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Mougabure-Cueto G, Fronza G, Nattero J. What happens when the insecticide does not kill? A review of sublethal toxicology and insecticide resistance in triatomines. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39167411 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease is considered one of the most important human parasitosis in the United States. This disease is mainly transmitted by insects of the subfamily Triatominae. The chemical vector control is the main tool for reducing the incidence of the disease. However, the presence of triatomines after pyrethroids spraying has been reported in some regions, as in the case of Triatoma infestans in Argentina and Bolivia. The presence of insects can be explained by the colonization from neighbouring areas, the reduction of insecticide dose to sublethal levels due to environmental factors, and/or by the evolution of insecticide resistance. In the last two scenarios, a proportion of the insects is not killed by insecticide and gives rise to residual populations. This article focuses on the toxicological processes associated with these scenarios in triatomines. Sublethal doses may have different effects on insect biology, that is, sublethal effects, which may contribute to the control. In addition, for insect disease vectors, sublethal doses could have negative effects on disease transmission. The study of sublethal effects in triatomines has focused primarily on the sequence of symptoms associated with nervous intoxication. However, the effects of sublethal doses on excretion, reproduction and morphology have also been studied. Rhodnius prolixus and T. infestans and pyrethroids insecticides were the triatomine species and insecticides, respectively, mainly studied. Insecticide resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon in which the insecticide acts as a selective force, concentrating on the insect population's pre-existing traits that confer resistance. This leads to a reduction in the susceptibility to the insecticide, which was previously effective in controlling this species. The evolution of resistance in triatomines received little attention before the 2000s, but after the detection of the first focus of resistance associated with chemical control failures in T. infestans from Argentina in 2002, the study of resistance increased remarkably. A significant number of works have studied the geographical distribution, the resistance mechanisms, the biological modifications associated with resistance, the environmental influences and the genetic of T. infestans resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. Currently, studies of insecticide resistance are gradually being extended to other areas and other species. The aim of this article was to review the knowledge on both phenomena (sublethal effects and insecticide resistance) in triatomines. For a better understanding of this article, some concepts and processes related to insect-insecticide interactions, individual and population toxicology and evolutionary biology are briefly reviewed. Finally, possible future lines of research in triatomine toxicology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Fronza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (IIIA, EHyS, UNSAM-CONICET), Universidad de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gómez-Bravo A, Cirignoli S, Wehrendt D, Schijman A, León CM, Flores-Chaves M, Nieto J, Kieran TJ, Abril M, Guhl F. Zoonotic Cycle of American Trypanosomiasis in an Endemic Region of the Argentine Chaco, Factors That Influenced a Paradigm Shift. INSECTS 2024; 15:471. [PMID: 39057204 PMCID: PMC11277326 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), is a highly complex zoonosis that is present throughout South America, Central America, and Mexico. The transmission of this disease is influenced by various factors, including human activities like deforestation and land use changes, which may have altered the natural transmission cycles and their connection to the environment. In this study conducted in the Argentine Chaco region, we examined the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi by collecting blood samples from wild and domestic animals, as well as triatomine bugs from human dwellings, across five sites of varying anthropic intervention. Samples were analyzed for T. cruzi infection via qPCR, and we additionally examined triatomines for bloodmeal analysis via NGS amplicon sequencing. Our analysis revealed a 15.3% infection rate among 20 wild species (n = 123) and no T. cruzi presence in 9 species of domestic animals (n = 1359) or collected triatomines via qPCR. Additionally, we found chicken (34.28%), human (21.59%), and goat (19.36%) as the predominant bloodmeal sources across all sites. These findings suggest that anthropic intervention and other variables analyzed may have directly impacted the spillover dynamics of T. cruzi's sylvatic cycle and potentially reduced its prevalence in human habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gómez-Bravo
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires C1061ABC, Argentina; (A.G.-B.); (M.F.-C.); (M.A.)
| | - Sebastián Cirignoli
- Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú N3370AIA, Argentina;
- Administración de Parques Nacionales, Parque Nacional Iberá, Mercedes W3470, Argentina
| | - Diana Wehrendt
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Alejandro Schijman
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Cielo M. León
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - María Flores-Chaves
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires C1061ABC, Argentina; (A.G.-B.); (M.F.-C.); (M.A.)
