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Liu Q, Wang M, Du YT, Xie JW, Yin ZG, Cai JH, Zhao TY, Zhang HD. Possible potential spread of Anopheles stephensi, the Asian malaria vector. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:333. [PMID: 38509457 PMCID: PMC10953274 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is native to Southeast Asia and the Arabian Peninsula and has emerged as an effective and invasive malaria vector. Since invasion was reported in Djibouti in 2012, the global invasion range of An. stephensi has been expanding, and its high adaptability to the environment and the ongoing development of drug resistance have created new challenges for malaria control. Climate change is an important factor affecting the distribution and transfer of species, and understanding the distribution of An. stephensi is an important part of malaria control measures, including vector control. METHODS In this study, we collected existing distribution data for An. stephensi, and based on the SSP1-2.6 future climate data, we used the Biomod2 package in R Studio through the use of multiple different model methods such as maximum entropy models (MAXENT) and random forest (RF) in this study to map the predicted global An. stephensi climatically suitable areas. RESULTS According to the predictions of this study, some areas where there are no current records of An. stephensi, showed significant areas of climatically suitable for An. stephensi. In addition, the global climatically suitability areas for An. stephensi are expanding with global climate change, with some areas changing from unsuitable to suitable, suggesting a greater risk of invasion of An. stephensi in these areas, with the attendant possibility of a resurgence of malaria, as has been the case in Djibouti. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the possible invasion and expansion of An. stephensi and serves as a reference for the optimization of targeted monitoring and control strategies for this malaria vector in potential invasion risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yu-Tong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing-Wen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zi-Ge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing-Hong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Acford-Palmer H, Phelan JE, Tadesse FG, Kristan M, Collins E, Spadar A, Walker T, Bousema T, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. Identification of two insecticide resistance markers in Ethiopian Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes using a multiplex amplicon sequencing assay. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5612. [PMID: 37019918 PMCID: PMC10076309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first detection in 2012 in Djibouti, Anopheles stephensi has invaded and established in the Horn of Africa, and more recently Nigeria. The expansion of this vector poses a significant threat to malaria control and elimination efforts. Integrated vector management is the primary strategy used to interrupt disease transmission; however, growing insecticide resistance is threatening to reverse gains in global malaria control. We present a next-generation amplicon-sequencing approach, for high-throughput monitoring of insecticide resistance genes (ace1, GSTe2, vgsc and rdl), species identification and characterization of genetic diversity (its2 and cox1) in An. stephensi. Ninety-five An. stephensi mosquitoes, collected in Ethiopia, were screened, identifying 104 SNPs, including the knock-down mutation L958F (L1014F in Musca domestica), and for the first time in this vector species, the A296S substitution (A301S in Drosophila melanogaster) in the rdl locus. Two other amino acid substitutions (ace1-N177D, GSTe2-V189L) were also identified but have not been previously implicated in insecticide resistance. Genetic diversity in the mitochondrial cox1 gene revealed shared haplotypes between Ethiopian An. stephensi with samples from Pakistan, Sudan, and Djibouti. Overall, we present a reliable, cost-effective strategy using amplicon-sequencing to monitor known insecticide resistance mutations, with the potential to identify new genetic variants, to assist in the high-throughput surveillance of insecticide resistance in An. stephensi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Acford-Palmer
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and NTD Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, ALERT Hospital Compound, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Jude J, Gunathilaka N, Udayanaga L, Fernando D, Premarathne P, Wickremasinghe R, Abeyewickreme W. Biology, bionomics and life-table studies of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sri Lanka and estimating the vectorial potential using mathematical approximations. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102715. [PMID: 36470340 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is an invasive mosquito in Sri Lanka that can potentially transmit malaria. The transmission intensity is linked with biology, bionomic and behavioral aspects of a vector that are associated with the Vectorial Capacity (VC). However, the influence of larval conditions eventually affects the vectorial potential of An. stephensi are not well understood. METHODS A colony of An. stephensi was established at the Regional Centre of the Open University of Sri Lanka, Jaffna District. The colony was maintained under confined conditions according to standard protocols. Biotypes of An. stephensi were characterized by referring to the number of egg ridges. Information on (a) biological aspects of eggs (duration for egg hatching, egg development and hatchability), (b) larval development time, larval survivorship pupation success, resting depth of larvae), (c) pupae (adult emergence rate, average time for adult emergence) and (d) adults (biting frequency, mating success gonotrophic cycle, fecundity, duration for egg-laying, percentage of sexes, adult survival/longevity) were evaluated under life-table analysis. Further, selected morphometric characters of each life cycle stage were recorded from the eggs (length and breadth), larvae (head length, width of head, length of thorax, width of thorax, length of abdomen, width of abdomen, and the total length of larvae), pupae (cephalothoracic length and width) and adults (length & width of wing, thorax and abdomen). The VC was calculated using a mathematical-based approach. Descriptive statistics, General Linear Model (GLM) and independent-sample t-test were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS All three biotypes were identified based on egg morphology. Mysorensis biotype (47%; n = 470) was predominant followed by type (38.1%; n = 381) and intermediate (14.9%; n = 149). The mean egg length (F(2,997) = 3.56; P = 0.029) and breadth (F(2,997) = 4.57; P = 0.011) denoted significant differences among the three biotypes. The mating success of females observed was 80.7 ± 4.45%. The mean hatching period was 1.9 ± 0.03 days, with a hatching rate of 86.2 ± 0.77%. Overall, 8.0 ± 0.14 days were required for larval development and 30.3 ± 0.14 h were spent in the pupal stage. The pupation success was 94.5 ± 0.37%, and the majority were males (53.1 ± 0.73%). The mean fecundity was 106.5 ± 6.38 eggs and a gonotrophic cycle of 3.4 ± 0.06 days. The female survival rate was 43.2 ± 2.4%, with a mean biting frequency of 66.6 ± 3.5%. The average VC of adult An. stephensi was estimated to be 18.7. CONCLUSIONS The type biotype, which is an effective vector in the Indian subcontinent is present in Sri Lanka. According to the mathematical approximation, An. stephensi found locally has a vectorial capacity of over 18. Therefore, this study warrants the health authorities and vector control programmes to continue the entomological surveys, monitoring of vector densities and implementing appropriate vector control interventions based on biology and bionomic information of vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jude
