- suggesting impacts on downstream analysis. CDC-LTs capture rates demonstrated differing compositions with indoor and outdoor biting rates. For example, Anopheles nigerrimus and Anopheles nivipes were more endophagic by HLCs and more exophagic by CDC-LTs. The use of a cow-baited CDC-LT also demonstrated significantly different results when compared to a human-baited CDC-LT considering the high degree of anthropophily in these species. The exception to both zoophily and indoor resting was An. vagus, which demonstrated both anthropophily and high resting rates indoors-pointing to this species being a possible primary vector at this site. CONCLUSION A diverse Anopheles fauna in Bandarban has been confirmed through molecular methods, highlighting the potential impact of sampling techniques. Given the complexity of the local ecosystem, a better understanding of mosquito behaviour and ecology is required to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Isabella Rodriguez
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Visa Shalini P, Shriram AN, Elango A, Natarajan R, Vijayakumar B, Raju KHK, Dengel L, Gunasekaran K, Kumar A. Mosquito Diversity in an Experimental Township in Tamil Nadu, India. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1615-1624. [PMID: 35703108 PMCID: PMC9473653 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To glean more information on mosquito diversity and distribution in Auroville, a cross-sectional study was carried out by mapping the distribution of water bodies and habitats supporting immature stages on the one hand and the distribution of water bodies/habitats supporting mosquito immature stages on the other. A satellite image covering an area of 8.08 km2 was overlaid with a grid of 500 × 500 m. Fifteen modules were selected and the area of each module served as the sampling site for the entomological survey. Adult and larval stages were sampled. Diversity indices were analyzed to compare mosquito diversity. Rarefaction estimations were used to compare abundance and richness of the mosquito species between different zones. In total, 750 mosquito larvae and 84 resting adults were sampled. Eighteen species of mosquitoes belonging to 11 subgenera and 7 genera were documented. Genera included Aedes (Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818, Diptera, Culicidae), Anopheles (Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818, Diptera, Culicidae), Armigeres (Theobald 1901, Diptera, Culicidae), Culex (Carl Linnaeus 1758, Diptera, Culicidae), Lutzia (Theobald 1903, Diptera, Culicidae), and Mimomyia (Theobald 1903, Diptera, Culicidae). Of the 18 mosquito species identified, 8 species are new records for Auroville. The Alpha (α) biodiversity indices show that the mosquito fauna is diverse (S = 18; DMg = 2.732 [95% CI: 2.732-2.732]). The Shannon-Weiner (H' = 2.199 [95% CI: 2.133-2.276]) and Simpson indices (λ = 0.8619 [95% CI: 0.8496-0.8723]) measured species richness, evenness, and dominance. The values of these indices suggest high species richness, evenness, and dominance. Prevailing conditions can provide suitable environment for establishment of different mosquito species in this ecosystem. Given the sociodemographic characteristics of this area, research on mosquito diversity and risk of vector-borne diseases will be of great use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Visa Shalini
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | | | - A Elango
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - R Natarajan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - B Vijayakumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - K H K Raju
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Lucas Dengel
- EcoPro, Aurosarjan Complex, Auroshilpam, Auroville, Tamil Nadu 605 101, India
| | - K Gunasekaran
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
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Alam MS, Al-Amin HM, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Lobo NF. Preliminary Report of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles vagus, an Important Malaria Vector in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:810-811. [PMID: 32394878 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, unmanaged insecticide resistance may lead to increases in malaria-related mortality and morbidity. Bangladesh, having made significant progress in malaria control efforts, has recently seen an upswing in malaria cases-58% of which occurred in Bandarban district. Toward identifying entomological drivers of increased malaria, an entomological survey including Anopheles susceptibility to the insecticides in use was conducted in Bandarban. Anopheles vagus, the primary vector of malaria, was found to be resistant to both permethrin and deltamethrin-with only 29% and 55% mortality at 30 minutes, respectively. Intervention strategies in this area-all based on pyrethroids, may need to be reevaluated toward closing this gap in protection and increasing intervention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (QIMR Berghofer), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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Irish SR, Al-Amin HM, Paulin HN, Mahmood ASMS, Khan RK, Muraduzzaman AKM, Worrell CM, Flora MS, Karim MJ, Shirin T, Shamsuzzaman AKM, Tahmina S, Lenhart A, Dubray C. Molecular xenomonitoring for Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus in two districts in Bangladesh supports transmission assessment survey findings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006574. [PMID: 30048460 PMCID: PMC6062013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Careful monitoring for recrudescence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection is necessary in communities where mass drug administration (MDA) for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem has been stopped. During the post-MDA period, transmission assessment surveys (TAS) are recommended by the World Health Organization to monitor the presence of the parasite in humans. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), a method by which parasite infection in the mosquito population is monitored, has also been proposed as a sensitive method to determine whether the parasite is still present in the human population. The aim of this study was to conduct an MX evaluation in two areas of Bangladesh, one previously endemic district that had stopped MDA (Panchagarh), and part of a non-endemic district (Gaibandha) that borders the district where transmission was most recently recorded. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mosquitoes were systematically collected from 180 trap sites per district and mosquito pools were tested for W. bancrofti using real-time PCR. A total of 23,436 intact mosquitoes, representing 31 species, were collected from the two districts, of which 10,344 (41%) were Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of W. bancrofti in Bangladesh. All of the 594 pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus tested by real-time PCR were negative for the presence of W. bancrofti DNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study suggested the absence of W. bancrofti in these districts. MX could be a sensitive tool to confirm interruption of LF transmission in areas considered at higher risk of recrudescence, particularly in countries like Bangladesh where entomological and laboratory capacity to perform MX is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth R. Irish
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- President’s Malaria Initiative, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Heather N. Paulin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - A. S. M. Sultan Mahmood
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajaul K. Khan
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Caitlin M. Worrell
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Meerjady S. Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control & Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed J. Karim
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control & Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Shamsuzzaman
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanya Tahmina
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Dubray
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Alam MS, Al-Amin HM, Elahi R, Chakma S, Kafi MAH, Khan WA, Haque R, Sack DA, Sullivan DJ, Norris DE. Abundance and Dynamics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae in a Malaria Endemic Area of Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:382-391. [PMID: 29182782 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a major health burden in the border-belt areas of Bangladesh. There are recent data from adult mosquito collections that a number of vectors are involved in the transmission cycle. However, little information regarding the larval habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes are available in Bangladesh. To start filling this gap, a cross-sectional larval survey was conducted in Bandarban, Bangladesh from October 2011 to September 2012. Descriptive analysis, Poisson regression, spearman correlations and zero-inflated Poisson regression were used to calculate the degree of association between the abundance of larval Anopheles species and environmental factors. From the 300 larval habitats sampled, 5,568 Anopheles larvae were collected and of these, 2,263 (40.6%) were identified to species. Collections represented 16 Anopheles species with Anopheles vagus (26.4%, n = 598) as the dominant species. A total of 16 Anopheles larval habitat types were identified. Larval abundance was significantly different (P < 0.05) among habitats with pond (40%, n = 914) and rice field (34%, n = 779) implicated to be the most utilized. Larval abundance varied significantly (P < 0.05) with habitat characteristics. Most of the larvae were collected from sites with a range of pH from 7.0 to 8.0. Data obtained from this study revealed both natural and human-created larval habitats were favorable for anopheline larval survival and development. Such information elucidates plausible drivers of high anopheline diversity, high vector abundance, changes in relative species abundance from historic data, and sustained transmission of malaria in endemic areas of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubayet Elahi
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Sumit Chakma
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- EngenderHealth Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Heel Kafi
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Sullivan
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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