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Sajnaga E, Kazimierczak W, Karaś MA, Jach ME. Exploring Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus Nematode Symbionts in Search of Novel Therapeutics. Molecules 2024; 29:5151. [PMID: 39519791 PMCID: PMC11547657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, which live in mutualistic symbiosis with entomopathogenic nematodes, are currently recognised as an important source of bioactive compounds. During their extraordinary life cycle, these bacteria are capable of fine regulation of mutualism and pathogenesis towards two different hosts, a nematode and a wide range of insect species, respectively. Consequently, survival in a specific ecological niche favours the richness of biosynthetic gene clusters and respective metabolites with a specific structure and function, providing templates for uncovering new agrochemicals and therapeutics. To date, numerous studies have been published on the genetic ability of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria to produce biosynthetic novelty as well as distinctive classes of their metabolites with their activity and mechanism of action. Research shows diverse techniques and approaches that can lead to the discovery of new natural products, such as extract-based analysis, genetic engineering, and genomics linked with metabolomics. Importantly, the exploration of members of the Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus genera has led to encouraging developments in compounds that exhibit pharmaceutically important properties, including antibiotics that act against Gram- bacteria, which are extremely difficult to find. This article focuses on recent advances in the discovery of natural products derived from these nematophilic bacteria, with special attention paid to new valuable leads for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sajnaga
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Waldemar Kazimierczak
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Anna Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Elżbieta Jach
- Department of Molecular Biology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
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Hamrouni R, Regus F, Farnet Da Silva AM, Orsiere T, Boudenne JL, Laffont-Schwob I, Christen P, Dupuy N. Current status and future trends of microbial and nematode-based biopesticides for biocontrol of crop pathogens. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38987982 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The increasing public demand to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural production systems, causing serious environmental damages, has challenged industry to develop new and effective solutions to manage and control phytopathogens. Biopesticides, particularly microbial-based biopesticides, are a promising new alternative with high biodegradability, specificity, suitability for incorporation into integrated pest management practices, low likelihood of resistance development, and practically no known human health risks. However: expensive production methods, narrow action spectra, susceptibility to environmental conditions, short shelf life, poor storage stability, legislation registry constraints, and general lack of knowledge are slowing down their adoption. In addition to regulatory framework revisions and improved training initiatives, improved preservation methods, thoughtfully designed formulations, and field test validations are needed to offer new microbial- and nematode-based biopesticides with improved efficacy and increased shelf-life. During the last several years, substantial advancements in biopesticide production have been developed. The novelty part of this review written in 2023 is to summarize (i) mechanisms of action of beneficial microorganisms used to increase crop performance and (ii) successful formulation including commercial products for the biological control of phytopathogens based on microorganisms, nematode and/or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhane Hamrouni
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE UMR 7376, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Flor Regus
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, LPED, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thierry Orsiere
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Christen
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Dupuy
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
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Ulug D, Touray M, Hazal Gulsen S, Cimen H, Hazir C, Bode HB, Hazir S. A taste of a toxin paradise: Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial secondary metabolites against Aedes aegypti larvae and eggs. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 205:108126. [PMID: 38734162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Aedes-transmitted arboviral infections such as Dengue, Yellow Fever, Zika and Chikungunya are increasing public health problems. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria are promising sources of effective compounds with important biological activities. This study investigated the effects of cell-free supernatants of X. szentirmaii, X. cabanillasii and P. kayaii against Ae. aegypti eggs and larvae and identified the bioactive larvicidal compound in X. szentirmaii using The EasyPACId method. Among the three tested bacterial species, X. cabanillasii exhibited the highest (96%) egg hatching inhibition and larvicidal activity (100% mortality), whereas P. kayaii was the least effective species in our study. EasyPACId method revealed that bioactive larvicidal compound in the bacterial supernatant was fabclavine. Fabclavines obtained from promoter exchange mutants of different bacterial species such as X. cabanillasii, X. budapestensis, X. indica, X. szentirmaii, X. hominckii and X. stockiae were effective against mosquito larvae. Results show that these bacterial metabolites have potential to be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye.