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Deparment of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Open University, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| | - Nayana Gunathilaka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
| | - Lahiru Udayanaga
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makadura, Sri Lanka
| | - Deepika Fernando
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Prasad Premarathne
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka.
| | - Rajitha Wickremasinghe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
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Comparative analysis of the larvicidal activity of temephos (EC50) and novaluaron (EC10) to control Anopheles stephensi in Sri Lanka. Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ahmed A, Irish SR, Zohdy S, Yoshimizu M, Tadesse FG. Strategies for conducting Anopheles stephensi surveys in non-endemic areas. Acta Trop 2022; 236:106671. [PMID: 36058292 PMCID: PMC11004664 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi, a malaria vector species previously only known from Asia, was first detected in Africa in Djibouti in 2012, has been subsequently collected in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia, and may be spreading further. Countries may wish to implement mosquito surveys to determine if An. stephensi is present, or to determine the extent of its distribution, if present. Furthermore, mosquito surveys can provide data on the bionomics of An. stephensi and its adaptation to the local environment that can help plan and implement control activities. The present strategies provide suggestions on surveillance approaches for monitoring An. stephensi. The first step is to determine the aim of the study, as this will determine the specific activities conducted in each location. Challenges related to identification and detection of resistance and sporozoites are also discussed. Results should be communicated to relevant stakeholders in a timely manner, both in country and internationally, to help understand the introduction, distribution, and bionomics of An. stephensi in a given country and work towards cross-border and coordinated international response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, 47 Al Steen Street, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan; Directorate of Environmental Health, Federal Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 303, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Seth R Irish
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States.
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, 500 D Street SW, Washington, DC 20547, United States
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and NTD directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, ALERT Hospital Compound, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Surendran SN, Kesavan L, Jayadas TTP, Sivabalakrishnan K, Tharsan A, Liyanagedara N, Eswaramohan T, Raveendran S, Singh OP, Ramasamy R. Morphological and odorant-binding protein 1 gene intron 1 sequence variations in Anopheles stephensi from Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:496-502. [PMID: 35838413 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three Anopheles stephensi biotypes have historically been differentiated through variations in the mode numbers of egg ridges and adult spiracular indices. Anopheles stephensi odorant-binding protein 1 gene (AsteObp1) sequences in Iran and Afghanistan have been recently interpreted to suggest that the three biotypes are sibling species. AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences, mode numbers of egg ridges and spiracular indices of An. stephensi in Jaffna city in Sri Lanka were therefore investigated in field-collected mosquitoes and short-term laboratory colonies established from them. AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences revealed the region to be polymorphic with four unique sequences, ASJF1-4, present in both short-term laboratory colonies and field-collected An. stephensi. The spiracular index did not relate to the mode number of egg ridges in Jaffna An. stephensi. The results suggested that numbers of egg ridges, spiracular indices and AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences were not useful for differentiating An. stephensi biotypes in Jaffna. It is proposed that the observed differences between An. stephensi mosquitoes in Jaffna now result from normal population variance in the context of rapidly changing bionomics in India and northern Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laxshi Kesavan
- Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Ramasamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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Singh OP, Mishra S, Sharma G, Sindhania A, Kaur T, Sreehari U, Das MK, Kapoor N, Gupta B. Evaluation of intron-1 of odorant-binding protein-1 of Anopheles stephensi as a marker for the identification of biological forms or putative sibling species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270760. [PMID: 35862377 PMCID: PMC9302840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector, has been reported to have three biological forms identifiable mainly based on the number of ridges present on the egg's floats. Recently, the first intron of the odorant-binding protein-1 (AsteObp1) has been introduced as a molecular marker for the identification of these forms, and based on this marker, the presence of three putative sibling species (designated as species A, B and C) has been proposed. However, there is no data on the association of proposed markers with biological form or putative species on field populations. METHODS Field collected and laboratory-reared An. stephensi were characterized for biological forms based on the number of ridges on the egg's float. DNA sequencing of the partial AsteObp1 gene of An. stephensi individuals were performed by Sanger's method, either directly or after cloning with a plasmid vector. Additionally, AsteObp1 sequences of various laboratory lines of An. stephensi were retrieved from a public sequence database. RESULTS AsteObp1 intron-1 in Indian An. stephensi populations are highly polymorphic with the presence of more than 13 haplotypes exhibiting nucleotides as well as length-polymorphism (90-to-121 bp). No specific haplotype or a group of closely related haplotypes of intron-1 was found associated with any biological form identified morphologically. High heterozygosity for this marker with a low inbreeding coefficient in field and laboratory populations indicates that this marker is not suitable for the delimitation of putative sibling species, at least in Indian populations. CONCLUSIONS AsteObp1 cannot serve as a marker for identifying biological forms of An. stephensi or putative sibling species in Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P. Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Shobhna Mishra
