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Adams K, Roux O. No sexual pheromones in Anopheles mosquitoes? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101227. [PMID: 38936474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Swarming behavior is the cornerstone of the anopheline mating system. At dusk, males congregate in monospecific swarms in which females come to find a mate once in their lives. Although many Anopheles species coexist in sympatry, hybrids are infrequent, suggesting the existence of strong premating reproductive barriers. Chemical cues, particularly pheromones, often play a crucial role in bringing sexes together in a species-specific manner among insects. While the existence of sexual pheromones in Anopheles species has been postulated, only a few studies developed experimental designs to investigate their presence. Here, we discuss the contrasting and debatable findings regarding both long-range and contact sex pheromones in the context of swarm ecology in Anopheles species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Adams
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA
| | - Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Triana MF, Melo N. Dynamics of Aedes aegypti mating behaviour. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 65:101237. [PMID: 39047975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The use of pheromones, while common, remains underexplored in mosquito research. Understanding Aedes aegypti's mating behaviour and pheromones is crucial for expanding knowledge and advancing vector control strategies. Unlike other species, Aedes mosquitoes have adaptable mating behaviour, complicating the study of their communication mechanisms. Current literature on Aedes communication is sparse, not due to lack of effort but because of its complexity. Ae. aegypti's mating behaviour is influenced by sensory cues and environmental factors. Swarming, which facilitates mating aggregation, is triggered by host odours, highlighting the role of semiochemicals alongside aggregation pheromones. Cuticular hydrocarbons may act as chemical signals in mating, though their roles are unclear. Acoustic signals significantly contribute to mate attraction and male fitness assessment, showcasing the multidimensional nature of Ae. aegypti sexual communication. Understanding these aspects can enhance targeted control strategies and reduce mosquito populations and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merybeth F Triana
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden; Max Planck Center next Generation Chemical Ecology, Sweden
| | - Nadia Melo
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden.
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3
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Takken W, Charlwood D, Lindsay SW. The behaviour of adult Anopheles gambiae, sub-Saharan Africa's principal malaria vector, and its relevance to malaria control: a review. Malar J 2024; 23:161. [PMID: 38783348 PMCID: PMC11112813 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex are one of the major vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Their ability to transmit this disease of major public health importance is dependent on their abundance, biting behaviour, susceptibility and their ability to survive long enough to transmit malaria parasites. A deeper understanding of this behaviour can be exploited for improving vector surveillance and malaria control. FINDINGS Adult mosquitoes emerge from aquatic habitats at dusk. After a 24 h teneral period, in which the cuticle hardens and the adult matures, they may disperse at random and search upwind for a mate or to feed. Mating generally takes place at dusk in swarms that form over species-specific 'markers'. Well-nourished females may mate before blood-feeding, but the reverse is true for poorly-nourished insects. Females are monogamous and only mate once whilst males, that only feed on nectar, swarm nightly and can potentially mate up to four times. Females are able to locate hosts by following their carbon dioxide and odour gradients. When in close proximity to the host, visual cues, temperature and relative humidity are also used. Most blood-feeding occurs at night, indoors, with mosquitoes entering houses mainly through gaps between the roof and the walls. With the exception of the first feed, females are gonotrophically concordant and a blood meal gives rise to a complete egg batch. Egg development takes two or three days depending on temperature. Gravid females leave their resting sites at dusk. They are attracted by water gradients and volatile chemicals that provide a suitable aquatic habitat in which to lay their eggs. CONCLUSION Whilst traditional interventions, using insecticides, target mosquitoes indoors, additional protection can be achieved using spatial repellents outdoors, attractant traps or house modifications to prevent mosquito entry. Future research on the variability of species-specific behaviour, movement of mosquitoes across the landscape, the importance of light and vision, reproductive barriers to gene flow, male mosquito behaviour and evolutionary changes in mosquito behaviour could lead to an improvement in malaria surveillance and better methods of control reducing the current over-reliance on the indoor application of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Derek Charlwood
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Hygiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