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Kocarli Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Harun Cimen
- Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Application and Research Center, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Canan Hazir
- Aydin Health Services Vocational School, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Helge B Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
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Palma L, Frizzo L, Kaiser S, Berry C, Caballero P, Bode HB, Del Valle EE. Genome Sequence Analysis of Native Xenorhabdus Strains Isolated from Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:108. [PMID: 38393187 PMCID: PMC10892061 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) are capable of causing the rapid killing of insect hosts, facilitated by their association with symbiotic Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Xenorhabdus (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae), positioning them as interesting candidate tools for the control of insect pests. In spite of this, only a limited number of species from this bacterial genus have been identified from their nematode hosts and their insecticidal properties documented. This study aimed to perform the genome sequence analysis of fourteen Xenorhabdus strains that were isolated from Steinernema nematodes in Argentina. All of the strains were found to be able of killing 7th instar larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Their sequenced genomes harbour 110 putative insecticidal proteins including Tc, Txp, Mcf, Pra/Prb and App homologs, plus other virulence factors such as putative nematocidal proteins, chitinases and secondary metabolite gene clusters for the synthesis of different bioactive compounds. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis plus average nucleotide identity calculations strongly suggested that three strains should be considered novel species. The species name for strains PSL and Reich (same species according to % ANI) is proposed as Xenorhabdus littoralis sp. nov., whereas strain 12 is proposed as Xenorhabdus santafensis sp. nov. In this work, we present a dual insight into the biocidal potential and diversity of the Xenorhabdus genus, demonstrated by different numbers of putative insecticidal genes and biosynthetic gene clusters, along with a fresh exploration of the species within this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Palma
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departamento de Genética, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María 1555, Argentina
| | - Laureano Frizzo
- ICIVET Litoral, CONICET-UNL, Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza S3080, Argentina;
| | - Sebastian Kaiser
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.K.); (H.B.B.)
- Evolutionary Biochemistry Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Spain
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.K.); (H.B.B.)
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eleodoro Eduardo Del Valle
- ICiagro Litoral, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, Esperanza S3080, Argentina
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Yuan B, Li B, Shen H, Duan J, Jia F, Maimaiti Y, Li Y, Li G. Identification of fabclavine derivatives, Fcl-7 and Fcl-8, from Xenorhabdus budapestensis as major antifungal natural products against Rhizoctonia solani. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad190. [PMID: 37656887 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Black scurf disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a severe soil-borne and tuber-borne disease, which occurs and spreads in potato growing areas worldwide and poses a serious threat to potato production. New biofungicide is highly desirable for addressing the issue, and natural products (NPs) from Xenorhabdus spp. provide prolific resources for biofungicide development. In this study, we aim to identify antifungal NPs from Xenorhabdus spp. for the management of this disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Out of the 22 Xenorhabdus strains investigated, Xenorhabdus budapestensis 8 (XBD8) was determined to be the most promising candidate with the measured IC50 value of its cell-free supernatant against R. solani as low as 0.19 ml l-1. The major antifungal compound in XBD8 started to be synthesized in the middle logarithmic phase and reached a stable level at stationary phase. Core gene deletion coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis determined the major antifungal NPs as fabclavine derivatives, Fcl-7 and 8, which showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against important pathogenic fungi. Impressively, the identified fabclavine derivatives effectively controlled black scurf disease in both greenhouse and field experiments, significantly improving tuber quality and increasing with marketable tuber yield from 29 300 to 35 494 kg ha-1, comparable with chemical fungicide fludioxonil. CONCLUSIONS The fabclavine derivatives Fcl-7 and 8 were determined as the major antifungal NPs in XBD8, which demonstrated a bright prospect for the management of black scurf disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hongfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fenglian Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yushanjiang Maimaiti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Research Institute of plant protection Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 83009, China