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Sindhania
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - U. Sreehari
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manoj K. Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Ranchi, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidangarhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavna Gupta
- Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Madurai, India
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Fazeli-Dinan M, Azarnoosh M, Özgökçe MS, Chi H, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Haghi FM, Zazouli MA, Nikookar SH, Dehbandi R, Enayati A, Zaim M, Hemingway J. Global water quality changes posing threat of increasing infectious diseases, a case study on malaria vector Anopheles stephensi coping with the water pollutants using age-stage, two-sex life table method. Malar J 2022; 21:178. [PMID: 35676692 PMCID: PMC9178840 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Water pollution due to uncontrolled release of chemical pollutants is an important global problem. Its effect on medically important insects, especially mosquitoes, is a critical issue in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods In order to understand the effect of water pollutants on the demography of Anopheles stephensi, colonies were reared in clean, moderately and highly polluted water for three consecutive generations at 27 °C, 75% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L:D). The demographic data of the 4th generation of An. stephensi were collected and analysed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Results The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), mean fecundity (F) and net reproductive rate (R0) of An. stephensi in clean water were 0.2568 d−1, 1.2927 d−1, 251.72 eggs, and 109.08 offspring, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those obtained in moderately polluted water (r = 0.2302 d−1, λ = 1.2589 d−1, 196.04 eggs, and R0 = 65.35 offspring) and highly polluted water (r = 0.2282 d−1, λ = 1.2564 d−1, 182.45 eggs, and R0 = 62.03 offspring). Female adult longevity in moderately polluted (9.38 days) and highly polluted water (9.88 days) were significantly shorter than those reared in clean water (12.43 days), while no significant difference in the male adult longevity was observed among treatments. Conclusions The results of this study showed that An. stephensi can partially adapt to water pollution and this may be sufficient to extend the range of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azarnoosh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehmet Salih Özgökçe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Hsin Chi
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farzad Motevalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ali Zazouli
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environment Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Janet Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Khan J, Gholizadeh S, Zhang D, Wang G, Guo Y, Zheng X, Wu Z, Wu Y. Identification of a biological form in the Anopheles stephensi laboratory colony using the odorant-binding protein 1 intron I sequence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263836. [PMID: 35192647 PMCID: PMC8863247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles stephensi Listen (1901) is a major vector of malaria in Asia and has recently been found in some regions of Africa. The An. stepehnsi species complex is suspected to have three sibling species: type, intermediate, and mysorensis, each with its own vector competence to the malaria parasite and ecology. To identify the members of the species complex in our An. stephensi insectary colony, we used the morphological features of eggs and genetic markers such as AnsteObp1 (Anopheles stephensi odorant binding protein 1), mitochondrial oxidases subunit 1 and 2 (COI and COII), and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 locus (ITS2). Methods Eggs were collected from individual mosquitoes (n = 50) and counted for the number of ridges under stereomicroscope. Genomic DNA was extracted from female mosquitoes. After the amplification of partial fragments of AnsteObp1, COI, COII and ITS2 genes, the PCR products were purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed after aligning query sequences against the submitted sequences in GenBank using MEGA 7. Results The range of ridges number on each egg float was 12–13 that corresponds to the mysorensis form of An. stephensi. The generated COI, COII and ITS2 sequences showed 100%, 99.46% and 99.29% similarity with the sequences deposited for Chinese, Indian and Iranian strains of An. stephensi, respectively. All the generated AnsteObp1 intron I region sequences matched 100% with the sequences deposited for An. stephensi sibling species C (mysorensis form) from Iran and Afghanistan. Conclusions This manuscript precisely describes the morphological and molecular details of the ‘var mysorensis’ form of An. stephensi that could be exploited in elucidating its classification as well as in differentiation from other biotypes of the same or other anopheline species. Based on our findings, we recommend AnsteObp1 as a robust genetic marker for rapid and accurate discrimination (taxonomic identification) of the An. stephensi species complex, rather than the COI, COII, and ITS2 marker, which could only be utilized for interspecies (Anopheles) differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehangir Khan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JK); (ZW); (YW)
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology and Vector Control Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Dongjing Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JK); (ZW); (YW)
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Chinese Atomic Energy Agency Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JK); (ZW); (YW)
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10