- Unidad de Leishmaniasis y Enfermedad de Chagas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - Javier Nieto
- Unidad de Leishmaniasis y Enfermedad de Chagas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Marcelo Abril
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires C1061ABC, Argentina; (A.G.-B.); (M.F.-C.); (M.A.)
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
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Ledien J, Cucunubá ZM, Parra-Henao G, Rodríguez-Monguí E, Dobson AP, Adamo SB, Castellanos LG, Basáñez MG, Nouvellet P. From serological surveys to disease burden: a modelling pipeline for Chagas disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220278. [PMID: 37598701 PMCID: PMC10440172 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) set the elimination of Chagas disease intradomiciliary vectorial transmission as a goal by 2020. After a decade, some progress has been made, but the new 2021-2030 WHO roadmap has set even more ambitious targets. Innovative and robust modelling methods are required to monitor progress towards these goals. We present a modelling pipeline using local seroprevalence data to obtain national disease burden estimates by disease stage. Firstly, local seroprevalence information is used to estimate spatio-temporal trends in the Force-of-Infection (FoI). FoI estimates are then used to predict such trends across larger and fine-scale geographical areas. Finally, predicted FoI values are used to estimate disease burden based on a disease progression model. Using Colombia as a case study, we estimated that the number of infected people would reach 506 000 (95% credible interval (CrI) = 395 000-648 000) in 2020 with a 1.0% (95%CrI = 0.8-1.3%) prevalence in the general population and 2400 (95%CrI = 1900-3400) deaths (approx. 0.5% of those infected). The interplay between a decrease in infection exposure (FoI and relative proportion of acute cases) was overcompensated by a large increase in population size and gradual population ageing, leading to an increase in the absolute number of Chagas disease cases over time. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ledien
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Zulma M. Cucunubá
- Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Javeriana, 110231 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Parra-Henao
- Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 470002, Santa Marta, Colombia
- National Institute of Health, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Rodríguez-Monguí
- Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Javeriana, 110231 Bogotá, Colombia
- Independent consultant to the Neglected, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases Program, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Colombia
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Susana B. Adamo
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Luis Gerardo Castellanos
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - María-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR) & MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR) & MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Gürtler RE, Enriquez GF, Gaspe MS, Macchiaverna NP, del Pilar Fernández M, Rodríguez-Planes LI, Provecho YM, Cardinal MV. The Pampa del Indio project: sustainable vector control and long-term declines in the prevalence and abundance of Triatoma infestans infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in the Argentine Chaco. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:258. [PMID: 37528423 PMCID: PMC10394798 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease. We implemented a 9-year program aimed at suppressing house infestation with Triatoma infestans and stopping vector-borne transmission to creole and indigenous (Qom) residents across Pampa del Indio municipality (Argentine Chaco). The aim of the present study was to assess the intervention effects on parasite-based transmission indices and the spatial distribution of the parasite, and test whether house-level variations in triatomine infection with Trypanosoma cruzi declined postintervention and were influenced by household ethnicity, persistent infestation linked to pyrethroid resistance and other determinants of bug infection. METHODS This longitudinal study assessed house infestation and bug infection with T. cruzi before and after spraying houses with pyrethroids and implemented systematic surveillance-and-response measures across four operational areas over the period 2007-2016. Live triatomines were individually examined for infection by optical microscopy or kinetoplast DNA (kDNA)-PCR and declared to be infected with T. cruzi when assessed positive by either method. RESULTS The prevalence of infection with T. cruzi was 19.4% among 6397 T. infestans examined. Infection ranged widely among the study areas (12.5-26.0%), household ethnicity (15.3-26.9%), bug ecotopes (1.8-27.2%) and developmental stages (5.9-27.6%), and decreased from 24.1% (baseline) to 0.9% (endpoint). Using random-intercept multiple logistic regression, the relative odds of bug infection strongly decreased as the intervention period progressed, and increased with baseline domestic infestation and bug stage and in Qom households. The abundance of infected bugs and the proportion of houses with ≥ 1 infected bug remained depressed postintervention and were more informative of area-wide risk status than the prevalence of bug