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Gupta S, Cribellier A, Poda SB, Roux O, Muijres FT, Riffell JA. Multisensory integration in Anopheles mosquito swarms: The role of visual and acoustic information in mate tracking and collision avoidance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.590128. [PMID: 38712209 PMCID: PMC11071295 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.590128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Male mosquitoes form aerial aggregations, known as swarms, to attract females and maximize their chances of finding a mate. Within these swarms, individuals must be able to recognize potential mates and navigate the dynamic social environment to successfully intercept a mating partner. Prior research has almost exclusively focused on the role of acoustic cues in mediating the male mosquito's ability to recognize and pursue flying females. However, the role of other sensory modalities in this behavior has not been explored. Moreover, how males avoid collisions with one another in the dense swarm while pursuing females remains poorly understood. In this study, we combined free-flight and tethered flight simulator experiments to demonstrate that swarming Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes integrate visual and acoustic information to track conspecifics and avoid collisions. Our tethered experiments revealed that acoustic stimuli gated mosquito steering responses to visual objects simulating nearby mosquitoes, especially in males that exhibited attraction to visual objects in the presence of female flight tones. Additionally, we observed that visual cues alone could trigger changes in mosquitoes' wingbeat amplitude and frequency. These findings were corroborated by our free-flight experiments, which revealed that mosquitoes modulate their flight responses to nearby conspecifics in a similar manner to tethered animals, allowing for collision avoidance within swarms. Together, these results demonstrate that both males and females integrate multiple sensory inputs to mediate swarming behavior, and for males, the change in flight kinematics in response to multimodal cues allows them to simultaneously track females while avoiding collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Antoine Cribellier
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Serge B. Poda
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Roux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian T. Muijres
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Gueye OK, Niang A, Faye MB, Dia AK, Ahmed AA, Sy O, Tripet F, Konaté L, Dia I, Wondji CS, Gaye O, Faye O, Diabate A, Niang EHA. Characterization of the swarming behavior of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in a hybrid zone of Senegal. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1278-1287. [PMID: 37738317 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, often found in sympatry and synchronous, have undergone a premating reproductive isolation across their distribution range. However, in the Western coast of Africa, unexpected hybridization zones have been observed, and little is known about swarming behavior of these cryptic taxa. Here, we characterized the swarming behavior of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae to investigate its role in the high hybridization level in Senegal. The study was conducted in the south and central Senegal during the 2018 rainy season. Mating swarms of malaria vectors were surveyed at sunset and collected using an insect net. Meanwhile, indoor resting populations of malaria vectors were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. Upon collection, specimens were identified morphologically, and then members of the An. gambiae complex were identified at the species level by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An. gambiae swarmed mainly over bare ground, whereas An. coluzzii were found swarming above various objects creating a dark-light contrast with the bare ground. The swarms height varied from 0.5 to 2.5 m. Swarming starting time was correlated with sunset whatever the months for both species, and generally lasted about 10 min. No mixed swarm of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii was found even in the high hybridization area. These results indicated a premating isolation between An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. However, the high hybridization rate in the sympatric area suggests that heterogamous mating is occurring, thus stressing the need for further extensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumou Kalsom Gueye
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mouhamed Bassir Faye
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Kane Dia
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amblat Ali Ahmed
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Sy
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Charles Sinclair Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool,UK
| | - Oumar Gaye
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, pharmacie et d'odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
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6
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Charlwood JD. Swarming and mate selection in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:857-864. [PMID: 37392071 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Treating both male and female Anopheles gambiae as if they are "boids" (a computer program that mimics flocking in birds) explains much of the swarming and mating behavior in this important group of malaria vectors. It is suggested that species specific swarm sites act as the mate recognition system in anophelines and it is proposed that virgin females respond to the swarm site per se rather than the swarm itself. Given the high operational sex ratio and the inability of any male to dominate all females within the swarm, it is considered that chance, rather than sexual selection, is the most important determinant of mating. The male being in the swarm may be a sufficiently strong signal to the female of his fitness, so that more elaborate sexual selection is unnecessary. The possibility of alternative mechanisms for mating may also exist but need to be investigated further. Given the importance of swarms as the isolating mechanism between species, emphasis should be placed on determining the characteristics of swarm sites and markers between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Derek Charlwood
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal
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7