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Li F, Tian J, Wang L, Yang Z, Lu M, Qin X, Zhao H, Chen J, Li K. High Prevalence of Rickettsia bellii in Mosquitoes From Eastern China. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:390-393. [PMID: 34665223 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important vectors carrying significant numbers of human pathogens. Recent studies implicated that mosquitoes play an important role in circulation and transmission of multiple Rickettsia species. In this study, Rickettsia bellii was identified in four mosquito species (Culex pipiens, C. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles sinensis) collected from three Eastern China provinces during 2019-2020. Rickettsia bellii was detected in 37.50 and 26.32% of the C. pipiens pools from Beijing and Jiangsu province, respectively. In C. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis from Shandong, the infection rate is 20.00 and 6.25%, respectively. Additionally, three Ae. albopictus pools (3/42, 7.14%) from Beijing were also detected positive for R. bellii. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis on 16S, gltA, and groEL genes indicates that sequences from all these strains are highly homologous and closely related to other R. bellii strains. This is the first report that Ae. albopictus and C. tritaeniorhynchus harbor R. bellii. The wide host range and high infection rate in certain areas may dramatically increase the exposure of R. bellii to human and other vertebrates. The role of mosquitoes in transmission of rickettsiosis and its potential risk to public health should be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Yancheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224000, China
| | - Junhua Tian
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430024, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Laoshan No. 3 Middle School, Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266061, China
| | - Zhengpei Yang
- Liping Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Southeast Guizhou Miao-Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province 557300, China
| | - Miao Lu
- Department of Zoonoses, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing City 102206, China
| | - Xincheng Qin
- Department of Zoonoses, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing City 102206, China
| | - Hongqing Zhao
- Department of Zoonoses, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing City 102206, China
| | - Jintao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Zoonoses, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing City 102206, China
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11
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Ravishankaran S, Asokan A, Justin NAJA, Thomas S, Joshua V, Mathai MT, Eapen A. Does the roof type of a house influence the presence of adult Anopheles stephensi, urban malaria vector? - evidence from a few slum settings in Chennai, India. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:105-114. [PMID: 34773504 PMCID: PMC8995298 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In an urban setting, it is a difficult task to collect adult Anopheles stephensi, unlike the immature stages, due to various reasons. A longitudinal study was undertaken from January 2016 to April 2017, with CDC light traps to collect adult Anopheles stephensi and other mosquito species in houses located in a few slums of Chennai, India. A total of 203 trap collections were made indoors from human dwellings having different roof types, as well as outdoors. Three to four trap collections were made at night (18:00 to 06:00 h) once a week. Overall, Culex quinquefasciatus (64%) was the predominant mosquito species captured, followed by An. stephensi (24%). In 98 of the 203 trap collections (48.3%), at least one female An. stephensi was trapped. In all, 224 female An. stephensi were trapped, of which the majority were collected during monsoon and winter seasons. Compared to outdoors, 10% more An. stephensi, the majority of them unfed, were collected indoors, with relatively more contribution coming from asbestos-roofed houses (71.4%), followed by thatched-roof houses (47.3%). Overall, 2.2% positivity for Plasmodium vivax was detected in An. stephensi through Circumsporozoite-ELISA. Binary logistic regression model indicated that season (winter and monsoon), asbestos-roofed dwelling, lesser number of rooms in a house, and more members in a family were significant predictor variables for the odds of trapping an An. stephensi. The study brought out significant factors associated with the presence of An. stephensi in urban slums setting in Chennai, where malaria is declining. The findings would help in devising targeted, effective vector control interventions for malaria elimination in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamithra Ravishankaran
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2 Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai-600 077, Tamil Nadu, India,Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Chennai-600 059, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aswin Asokan
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2 Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai-600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N A Johnson Amala Justin
- Regional Office for Health and Family Welfare, A-2A, Rajaji Bhavan, Besant Nagar, Chennai- 600 090, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shalu Thomas
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2 Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai-600 077, Tamil Nadu, India,Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Chennai-600 059, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasna Joshua
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, 2 Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai-600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manu Thomas Mathai
- Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Chennai-600 059, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alex Eapen
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2 Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai-600 077, Tamil Nadu, India,Corresponding author:
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12
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Tadesse FG, Ashine T, Teka H, Esayas E, Messenger LA, Chali W, Meerstein-Kessel L, Walker T, Wolde Behaksra S, Lanke K, Heutink R, Jeffries CL, Mekonnen DA, Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Tafesse T, Gashaw A, Tsegaye T, Emiru T, Simon K, Bogale EA, Yohannes G, Kedir S, Shumie G, Sabir SA, Mumba P, Dengela D, Kolaczinski JH, Wilson A, Churcher TS, Chibsa S, Murphy M, Balkew M, Irish S, Drakeley C, Gadisa E, Bousema T. Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:603-607. [PMID: 33496217 PMCID: PMC7853561 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, efficient vectors in parts of Asia and Africa, were found in 75.3% of water sources surveyed and contributed to 80.9% of wild-caught Anopheles mosquitoes in Awash Sebat Kilo, Ethiopia. High susceptibility of these mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum and vivax infection presents a challenge for malaria control in the Horn of Africa.