infection. Global spatial analysis revealed sharp changes in the aggregation of bug infection after the attack phase. Baseline domestic infestation and baseline bug infection strongly predicted the future occurrence of bug infection, as did persistent domestic infestation in the area with multiple pyrethroid-resistant foci. Only 19% of houses had a baseline domestic infestation and 56% had ever had ≥ 1 infected bug. CONCLUSIONS Persistent bug infection postintervention was closely associated with persistent foci generated by pyrethroid resistance. Postintervention parasite-based indices closely agreed with human serosurveys at the study endpoint, suggesting transmission blockage. The program identified households and population subgroups for targeted interventions and opened new opportunities for risk prioritization and sustainable vector control and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Fabián Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Gaspe
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Paula Macchiaverna
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lucía Inés Rodríguez-Planes
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Yael Mariana Provecho
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Victoria Cardinal
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Alejandra A, Sol GM, Fabián EG, Paula MN, Esteban GR, Victoria CM. Marginal risk of domestic vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission after improved vector control of Triatoma infestans across a rural-to-urban gradient in the Argentine Chaco. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106933. [PMID: 37119837 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The interruption of domestic vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Americas remains one of the main goals of the World Health Organization 2021-2030 road map for neglected tropical diseases. We implemented a longitudinal intervention program over 2015-2022 to suppress (peri)domestic Triatoma infestans in the municipality of Avia Terai, Chaco Province, Argentina and found that house infestation (3851 houses inspected) and triatomine abundance decreased over the first 2 years post-intervention (YPI), and remained stable thereafter associated to moderate pyrethroid resistant foci. Here we assessed selected components of transmission risk after interventions across the rural-to-urban gradient. We used multistage random sampling to select a municipality-wide sample of T. infestans. We examined 356 insects collected in 87 houses for T. cruzi infection using kDNA-PCR and identified their bloodmeal sources using an indirect ELISA. The overall prevalence of T. cruzi infection post-intervention was 1.7% (95% CI 0.7-3.6). Few houses (5.7%) (95% CI 2.5-12.8) harbored infected triatomines across the gradient. Infected triatomines were found in 5 peri-urban or rural dwellings over 1-4 years post-intervention. No infected insect was found in the urban area. The human blood index decreased from 66.2 at baseline to 42.8 at 1YPI and then increased to 92.9 at 4-5 YPI in the few infested domiciles detected. The percentage of houses with human-fed bugs displayed a similar temporal trend. Our results indicate marginal risks of domestic vector-borne transmission across the district after implementation of the intervention program. Ensuring sustainable vector surveillance coupled with human etiological diagnosis and treatment in hiperendemic areas like the Gran Chaco region, is urgently needed. 252 words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvedro Alejandra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gaspe María Sol
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enriquez Gustavo Fabián
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Macchiaverna Natalia Paula
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gürtler Ricardo Esteban
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cardinal Marta Victoria
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gürtler RE, Gaspe MS, Macchiaverna NP, Enriquez GF, Rodríguez-Planes LI, Fernández MDP, Provecho YM, Cardinal MV. The Pampa del Indio project: District-wide quasi-elimination of Triatoma infestans after a 9-year intervention program in the Argentine Chaco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011252. [PMID: 37093886 PMCID: PMC10159358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elimination of Triatoma infestans, the main domestic vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, is lagging behind expectations in the Gran Chaco region. We implemented an insecticide-based intervention program and assessed its long-term effects on house infestation and bug abundance in a resource-constrained municipality (Pampa del Indio, northeastern Argentina) inhabited by creole and the Qom indigenous people (2007-2016). Key questions were whether district-wide data integration revealed patterns concealed at lower spatial levels; to what extent preintervention infestation and pyrethroid resistance challenged the effectiveness of insecticide-based control efforts, and how much control effort was needed to meet defined targets. METHODS Supervised vector control teams i) georeferenced every housing unit at baseline (1,546); ii) evaluated house infestation using timed-manual searches with a dislodging aerosol across four rural areas designated for district-wide scaling up; iii) sprayed with pyrethroid insecticide 92.7% of all houses; iv) periodically