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Cavagna A, Giardina I, Gucciardino MA, Iacomelli G, Lombardi M, Melillo S, Monacchia G, Parisi L, Peirce MJ, Spaccapelo R. Characterization of lab-based swarms of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes using 3D-video tracking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8745. [PMID: 37253765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito copulation is a crucial determinant of its capacity to transmit malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites as well as underpinning several highly-anticipated vector control methodologies such as gene drive and sterile insect technique. For the anopheline mosquitoes responsible for African malaria transmission, mating takes place within crepuscular male swarms which females enter solely to mate. However, the mechanisms that regulate swarm structure or that govern mate choice remain opaque. We used 3D-video tracking approaches and computer vision algorithms developed for the study of other complex biological systems to document swarming behavior of a lab-adapted Anopheles gambiae line in a lab-based setting. By reconstructing trajectories of individual mosquitoes lasting up to 15.88 s, in swarms containing upwards of 200 participants, we documented swarm-like behavior in both males and females. In single sex swarms, encounters between individuals were fleeting (< 0.75 s). By contrast, in mixed swarms, we were able to detect 79 'brief encounters' (> 0.75 s; < 2.5 s) and 17 longer-lived encounters (> 2.5 s). We also documented several examples of apparent male-male mating competition. These findings represent the first steps towards a more detailed and quantitative description of swarming and courtship behavior in one of the most important vectors of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavagna
- CNR-ISC (National Research Council - Institute for Complex Systems), Rome, Italy
- Physics Department University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- INFN Unità Di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Giardina
- CNR-ISC (National Research Council - Institute for Complex Systems), Rome, Italy
- Physics Department University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- INFN Unità Di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Iacomelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Max Lombardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Melillo
- CNR-ISC (National Research Council - Institute for Complex Systems), Rome, Italy.
- Physics Department University Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Parisi
- CNR-ISC (National Research Council - Institute for Complex Systems), Rome, Italy
- Physics Department University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew J Peirce
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Centro Universitario Di Ricerca Sulla Genomica Funzionale (C.U.R.Ge.F), CIRM Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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8
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Poda SB, Buatois B, Lapeyre B, Dormont L, Diabaté A, Gnankiné O, Dabiré RK, Roux O. No evidence for long-range male sex pheromones in two malaria mosquitoes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1676-1686. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Nakata T, Simões P, Walker SM, Russell IJ, Bomphrey RJ. Auditory sensory range of male mosquitoes for the detection of female flight sound. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220285. [PMID: 36000227 PMCID: PMC9399701 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male mosquitoes detect and localize conspecific females by their flight-tones using the Johnston's organ (JO), which detects antennal deflections under the influence of local particle motion. Acoustic behaviours of mosquitoes and their JO physiology have been investigated extensively within the frequency domain, yet the auditory sensory range and the behaviour of males at the initiation of phonotactic flights are not well known. In this study, we predict a maximum spatial sensory envelope for flying Culex quinquefasciatus by integrating the physiological tuning response of the male JO with female aeroacoustic signatures derived from numerical simulations. Our sensory envelope predictions were tested with a behavioural assay of free-flying males responding to a female-like artificial pure tone. The minimum detectable particle velocity observed during flight tests was in good agreement with our theoretical prediction formed by the peak JO sensitivity measured in previous studies. The iso-surface describing the minimal detectable particle velocity represents the quantitative auditory sensory range of males and is directional with respect to the female body orientation. Our results illuminate the intricacy of the mating behaviour and point to the importance of observing the body orientation of flying mosquitoes to understand fully the sensory ecology of conspecific communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon M Walker
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian J Russell
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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10
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Feugère L, Roux O, Gibson G. Behavioural analysis of swarming mosquitoes reveals higher hearing sensitivity than previously measured with electrophysiology methods. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274290. [PMID: 35132997 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes of many species mate in station-keeping swarms. Mating chases ensue as soon as a male detects the flight tones of a female with his auditory organs. Previous studies of hearing thresholds have mainly used electrophysiological methods that prevent the mosquito from flying naturally. The main aim of this study was to quantify behaviourally the sound-level threshold at which males can hear females. Free-flying male Anopheles coluzzii were released in a large arena (∼2 m high x 2 m x 1 m) with a conspicuous object on the ground that stimulates swarming behaviour. Males were exposed to a range of natural and synthetic played-back sounds of female flight. We monitored the responses of males and their distance to the speaker by recording changes in their wingbeat frequency and angular speed. We show that the mean male behavioural threshold of particle-velocity hearing lies between 13-20 dB SVL (95%-CI). A conservative estimate of 20 dB SVL (i.e.,<0.5 µm/s particle velocity) is already 12 to 26 dB lower than most of the published electrophysiological measurements from the Johnston's organ. In addition, we suggest that 1) the first harmonic of female flight-sound is sufficient for males to detect her presence, 2) males respond with a greater amplitude to single-female sounds than to the sound of a group of females and 3) the response of males to the playback of the flight sound of a live female is the same as that of a recorded sound of constant frequency and amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Feugère
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Gabriella Gibson