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13
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Mishra S, Sharma G, Das MK, Pande V, Singh OP. Intragenomic sequence variations in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) ribosomal DNA of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253173. [PMID: 34125861 PMCID: PMC8202910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Second Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence is a widely used molecular marker for species-identification or -delimitation due to observed concerted evolution which is believed to homogenize rDNA copies in an interbreeding population. However, intra-specific differences in ITS2 of Anopheles stephensi have been reported. This study reports the presence of intragenomic sequence variation in the ITS2-rDNA of An. stephensi and hypothesizes that observed intra-specific differences in this species may have resulted due to ambiguous DNA sequence-chromatogram resulting from intragenomic heterogeneity. Anopheles stephensi collected from different parts of India were sequenced for complete ITS2 and the variable region of 28S-rDNA (d1-d3 domains). Intragenomic variations were found in ITS2 region of all An. stephensi sequenced, but no such variation was observed in d1 to d3 domains of 28S-rDNA. Cloning and sequencing of ITS2 through the d3 domain of the 28S region of rDNA from representative samples from northern, central, and southern India confirmed the presence of intragenomic variation in ITS2 due to transitions at three loci and two bp indel in a di-nucleotide microsatellite locus. Multiple haplotypes were observed in ITS2 raised from such variations. Due to the absence of detectable intragenomic sequence variation in the d1 to d3 domain of 28S rDNA of An. stephensi, this region can serve as an ideal reference sequence for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The presence of intragenomic variation in rDNA should be carefully examined before using this as a molecular marker for species delimitation or phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhna Mishra
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj K. Das
- Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research, Itki, Ranchi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Om P. Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
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14
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Ramasamy R, Thiruchenthooran V, Jayadas TTP, Eswaramohan T, Santhirasegaram S, Sivabalakrishnan K, Naguleswaran A, Uzest M, Cayrol B, Voisin SN, Bulet P, Surendran SN. Transcriptomic, proteomic and ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:253. [PMID: 33836668 PMCID: PMC8034070 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti mosquito, the principal global vector of arboviral diseases, lays eggs and undergoes larval and pupal development to become adult mosquitoes in fresh water (FW). It has recently been observed to develop in coastal brackish water (BW) habitats of up to 50% sea water, and such salinity tolerance shown to be an inheritable trait. Genomics of salinity tolerance in Ae. aegypti has not been previously studied, but it is of fundamental biological interest and important for controlling arboviral diseases in the context of rising sea levels increasing coastal ground water salinity. RESULTS BW- and FW-Ae. aegypti were compared by RNA-seq analysis on the gut, anal papillae and rest of the carcass in fourth instar larvae (L4), proteomics of cuticles shed when L4 metamorphose into pupae, and transmission electron microscopy of cuticles in L4 and adults. Genes for specific cuticle proteins, signalling proteins, moulting hormone-related proteins, membrane transporters, enzymes involved in cuticle metabolism, and cytochrome P450 showed different mRNA levels in BW and FW L4 tissues. The salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti were also characterized by altered L4 cuticle proteomics and changes in cuticle ultrastructure of L4 and adults. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide new information on molecular and ultrastructural changes associated with salinity adaptation in FW mosquitoes. Changes in cuticles of larvae and adults of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti are expected to reduce the efficacy of insecticides used for controlling arboviral diseases. Expansion of coastal BW habitats and their neglect for control measures facilitates the spread of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and genes for salinity tolerance. The transmission of arboviral diseases can therefore be amplified in multiple ways by salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and requires appropriate mitigating measures. The findings in Ae. aegypti have attendant implications for the development of salinity tolerance in other fresh water mosquito vectors and the diseases they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Ramasamy
- ID-FISH Technology Inc., Milpitas, CA, 95035, USA. .,Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marilyne Uzest
- UMR BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bastien Cayrol
- UMR BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Bulet
- Platform BioPark Archamps, Archamps, France.,CR Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
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15
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Sinka ME, Pironon S, Massey NC, Longbottom J, Hemingway J, Moyes CL, Willis KJ. A new malaria vector in Africa: Predicting the expansion range of Anopheles stephensi and identifying the urban populations at risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24900-24908. [PMID: 32929020 PMCID: PMC7547157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003976117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, an unusual outbreak of urban malaria was reported from Djibouti City in the Horn of Africa and increasingly severe outbreaks have been reported annually ever since. Subsequent investigations discovered the presence of an Asian mosquito species; Anopheles stephensi, a species known to thrive in urban environments. Since that first report, An. stephensi has been identified in Ethiopia and Sudan, and this worrying development has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to publish a vector alert calling for active mosquito surveillance in the region. Using an up-to-date database of published locational records for An. stephensi across its full range (Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Horn of Africa) and a set of spatial models that identify the environmental conditions that characterize a species' preferred habitat, we provide evidence-based maps predicting the possible locations across Africa where An. stephensi could establish if allowed to spread unchecked. Unsurprisingly, due to this species' close association with man-made habitats, our maps predict a high probability of presence within many urban cities across Africa where our estimates suggest that over 126 million people reside. Our results strongly support the WHO's call for surveillance and targeted vector control and provide a basis for the prioritization of surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sinka