monitored infestation and promoted householder-based surveillance, and v) selectively sprayed the infested houses, totaling 1,823 insecticide treatments throughout the program. RESULTS Baseline house infestation (mean, 26.8%; range, 14.4-41.4%) and bug abundance plummeted over the first year postintervention (YPI). Timed searches at baseline detected 61.4-88.0% of apparent infestations revealed by any of the methods used. Housing dynamics varied widely among areas and between Qom and creole households. Preintervention triatomine abundance and the cumulative frequency of insecticide treatments were spatially aggregated in three large clusters overlapping with pyrethroid resistance, which ranged from susceptible to high. Persistent foci were suppressed with malathion. Aggregation occurred mainly at house compound or village levels. Preintervention domestic infestation and abundance were much greater in Qom than in creole households, whereas the reverse was recorded in peridomestic habitats. House infestation, rare (1.9-3.7%) over 2-6 YPI, averaged 0.66% (95% confidence interval, 0.28-1.29%) at endpoint. CONCLUSIONS Upscale integration revealed multiple coupled heterogeneities (spatial, sociodemographic and biological) that reflect large inequalities, hamper control efforts, and provide opportunities for targeted, sustainable disease control. High-coverage, professional insecticide spraying combined with systematic surveillance-and-response were essential ingredients to achieve the quasi-elimination of T. infestans within 5 YPI and concomitant transmission blockage despite various structural threats and constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Gaspe
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Paula Macchiaverna
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Fabián Enriquez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Inés Rodríguez-Planes
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Fernández
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yael Mariana Provecho
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Victoria Cardinal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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de Arias AR, Monroy C, Guhl F, Sosa-Estani S, Santos WS, Abad-Franch F. Chagas disease control-surveillance in the Americas: the multinational initiatives and the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210130. [PMID: 35830010 PMCID: PMC9261920 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives’ aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlota Monroy
- Universidad de San Carlos, Laboratorio de Entomología y Parasitología Aplicadas, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Souza Santos
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Leishmanioses, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Dario MA, Maranhão PHC, Dos Santos GQ, Rocha MDM, Falqueto A, Da Silva LFCF, Jansen AM, Das Chagas Xavier SC. Environmental influence on <em>Triatoma vitticeps</em> occurrence and <em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em> infection in the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2021; 16. [PMID: 34726032 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2021.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi requires a triatomine insect vector for its life cycle, which can be complex in different enzootic scenarios, one of which is the unique transmission network in the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. In Espírito Santo (ES) State, highly infected Triatoma vitticeps are frequently reported invading domiciles. However, triatomines were not found colonizing residences and mammals in the surrounding areas did not present T. cruzi infection. To date, the biotic and abiotic variables that modulate T. vitticeps occurrence and T. cruzi infection in ES State are still unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the environmental variables that modulate their occurrence. Local thematic maps were generated for two response variables: T. vitticeps occurrence and T. cruzi infection. The following explanatory variables were tested: climate (temperature, relative air humidity and rainfall), altitude elevation, mammalian species richness as well as soil and vegetation types. Spatiotemporal distribution patterns and correlation levels between response and explanatory variables were assessed through spatial statistics and map algebra modelling. The central and southern mesoregions presented higher T. vitticeps and T. cruzi distributions and can be considered transmission hotspots. The explanatory variables that can explain these phenomena were relative air humidity, average temperature, soil type, altitude elevation and mammalian species richness. Algebra map modelling demonstrated that central and southern mesoregions presented the environmental conditions needed for T. vitticeps occurrence and T. cruzi infection. The consideration of environmental variables is essential for understanding the T. cruzi transmission cycle. Cartographic and statistical methodologies used in parasitology have been demonstrated to be reliable and enlightening tools that should be incorporated routinely to expand the understanding of vector-borne parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
| | | | | | - Marcos de Meneses Rocha
- Department of Cartographic Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
| | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo.
| | | | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
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9
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Gumiel M, de Mattos DP, Vieira CS, Moraes CS, Moreira CJDC, Gonzalez MS, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Waghabi M, Azambuja P, Carels N. Proteome of the Triatomine Digestive Tract: From Catalytic to Immune Pathways; Focusing on Annexin Expression. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:589435. [PMID: 33363206 PMCID: PMC7755933 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.589435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans, and Dipetalogaster maxima are all triatomines and potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi responsible for human Chagas' disease. Considering that the T. cruzi's cycle occurs inside the triatomine digestive tract (TDT), the analysis of the TDT protein profile is an essential step to understand TDT physiology during T. cruzi infection. To characterize the protein profile of TDT of D. maxima, P. megistus, R. prolixus, and T. infestans, a shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was applied in this report. Most proteins were found to be closely related to metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis/glycolysis, citrate cycle, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, but also to the immune system. We annotated this new proteome contribution gathering it with those previously published in accordance with Gene Ontology and KEGG. Enzymes were classified in terms of class, acceptor, and function, while the proteins from the immune system were annotated by reference to the pathways of humoral response, cell cycle regulation, Toll, IMD, JNK, Jak-STAT, and MAPK, as available from the Insect Innate Immunity Database (IIID). These pathways were further subclassified in recognition, signaling, response, coagulation, melanization and none. Finally, phylogenetic affinities and gene expression of annexins were investigated for understanding their role in the protection and homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells against the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Gumiel
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Research Department, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Debora Passos de Mattos
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cecília Stahl Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Silva Moraes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rincón-Galvis HJ, Urbano P, Hernández C, Ramírez JD. Temporal Variation of the Presence of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Into Rural Dwellings in the Department of Casanare, Eastern Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:173-180. [PMID: 31559422 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus (Stål, 1859) is the major vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Colombia and Venezuela. The species is strongly associated with high-altitude ecotopes, such as sylvatic palms (Attalea butyracea), where spatially and temporally stable infestations are established. We investigated temporal variation in regards to the presence of R. prolixus in rural dwellings in the department of Casanare (eastern Colombia) over a period of 12 mo. Thirty houses were sampled from January to December 2017 by installing Maria sensors, collecting triatomines through community entomological surveillance, and conducting a monthly search in each house. The collection of specimens from the houses varied significantly by month with the higher number of collections occurring in the low-rainfall season and the lower number of collections occurring in the months of increased precipitation. The proportions of males, females, and nymphs also varied significantly throughout the time period: nymphs (fifth instar only) were reported only during May, July, and September and significantly greater numbers of females than males were reported in the inspected dwellings in all months. Density, crowding, and colonization indices varied according to the season. A bloodmeal analysis revealed 17 different hosts. A total of 42 randomly selected R. prolixus specimens were subjected to molecular analyses for detection of T. cruzi DNA with 22 found positive (infection prevalence of 52%). In conclusion, we observed a high presence of R. prolixus (infected with T. cruzi) in dwellings close to native palm plantations. These findings indicate a high risk of vector transmission of T. cruzi for people in the study areas and challenges for the current vector control schemes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Jineth Rincón-Galvis
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Orinoquia (GINBIO), Fundación Universitaria Internacional del Trópico Americano (Unitrópico), Yopal, Colombia
| | - Plutarco Urbano
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Orinoquia (GINBIO), Fundación Universitaria Internacional del Trópico Americano (Unitrópico), Yopal, Colombia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Modelling the association between deltamethrin resistance in Triatoma infestans populations of the Argentinian Gran Chaco region with environmental factors. Acta Trop 2019; 194:53-61. [PMID: 30898614 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, Triatoma infestans is the main vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, causal agent of Chagas disease. This blood-sucking triatomine is widely distributed in the Gran Chaco ecoregion, where chemical control has failed because of the evolution of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Recently, we described a deltamethrin high resistant focus in Güemes Department (Chaco province) characterized by susceptible populations, populations with low resistance (without field control failures) and some of the populations with the highest resistance level detected. This toxicological heterogeneity could be a result of non-homogenous insecticide pressure and be influenced by environmental factors. The present study evaluated the association of deltamethrin resistance ratios (RR50s) of T. infestans populations with explanatory variables extracted from the WorldClim dataset and constructed from information of National Chagas Program actions during 2005-2015. Control actions were distributed throughout the analyzed period, representing a homogeneous selective pressure. The average percentage of total positive houses was 33.66%. Models that included temperature and precipitation indicators presented 65% explanation. When village size variables where added, the explanatory power reached 70%. This observational result suggests that the climate may favor directly or indirectly the development/selection for resistance, representing a valuable tool to understand the occurrence of resistance that could increase the Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco.
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