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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11
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Somers J, Georgiades M, Su MP, Bagi J, Andrés M, Alampounti A, Mills G, Ntabaliba W, Moore SJ, Spaccapelo R, Albert JT. Hitting the right note at the right time: Circadian control of audibility in Anopheles mosquito mating swarms is mediated by flight tones. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl4844. [PMID: 35020428 PMCID: PMC8754303 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mating swarms of malaria mosquitoes form every day at sunset throughout the tropical world. They typically last less than 30 minutes. Activity must thus be highly synchronized between the sexes. Moreover, males must identify the few sporadically entering females by detecting the females’ faint flight tones. We show that the Anopheles circadian clock not only ensures a tight synchrony of male and female activity but also helps sharpen the males’ acoustic detection system: By raising their flight tones to 1.5 times the female flight tone, males enhance the audibility of females, specifically at swarm time. Previously reported “harmonic convergence” events are only a random by-product of the mosquitoes’ flight tone variance and not a signature of acoustic interaction between males and females. The flight tones of individual mosquitoes occupy narrow, partly non-overlapping frequency ranges, suggesting that the audibility of individual females varies across males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Somers
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marcos Georgiades
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew P. Su
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Judit Bagi
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marta Andrés
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexandros Alampounti
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gordon Mills
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Watson Ntabaliba
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB) Trieste, Italy
| | - Joerg T. Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Baeshen R. Swarming Behavior in Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato): Current Knowledge and Future Outlook. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:56-66. [PMID: 34617121 PMCID: PMC8755986 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effective management of insect disease vectors requires a detailed understanding of their ecology and behavior. In Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mating occurs during swarming, but knowledge of their mating behavior under natural conditions is limited. Mosquitoes mate in flight over specific landmarks, known as swarm markers, at particular locations. Swarms consist of males; the females usually approach the swarm and depart following copulation. The number of mating pairs per swarm is closely associated with swarm size. The shape and height of swarm markers vary and may depend on the environmental conditions at the swarm's location. Male-male interactions in mosquito swarms with similar levels of attractive flight activity can offer a mating advantage to some individuals. Flight tone is used by mosquitoes to recognize the other sex and choose a desirable mate. Clarifying these and other aspects of mosquito reproductive behavior can facilitate the development of population control measures that target swarming sites. This review describes what is currently known about swarming behavior in Anopheles gambiae s.l., including swarm characteristics; mating within and outside of swarms, insemination in females, and factors affecting and stimulating swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowida Baeshen
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Nignan C, Poda BS, Sawadogo SP, Maïga H, Dabiré KR, Gnankine O, Tripet F, Roux O, Diabaté A. Local adaptation and colonization are potential factors affecting sexual competitiveness and mating choice in Anopheles coluzzii populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:636. [PMID: 35022496 PMCID: PMC8755725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mating behaviour of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae complex is an important aspect of its reproduction biology. The success of mosquito release programmes based on genetic control of malaria crucially depends on competitive mating between both laboratory-reared and wild individuals, and populations from different localities. It is known that intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence the mating success. This study addressed some of the knowledge gaps about factors influcencing mosquito mating success. In semi-field conditions, the study compared the mating success of three laboratory-reared and wild allopatric An. coluzzii populations originating from ecologically different locations in Burkina Faso. Overall, it was found that colonization reduced the mating competitiveness of both males and females compared to that of wild type individuals. More importly, females were more likely to mate with males of their own population of origin, be it wild or colonised, suggesting that local adaptation affected mate choice. The observations of mating behaviour of colonized and local wild populations revealed that subtle differences in behaviour lead to significant levels of population-specific mating. This is the first study to highlight the importance of local adaptation in the mating success, thereby highlighting the importance of using local strains for mass-rearing and release of An. coluzzii in vector control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nignan
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale Et Appliquée, Unité de Formation Et de Recherche en Sciences de La Vie Et de La Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Ouaga I Pr. Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Bèwadéyir Serge Poda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale Et Appliquée, Unité de Formation Et de Recherche en Sciences de La Vie Et de La Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Ouaga I Pr. Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Hamidou Maïga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kounbobr Roch Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankine
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale Et Appliquée, Unité de Formation Et de Recherche en Sciences de La Vie Et de La Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Ouaga I Pr. Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Olivier Roux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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14
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Rashid I, Campos M, Collier T, Crepeau M, Weakley A, Gripkey H, Lee Y, Schmidt H, Lanzaro GC. Spontaneous mutation rate estimates for the principal malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles stephensi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:226. [PMID: 34996998 PMCID: PMC8742016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using high-depth whole genome sequencing of F0 mating pairs and multiple individual F1 offspring, we estimated the nuclear mutation rate per generation in the malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles stephensi by detecting de novo genetic mutations. A purpose-built computer program was employed to filter actual mutations from a deep background of superficially similar artifacts resulting from read misalignment. Performance of filtering parameters was determined using software-simulated mutations, and the resulting estimate of false negative rate was used to correct final mutation rate estimates. Spontaneous mutation rates by base substitution were estimated at 1.00 × 10−9 (95% confidence interval, 2.06 × 10−10—2.91 × 10−9) and 1.36 × 10−9 (95% confidence interval, 4.42 × 10−10—3.18 × 10−9) per site per generation in A. coluzzii and A. stephensi respectively. Although similar studies have been performed on other insect species including dipterans, this is the first study to empirically measure mutation rates in the important genus Anopheles, and thus provides an estimate of µ that will be of utility for comparative evolutionary genomics, as well as for population genetic analysis of malaria vector mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyas Rashid
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Melina Campos
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Travis Collier
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marc Crepeau
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Allison Weakley
- Department of ChEM-H Operations, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hans Gripkey
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th St SE, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
| | - Hanno Schmidt
- Anthropology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Saarstraße 21, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, 4225 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Feugère L, Gibson G, Manoukis NC, Roux O. Mosquito sound communication: are male swarms loud enough to attract females? J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210121. [PMID: 33849333 PMCID: PMC8086941 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the unsurpassed sound sensitivity of mosquitoes among arthropods and the sound source power required for long-range hearing, we investigated the distance over which female mosquitoes detect species-specific cues in the sound of station-keeping mating swarms. A common misunderstanding, that mosquitoes cannot hear at long range because their hearing organs are 'particle-velocity' receptors, has clouded the fact that particle velocity is an intrinsic component of sound whatever the distance to the sound source. We exposed free-flying Anopheles coluzzii females to pre-recorded sounds of male An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. swarms over a range of natural sound levels. Sound levels tested were related to equivalent distances between the female and the swarm for a given number of males, enabling us to infer distances over which females might hear large male swarms. We show that females do not respond to swarm sound up to 48 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and that louder SPLs are not ecologically relevant for a swarm. Considering that swarms are the only mosquito sound source that would be loud enough to be heard at long range, we conclude that inter-mosquito acoustic communication is restricted to close-range pair interactions. We also showed that the sensitivity to sound in free-flying males is much enhanced compared to that of tethered ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Feugère
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Gabriella Gibson
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nicholas C. Manoukis
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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16
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Reynolds AM. Intrinsic stochasticity and the emergence of collective behaviours in insect swarms. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:22. [PMID: 33686572 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic stochasticity associated with finite population size is fundamental to the emergence of collective behaviours in insect swarms. It has been assumed that this intrinsic stochasticity is purely additive (position independent) in quiescent (unperturbed) swarms. Here, I identify the hallmarks of intrinsic multiplicative (position dependent) stochasticity and show that they are evident in quiescent laboratory swarms of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. In accordance with theoretical expectations, the smallest well-documented laboratory swarms (containing between 14 and 46 individuals) are found to have q-Gaussian density profiles with [Formula: see text] 1, whereas larger laboratory swarms have Gaussian ([Formula: see text]1) density profiles. I show that these newly identified states are analogous to interstellar clouds and thereby extend a long-standing analogy between insect swarms and self-gravitating systems. Smaller laboratory swarms have been observed and are predicted to be gas-like, filling the available space rather than occupying just a small proportion of it. The new results unify laboratory swarms with wild swarms. Unlike laboratory swarms, wild swarms must contend with environmental (extrinsic) noise and have density profiles that are accurately represented by q-Gaussians with [Formula: see text] 1. Finally, it is shown how intrinsic multiplicative noise allows for the nucleation of swarms away from prominent visual features (basins of attraction) known as swarm markers.