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3SZ;
| | - S Pironon
- Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom, TW9 3DS
| | - N C Massey
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7LF
| | - J Longbottom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L3 5QA
| | - J Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L3 5QA
| | - C L Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7LF
| | - K J Willis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3SZ
- Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom, TW9 3DS
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16
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Munawar K, Saleh A, Afzal M, Qasim M, Khan KA, Zafar MI, Khater EI. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of anopheline (Anophelinae: Culicidae) mosquitoes of the Oriental and Afrotropical Zoogeographic zones in Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105494. [PMID: 32330453 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has a diverse fauna due to its peculiar position bordering the Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic zoogeographic zones. The present study reports the phylogenetics of five mosquito species belonging to five series of Anopheles (Cellia) . We collected mosquito larvae from eastern, western and southwestern regions of KSA. The sampled mosquitoes were morphologically identified using the pictorial keys of mosquitoes and characterized by using single and multi-locus analysis of -internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI). Based on the morphological and molecular data, five species were recognized, like An. stephensi (Neocellia) (Oriental), An. arabiensis (Pyretophorus) (Afrotropical), An. dthali (Myzomyia) (Oriental and Palaearctic), An. cinereus (Paramyzomyia) and An. rhodesiensis rupicola (Neomyzomyia) (Oriental and Palaearctic). The phylogenetic analysis showed that An. stephensi is a monophyletic species with different ecotypes found in different geographic regions. Comprehensive phylogenetics and population genetics studies are crucial for a better understanding of the role of these five mosquito species in malarial transmission across various zoogeographic zones of different ecological and demographic characteristics.
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17
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Surendran SN, Jayadas TTP, Tharsan A, Thiruchenthooran V, Santhirasegaram S, Sivabalakrishnan K, Raveendran S, Ramasamy R. Anopheline bionomics, insecticide resistance and transnational dispersion in the context of controlling a possible recurrence of malaria transmission in Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:156. [PMID: 32228675 PMCID: PMC7106892 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria was eliminated from Sri Lanka in 2013. However, the influx of infected travelers and the presence of potent anopheline vectors can re-initiate transmission in Jaffna city, which is separated by a narrow strait from the malaria-endemic Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Methods Anopheline larvae were collected from different habitats in Jaffna city and the susceptibility of emergent adults to DDT, malathion and deltamethrin investigated. Results Anopheline larvae were found in wells, surface-exposed drains, ponds, water puddles and water storage tanks, with many containing polluted, alkaline and brackish water. Anopheles culicifacies, An. subpictus, An. stephensi and An. varuna were identified in the collections. Adults of the four anopheline species were resistant to DDT. Anopheles subpictus and An. stephensi were resistant while An. culicifacies and An. varuna were possibly resistant to deltamethrin. Anopheles stephensi was resistant, An. subpictus possibly resistant while An. varuna and An. culicifacies were susceptible to malathion. DNA sequencing showed a L1014F (TTA to TTC) mutation in the IIS6 transmembrane segment of the voltage-gated sodium channel protein in deltamethrin-resistant An. subpictus—a mutation previously observed in India but not Sri Lanka. Conclusion Anopheles subpictus in Jaffna, like An. stephensi, may have recently originated in coastal Tamil Nadu. Besides infected overseas travelers, wind- and boat-borne carriage of Plasmodium-infected anophelines across the Palk Strait can potentially reintroduce malaria transmission to Jaffna city. Adaptation to diverse larval habitats and resistance to common insecticides in anophelines are identified as potential problems for vector control should this happen. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibutius T P Jayadas
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
| | - Annathurai Tharsan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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18
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Taylor DM, Olds CL, Haney RS, Torrevillas BK, Luckhart S. Comprehensive and Durable Modulation of Growth, Development, Lifespan and Fecundity in Anopheles stephensi Following Larval Treatment With the Stress Signaling Molecule and Novel Antimalarial Abscisic Acid. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3024. [PMID: 32010091 PMCID: PMC6979008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval environment of holometabolous insects determines many adult life history traits including, but not limited to, rate and success of development and adult lifespan and fecundity. The ancient stress signaling hormone abscisic acid (ABA), released by plants inundated with water and by leaf and root fragments in water, is likely ubiquitous in the mosquito larval environment and is well known for its wide ranging effects on invertebrate biology. Accordingly, ABA is a relevant stimulus and signal for mosquito development. In our studies, the addition of ABA at biologically relevant levels to larval rearing containers accelerated the time to pupation and increased death of A. stephensi pupae. We could not attribute these effects, however, to ABA-dependent changes in JH biosynthesis-associated gene expression, 20E titers or transcript patterns of insulin-like peptide genes. Adult females derived from ABA-treated larvae had reduced total protein content and significantly reduced post blood meal transcript expression of vitellogenin, effects that were consistent with variably reduced egg clutch sizes and oviposition success from the first through the third gonotrophic cycles. Adult female A. stephensi derived from ABA-treated larvae also exhibited reduced lifespans relative to controls. Collectively, these effects of ABA on A. stephensi life history traits are robust, durable and predictive of multiple impacts of an important malaria vector spreading to new malaria endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Taylor