| | - Yaning Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Martin CL, Chester DW, Radka CD, Pan L, Yang Z, Hart RC, Binshtein EM, Wang Z, Nagy L, DeLucas LJ, Aller SG. Structures of the Insecticidal Toxin Complex Subunit XptA2 Highlight Roles for Flexible Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13221. [PMID: 37686027 PMCID: PMC10487846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toxin Complex (Tc) superfamily consists of toxin translocases that contribute to the targeting, delivery, and cytotoxicity of certain pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. Membrane receptor targeting is driven by the A-subunit (TcA), which comprises IgG-like receptor binding domains (RBDs) at the surface. To better understand XptA2, an insect specific TcA secreted by the symbiont X. nematophilus from the intestine of entomopathogenic nematodes, we determined structures by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM. Contrary to a previous report, XptA2 is pentameric. RBD-B exhibits an indentation from crystal packing that indicates loose association with the shell and a hotspot for possible receptor binding or a trigger for conformational dynamics. A two-fragment XptA2 lacking an intact linker achieved the folded pre-pore state like wild type (wt), revealing no requirement of the linker for protein folding. The linker is disordered in all structures, and we propose it plays a role in dynamics downstream of the initial pre-pore state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole L. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.L.M.); (D.W.C.); (C.D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - David W. Chester
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.L.M.); (D.W.C.); (C.D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Christopher D. Radka
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.L.M.); (D.W.C.); (C.D.R.); (L.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lurong Pan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.L.M.); (D.W.C.); (C.D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Rachel C. Hart
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (R.C.H.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Elad M. Binshtein
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (R.C.H.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Zhao Wang
- Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Tomography Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Lisa Nagy
- Department of Mathematics, Engineering & Physical Sciences, Jefferson State Community College, Jefferson Campus, Birmingham, AL 35215, USA;
| | - Lawrence J. DeLucas
- Predictive Oncology Inc., 200 Riverhills Business Park, Suite 250, Birmingham, AL 35242, USA;
| | - Stephen G. Aller
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.L.M.); (D.W.C.); (C.D.R.); (L.P.)
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Abd-Elgawad MMM. Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests. HORTICULTURAE 2023; 9:865. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can kill and recycle in their host populations, which bodes well for EPNs’ exploitation in long-term and safe pest management. However, EPNs’ cost and efficacy need transformational technology to supplant less expensive and more effective but toxic/unhealthy pesticides. A technology that allows for the significant uptake of commercial EPNs should both boost their market suitability and provide genetic improvements. This review provides brief overviews of EPNs’ biology and ecology from the standpoint of pest/pathogen management as a prerequisite for EPN improvements. Understanding the biology and ecology of EPNs, particularly their symbiotic relationships with bacteria, is crucial to their effective use in pest management. This review provides relevant insights into EPN-symbiotic bacteria and the EPN–symbiont complex. The symbiotic relationship between EPNs and bacteria plays a key role in IPM, providing unique advantages. Either of them can be included in mechanisms underlying the various positive sides of plant–insect interactions in emerging integrated pest management (IPM) systems. Recent approaches, in which EPNs can act additively or synergistically with other production inputs in IPM programs, are discussed for further expansion. The simultaneous favorable effects of EPNs and/or their mutualistic bacteria on several pest/pathogen species of crops should be identified. Merits, such as the rapid killing of insect pests, ease of EPN/the symbiont’s mass production and a broad host range, are presented in order to widely disseminate the conditions under which EPN usage can offer a cost-effective and/or value-added technique for IPM. To maximize the effectiveness of EPNs in IPM, various genetic improvement techniques are being explored. Such techniques, along with their merits/demerits and related tools, are reviewed to optimize the common biocontrol usage of EPNs. Examples of genetic improvements to EPNs that allow for their use in transformational technology, such as a cost-effective application technique, increased infectivity, and toleration of unfavorable settings, are given. Proper production practices and genetic techniques should be applied carefully to avoid undesirable results; it is suggested that these are considered on a case-by-case basis. This will enable us to optimize EPN performance based on the given variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
- Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Fomin V, Bazhenov S, Kononchuk O, Matveeva V, Zarubina A, Spiridonov S, Manukhov I. Photorhabdus lux-operon heat shock-like regulation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14527. [PMID: 36950606 PMCID: PMC10025913 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, transcription of Photorhabdus luminescens lux-operon was considered being constitutive. Therefore, this lux-operon has been used for measurements in non-specific bacterial luminescent biosensors. Here, the expression of Photorhabdus lux-operon under high temperature was studied. The expression was researched in the natural strain Photorhabdus temperata and in the heterologous system of Escherichia coli. P. temperata FV2201 bacterium was isolated from soil in the Moscow region (growth optimum 28 °C). We showed that its luminescence significantly increases when the temperature rises to 34 °C. The increase in luminescence is associated with an increase in the transcription of luxCDABE genes, which was confirmed by RT-PCR. The promoter of the lux-operon of the related bacterium P. luminescens ZM1 from the forests of Moldova, being cloned in the heterologous system of E. coli, is activated when the temperature rises from room temperature to 42 °C. When heat shock is caused by ethanol addition, transcription of lux-operon increases only in the natural strain of P. temperata, but not in the heterologous system of E. coli cells. In addition, the activation of the lux-operon of P. luminescens persists in E. coli strains deficient in both the rpoH and rpoE genes. These results indicate the presence of sigma 32 and sigma 24 independent heat-shock-like mechanism of regulation of the lux-operon of P. luminescens in the heterologous E. coli system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.V. Fomin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Microbiology, BIOTECH University, Volokolamskoe Highway 11, Moscow 125080, Russian Federation
| | - S.V. Bazhenov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - O.V. Kononchuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Microbiology, BIOTECH University, Volokolamskoe Highway 11, Moscow 125080, Russian Federation
| | - V.O. Matveeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - A.P. Zarubina
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Gory, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation
| | - S.E. Spiridonov
- Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect, 33, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - I.V. Manukhov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author.
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Loulou A, Mastore M, Caramella S, Bhat AH, Brivio MF, Machado RAR, Kallel S. Entomopathogenic potential of bacteria associated with soil-borne nematodes and insect immune responses to their infection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280675. [PMID: 36689436 PMCID: PMC10045567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne nematodes establish close associations with several bacterial species. Whether they confer benefits to their hosts has been investigated in only a few nematode-bacteria systems. Their ecological function, therefore, remains poorly understood. In this study, we isolated several bacterial species from rhabditid nematodes, molecularly identified them, evaluated their entomopathogenic potential on Galleria mellonella larvae, and measured immune responses of G. mellonella larvae to their infection. Bacteria were isolated from Acrobeloides sp., A. bodenheimeri, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Oscheius tipulae, and Pristionchus maupasi nematodes. They were identified as Acinetobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter sp., Kaistia sp., Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Morganella morganii subsp. morganii, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial strains were found to be highly entomopathogenic as they killed at least 53.33% G. mellonella larvae within 72h post-infection, at a dose of 106 CFU/larvae. Among them, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Enterobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., and K. quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae were the most entomopathogenic bacteria. Insects strongly responded to bacterial infection. However, their responses were apparently little effective to counteract bacterial infection. Our study, therefore, shows that bacteria associated with soil-borne nematodes have entomopathogenic capacities. From an applied perspective, our study motivates more research to determine the potential of these bacterial strains as biocontrol agents in environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameni Loulou
- Department of Plant Health and Environment, Laboratory of Bio-Aggressor and Integrated Protection in Agriculture, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maristella Mastore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sara Caramella
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Aashaq Hussain Bhat
- Faculty of Sciences, Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ricardo A. R. Machado
- Faculty of Sciences, Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sadreddine Kallel
- Department of Plant Health and Environment, Laboratory of Bio-Aggressor and Integrated Protection in Agriculture, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
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10