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17
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Wang G, Vega-Rodríguez J, Diabate A, Liu J, Cui C, Nignan C, Dong L, Li F, Ouedrago CO, Bandaogo AM, Sawadogo PS, Maiga H, Alves e Silva TL, Pascini TV, Wang S, Jacobs-Lorena M. Clock genes and environmental cues coordinate Anopheles pheromone synthesis, swarming, and mating. Science 2021; 371:411-415. [PMID: 33479155 PMCID: PMC9854397 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles mating is initiated by the swarming of males at dusk followed by females flying into the swarm. Here, we show that mosquito swarming and mating are coordinately guided by clock genes, light, and temperature. Transcriptome analysis shows up-regulation of the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) in the head of field-caught swarming Anopheles coluzzii males. Knockdown of per and tim expression affects Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles stephensi male mating in the laboratory, and it reduces male An. coluzzii swarming and mating under semifield conditions. Light and temperature affect mosquito mating, possibly by modulating per and/or tim expression. Moreover, the desaturase gene desat1 is up-regulated and rhythmically expressed in the heads of swarming males and regulates the production of cuticular hydrocarbons, including heptacosane, which stimulates mating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guandong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jingnan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlai Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Nignan
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ling Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Hamidou Maiga
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sibao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Corresponding author. (S.W.); (M.J.-L.)
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Corresponding author. (S.W.); (M.J.-L.)
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18
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Nignan C, Niang A, Maïga H, Sawadogo SP, Poda BS, Gnankine O, Dabiré KR, Tripet F, Diabaté A. Comparison of swarming, mating performance and longevity of males Anopheles coluzzii between individuals fed with different natural fruit juices in laboratory and semi-field conditions. Malar J 2020; 19:173. [PMID: 32375825 PMCID: PMC7201624 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is assumed that malaria vectors feed on locally available nectar sources to obtain energy. Sugar feeding is energetically critical for the Anopheles male swarming and mating activities. However, little is known about the impact of local nectar feeding on male physiological development and its consequences on male mosquito life traits in the malaria control context. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of local fruit juices on the life traits of males Anopheles coluzzii. Methods Swarming characteristics (number of males in swarm, number of mating pairs, and swarm duration) in semi-field conditions; mating rate and longevity in a laboratory setting were compared between males An. coluzzii fed exclusively with mango, papaya or banana juices. The trophic preference was investigated in semi-field conditions. Results The results of this study showed that in the laboratory, mosquitoes fed with papaya juices lived on average longer (10 days) than those fed with banana or mango juices (5 days) and had higher a mating rate (53%) than those fed with banana juice (40%). In the semi-field, the swarm size of mosquitoes fed with banana juice (85 males) was larger than that of mosquitoes fed with mango juice (60 males). The number of mating pairs formed from banana-fed male swarms (17 mating pairs) was higher than that formed from mango-fed male swarm (8 mating pairs). There was no difference in swarming duration between male treatments. Male mosquitoes had a preference for papaya and banana juices. Conclusions The results indicate that the origin of plant-derived feeding is an important factor in the survival and reproduction of mosquitoes. This calls for further investigations of chemical contents of nectars and their impact on the physiological development of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nignan
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR‑SVT/Université Joseph KI - ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Hamidou Maïga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Bèwadéyir Serge Poda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR‑SVT/Université Joseph KI - ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankine
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR‑SVT/Université Joseph KI - ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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