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Cassandra L Olds
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Reagan S Haney
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Brandi K Torrevillas
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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19
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Mitri C, Bischoff E, Eiglmeier K, Holm I, Dieme C, Brito-Fravallo E, Raz A, Zakeri S, Nejad MIK, Djadid ND, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. Gene copy number and function of the APL1 immune factor changed during Anopheles evolution. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:18. [PMID: 31931885 PMCID: PMC6958605 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent reference genome assembly and annotation of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi detected only one gene encoding the leucine-rich repeat immune factor APL1, while in the Anopheles gambiae and sibling Anopheles coluzzii, APL1 factors are encoded by a family of three paralogs. The phylogeny and biological function of the unique APL1 gene in An. stephensi have not yet been specifically examined. Methods The APL1 locus was manually annotated to confirm the computationally predicted single APL1 gene in An. stephensi. APL1 evolution within Anopheles was explored by phylogenomic analysis. The single or paralogous APL1 genes were silenced in An. stephensi and An. coluzzii, respectively, followed by mosquito survival analysis, experimental infection with Plasmodium and expression analysis. Results APL1 is present as a single ancestral gene in most Anopheles including An. stephensi but has expanded to three paralogs in an African lineage that includes only the Anopheles gambiae species complex and Anopheles christyi. Silencing of the unique APL1 copy in An. stephensi results in significant mosquito mortality. Elevated mortality of APL1-depleted An. stephensi is rescued by antibiotic treatment, suggesting that pathology due to bacteria is the cause of mortality, and indicating that the unique APL1 gene is essential for host survival. Successful Plasmodium development in An. stephensi depends upon APL1 activity for protection from high host mortality due to bacteria. In contrast, silencing of all three APL1 paralogs in An. coluzzii does not result in elevated mortality, either with or without Plasmodium infection. Expression of the single An. stephensi APL1 gene is regulated by both the Imd and Toll immune pathways, while the two signaling pathways regulate different APL1 paralogs in the expanded APL1 locus. Conclusions APL1 underwent loss and gain of functions concomitant with expansion from a single ancestral gene to three paralogs in one lineage of African Anopheles. We infer that activity of the unique APL1 gene promotes longevity in An. stephensi by conferring protection from or tolerance to an effect of bacterial pathology. The evolution of an expanded APL1 gene family could be a factor contributing to the exceptional levels of malaria transmission mediated by human-feeding members of the An. gambiae species complex in Africa.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitri
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Karin Eiglmeier
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Inge Holm
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Constentin Dieme
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Emma Brito-Fravallo
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Abbasali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdokht I K Nejad
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Surendran SN, Sivabalakrishnan K, Sivasingham A, Jayadas TTP, Karvannan K, Santhirasegaram S, Gajapathy K, Senthilnanthanan M, Karunaratne SHPP, Ramasamy R. Anthropogenic Factors Driving Recent Range Expansion of the Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi. Front Public Health 2019; 7:53. [PMID: 30923705 PMCID: PMC6426791 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria vector Anopheles stephensi is found in wide tracts of Asia and the Middle East. The discovery of its presence for the first time in the island of Sri Lanka in 2017, poses a threat of malaria resurgence in a country which had eliminated the disease in 2013. Morphological and genetic characterization showed that the efficient Indian urban vector form An. stephensi sensu stricto or type form, has recently expanded its range to Jaffna and Mannar in northern Sri Lanka that are in proximity to Tamil Nadu state in South India. Comparison of the DNA sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene in An. stephensi in Jaffna and Mannar in Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu and Puducherry states in South India showed that a haplotype that is due to a sequence change from valine to methionine in the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 present in the Jaffna and Mannar populations has not been documented so far in Tamil Nadu/Puducherry populations. The Jaffna An. stephensi were closer to Tamil Nadu/Puducherry populations and differed significantly from the Mannar populations. The genetic findings cannot differentiate between separate arrivals of the Jaffna and Mannar An. stephensi from Tamil Nadu or a single arrival and dispersion to the two locations accompanied by micro-evolutionary changes. Anopheles stephensi was observed to undergo preimaginal development in fresh and brackish water domestic wells and over ground cement water storage tanks in the coastal urban environment of Jaffna and Mannar. Anopheles stephensi in Jaffna was resistant to the common insecticides deltamethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Malathion. Its preimaginal development in wells and water tanks was susceptible to predation by the larvivorous guppy fish Poecilia reticulata. The arrival, establishment, and spread of An. stephensi in northern Sri Lanka are analyzed in relation to anthropogenic factors that favor its range expansion. The implications of the findings for global public health challenges posed by malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases are discussed.