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Lax P, Passone MA, Becerra AG, Sosa AL, Ciancio A, Finetti-Sialer MM, Rosso LC. Sustainable strategies for management of the "false root-knot nematode" Nacobbus spp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046315. [PMID: 36570909 PMCID: PMC9774502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nacobbus, known as the false root-knot nematode, is native to the American continent and comprises polyphagous species adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. Alone or in combination with other biotic and abiotic factors, Nacobbus spp. can cause significant economic yield losses on main food crops such as potato, sugar beet, tomato, pepper and bean, in South and North America. Although the genus distribution is restricted to the American continent, it has quarantine importance and is subject to international legislation to prevent its spread to other regions, such as the European Union. The management of Nacobbus spp. remains unsatisfactory due to the lack of information related to different aspects of its life cycle, survival stages in the soil and in plant material, a rapid and reliable diagnostic method for its detection and the insufficient source of resistant plant genotypes. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, the search for alternatives has been intensified. Therefore, this review reports findings on the application of environmentally benign treatments to manage Nacobbus spp. Biological control strategies, such as the use of different organisms (mainly bacteria, fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes) and other eco-compatible approaches (such as metabolites, essential oils, plant extracts, phytohormones and amendments), either alone or as part of a combined control strategy, are discussed. Knowledge of potential sources of resistance for genetic improvement for crops susceptible to Nacobbus spp. are also reported. The sustainable strategies outlined here offer immediate benefits, not only to counter the pathogen, but also as good alternatives to improve crop health and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lax
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A. Passone
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Ambiental (ECOMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G. Becerra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L. Sosa
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Ambiental (ECOMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Laura C. Rosso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
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11
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Gümüşsoy A, Yüksel E, Özer G, İmren M, Canhilal R, Amer M, Dababat AA. Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1085. [PMID: 36554995 PMCID: PMC9786672 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of C. pomonella with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticides. In addition, the increasing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on human health and the environment has led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly control practices for C. pomonella. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) and their endosymbionts (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.) represent a newly emerging approach to controlling a wide range of insect pests. In the present study, field surveys were conducted in apple orchards to isolate and identify EPNs and their endosymbionts and evaluate their insecticidal efficacy on the larvae of C. pomonella. EPNs were isolated from 12 of 100 soil samples (12%). Seven samples were identified as Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), whereas five samples were assigned to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). The pathogenicity of the EPN species/isolates was screened on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella. The two most pathogenic isolates from each EPN species were tested against fifth instar larvae of C. pomonella under controlled conditions. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved by all EPN species/isolates at a concentration of 100 IJs/larva 96 h after treatment. The endosymbionts of selected H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae species were identified as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii and Xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively. The mortality rates ranged between 25 and 62% when the fifth larval instar larvae of C. pomonella were exposed to the treatment of cell-free supernatants of symbiotic bacteria. In essence, the present survey indicated that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria have good potential for biological control of C. pomonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asım Gümüşsoy
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ebubekir Yüksel
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Göksel Özer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa İmren
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Canhilal
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Mohammed Amer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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12
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Thanwisai A, Muangpat P, Meesil W, Janthu P, Dumidae A, Subkrasae C, Ardpairin J, Tandhavanant S, Yoshino TP, Vitta A. Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria from the National Parks of Thailand and Larvicidal Property of Symbiotic Bacteria against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111658. [PMID: 36421372 PMCID: PMC9687835 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are insect-parasitizing nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema that are symbiotically associated with the symbiotic bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. Heterorhabditis indica, H. baujardi, Heterorhabditis SGmg3, Steinernema guangdongense, S. surkhetense, S. minutum, and S. longicaudum were isolated from soil samples in the national parks of Thailand. For symbiotic bacterial isolates, P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii, P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis, P. luminescens subsp. australis, Xenorhabdus stockiae, X. indica, X. griffiniae, X. japonica, and X. hominickii were isolated from those EPNs. In mosquito larvicidal bioassays, Photorhabdus isolates were effective against both Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. In conclusion, a wide diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria was found in the national parks of Thailand. Moreover, isolated Photorhabdus bacteria were shown to have potential as biocontrol agents to control culicine mosquitoes. Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are insect parasitic nematodes of the genera Het-erorhabditis and Steinernema. These nematodes are symbiotically associated with the bacteria, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. National parks in Thailand are a potentially rich resource for recovering native EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria. The objectives of this study are to isolate and identify EPNs and their bacterial flora from soil samples in four national parks in Thailand and to evaluate their efficacy for controlling mosquito larvae. Using a baiting method with a Galleria mellonella moth larvae and a White trap technique, 80 out of 840 soil samples (9.5%) from 168 field sites were positive for EPNs. Sequencing of an internal transcribed spacer resulted in the molecular identification of Heterorhabditis nematode isolates as H. indica, H. baujardi and Heterorhabditis SGmg3, while using 28S rDNA sequencing, Steinernema nematode species were identified as S. guang-dongense, S. surkhetense, S. minutum, S. longicaudum and one closely related to S. yirgalemense. For the symbiotic bacterial isolates, based on recA sequencing, the Photorhabdus spp. were identified as P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii, P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis and P. luminescens subsp. australis. Xenorhabdus isolates were identified as X. stockiae, X. indica, X. griffiniae, X. japonica and X. hominickii. Results of bioassays demonstrate that Photorhabdus isolates were effective on both Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Therefore, we conclude that soil from Thailand’s national parks contain a high diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria. Photorhabdus bacteria are larvicidal against culicine mosquitoes and may serve as effective biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Paramaporn Muangpat
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wipanee Meesil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Pichamon Janthu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Abdulhakam Dumidae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chanakan Subkrasae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jiranun Ardpairin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sarunporn Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Timothy P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kinkar OU, Prashar A, Kumar A, Hadapad AB, Hire RS, Makde RD. Txp40, an insecticidal toxin protein from Xenorhabdus nematophila: Purification, toxicity assessment and biophysical characterization. Toxicon 2022; 218:40-46. [PMID: 36096207 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Txp40 is a ubiquitous toxin from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, exhibits insecticidal activity against a wide range of insect pests belonging to Lepidoptera and Diptera orders. Initially, Txp40 affects midgut of the target insect and further damages some other tissues like fat bodies but the detailed mode of action is not known. Txp40 shares no significant sequence match to any proteins with known structure or function, suggesting that it is a novel type of insecticidal toxin. Here, we report purification, toxicity and biophysical characterization of the Txp40b toxin from X. nematophila (ATCC, 19061). The recombinant Txp40b was found toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae with LD50 of 30.42 ng larva-1. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that purified Txp40b is an α-helix rich protein with a relatively lower melting temperature of 45 °C. In-silico model generated suggests two domain structure of Txp40b toxin. Detailed structural analysis of Txp40b will provide new insights about the mode of action and possibly it would illustrate a new domain and/or motif in the area of insecticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar U Kinkar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Arpit Prashar
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashok B Hadapad
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ramesh S Hire
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ravindra D Makde
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
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Association of Midgut Bacteria and Their Metabolic Pathways with Zika Infection and Insecticide Resistance in Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102197. [PMID: 36298752 PMCID: PMC9609292 DOI: 10.3390/v14102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aedes aegypti is the vector of several arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. In 2015-16, Zika virus (ZIKV) had an outbreak in South America associated with prenatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This mosquito's viral transmission is influenced by microbiota abundance and diversity and its interactions with the vector. The conditions of cocirculation of these three arboviruses, failure in vector control due to insecticide resistance, limitations in dengue management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and lack of effective treatment or vaccines make it necessary to identify changes in mosquito midgut bacterial composition and predict its functions through the infection. Its study is fundamental because it generates knowledge for surveillance of transmission and the risk of outbreaks of these diseases at the local level. METHODS Midgut bacterial compositions of females of Colombian Ae. aegypti populations