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21
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Sivabalakrishnan K, Weerarathne TC, Thileepan A, Parakrama Karunaratne SHP, Ramasamy R, Surendran SN. Susceptibility to common insecticides and detoxifying enzyme activities in Anopheles sundaicus (sensu lato) after cessation of indoor residual spraying of insecticides in the Jaffna Peninsula and its surroundings in northern Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:13. [PMID: 30616643 PMCID: PMC6323756 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sri Lanka has been malaria-free since 2013 but re-introduction of malaria transmission by infected overseas travelers is possible due to a prevalence of potent malaria vectors. Knowledge of the insecticide resistance status among Anopheles vectors is important if vector control has to be reintroduced in the island. The present study investigated the insecticide susceptibility levels and resistance mechanisms of Anopheles sundaicus (sensu lato) (previously classified as Anopheles subpictus species B) an important malaria vector in the Jaffna Peninsula and it surroundings in northern Sri Lanka after indoor residual spraying of insecticides was terminated in 2013. Results Species-specific PCR assays identified An. sundaicus (s.l.) in four locations in the Jaffna and adjacent Kilinochchi districts. Bioassays confirmed that An. sundaicus (s.l.) collected in Kilinochchi were completely susceptible to 0.05% deltamethrin and 5% malathion and resistant to 4% dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), whereas those from Jaffna were relatively susceptible to all three insecticides. Kilinochchi populations of An. sundaicus (s.l.) showed significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity than population from Jaffna. However, Jaffna An. sundaicus (s.l.) had significantly higher Propoxur-resistant acetylcholinesterase activity. Activities of non-specific esterases and monooxygenases were not significantly elevated in An. sundaicus (s.l.) collected in both districts. Conclusions The susceptibility to malathion and deltamethrin in An. sundaicus (s.l.) suggests that they can be still used for controlling this potential malaria vector in the Jaffna Peninsula and adjacent areas. Continuing country-wide studies on other malaria vectors and their insecticide susceptibilities are important in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thilini C Weerarathne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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22
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Weeraratne TC, Surendran SN, Walton C, Karunaratne SHPP. Genetic diversity and population structure of malaria vector mosquitoes Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles peditaeniatus, and Anopheles vagus in five districts of Sri Lanka. Malar J 2018; 17:271. [PMID: 30029664 PMCID: PMC6053832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Sri Lanka is considered as a malaria-free nation, the threat of re-emergence of outbreaks still remains due to the high prevalence and abundance of malaria vectors. Analysis of population genetic structure of malaria vectors is considered to be one of the vital components in implementing successful vector control programmes. The present study was conducted to determine the population genetic structure of three abundant malaria vectors; Anopheles subpictus sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles peditaneatus and Anopheles vagus from five administrative districts in two climatic zones; intermediate zone (Badulla and Kurunegala districts) and dry zone (Ampara, Batticoloa and Jaffna districts) of Sri Lanka using the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Methods Adult mosquitoes of An. subpictus s.l., An. peditaeniatus, and An. vagus were collected from five study sites located in five districts using cattle baited traps and backpack aspirators. Representative samples of each species that were morphologically confirmed were selected from each locality in generating COI sequences (> 6 good quality sequences per species per locality). Results Anopheles subpictus s.l. specimens collected during the study belonged to two sibling species; An. subpictus ‘A’ (from all study sites except from Jaffna) and An. subpictus ‘B’ (only from Jaffna). The results of haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices showed that all the three species are having high genetic diversity. Although a high significant pairwise difference was observed between An. subpictus ‘A’ and ‘B’ (Fst> 0.950, p < 0.05), there were no significant genetic population structures within An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. subpictus species A (p > 0.05), indicating possible gene flow between these populations. Conclusions Gene flow among the populations of An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. subpictus species A was evident. Application of vector control measures against all mosquito species must be done with close monitoring since gene flow can assist the spread of insecticide resistance genes over a vast geographical area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2419-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini C Weeraratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Catherine Walton
- School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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