were analyzed using DADA2 Pipeline, and their functions were predicted with PICRUSt2 analysis. These analyses were done under the condition of natural ZIKV infection and resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, alone and in combination. One-step RT-PCR determined the percentage of ZIKV-infected females. We also measured the susceptibility to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene. RESULTS We found high ZIKV infection rates in Ae. aegypti females from Colombian rural municipalities with deficient water supply, such as Honda with 63.6%. In the face of natural infection with an arbovirus such as Zika, the diversity between an infective and non-infective form was significantly different. Bacteria associated with a state of infection with ZIKV and lambda-cyhalothrin resistance were detected, such as the genus Bacteroides, which was related to functions of pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, and bioremediation of insecticides. We hypothesize that it is a vehicle for virus entry, as it is in human intestinal infections. On the other hand, Bello, the only mosquito population classified as susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin, was associated with bacteria related to mucin degradation functions in the intestine, belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family, with the genus Dorea being increased in ZIKV-infected females. The Serratia genus presented significantly decreased functions related to phenazine production, potentially associated with infection control, and control mechanism functions for host defense and quorum sensing. Additionally, Pseudomonas was the genus principally associated with functions of the degradation of insecticides related to tryptophan metabolism, ABC transporters with a two-component system, efflux pumps, and alginate synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Microbiota composition may be modulated by ZIKV infection and insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti Colombian populations. The condition of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin could be inducing a phenome of dysbiosis in field Ae. aegypti affecting the transmission of arboviruses.
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15
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Abd-Elgawad MMM. Xenorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Useful Facets of Mutualistic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1360. [PMID: 36143397 PMCID: PMC9503066 DOI: 10.3390/life12091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting concern over the misuse of chemical pesticides has sparked broad interest for safe and effective alternatives to control plant pests and pathogens. Xenorhabdus bacteria, as pesticidal symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema species, can contribute to this solution with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to suppress a variety of plant pathogens. As many challenges face sound exploitation of plant-phytonematode interactions, a full useful spectrum of such interactions should address nematicidal activity of Xenorhabdus. Steinernema-Xenorhabdus complex or Xenorhabdus individually should be involved in mechanisms underlying the favorable side of plant-nematode interactions in emerging cropping systems. Using Xenorhabdus bacteria should earnestly be harnessed to control not only phytonematodes, but also other plant pests and pathogens within integrated pest management plans. This review highlights the significance of fitting Xenorhabdus-obtained insecticidal, nematicidal, fungicidal, acaricidal, pharmaceutical, antimicrobial, and toxic compounds into existing, or arising, holistic strategies, for controlling many pests/pathogens. The widespread utilization of Xenorhabdus bacteria, however, has been slow-going, due to costs and some issues with their commercial processing. Yet, advances have been ongoing via further mastering of genome sequencing, discovering more of the beneficial Xenorhabdus species/strains, and their successful experimentations for pest control. Their documented pathogenicity to a broad range of arthropods and pathogens and versatility bode well for useful industrial products. The numerous beneficial traits of Xenorhabdus bacteria can facilitate their integration with other tactics for better pest/disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfouz M M Abd-Elgawad
- Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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16
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Larvicidal activity of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria isolated from insect parasitic nematodes against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106668. [PMID: 36030882 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are important vectors for several arboviruses such as the dengue virus. The chemical control of Aedes spp., which is usually implemented, affects both humans and the environment. The biological control of Aedes spp. with entomopathogenic bacteria such as Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus may be an alternative method that can overcome such issues. This study aimed to isolate and identify Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria from entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) collected in Thailand and evaluate their larvicidal properties in controlling A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Colony morphology and recA sequencing of the 118 symbiotic isolated bacteria indicated that most were P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii and X. stockiae with minor prevalence of P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis, P. asymbiotica subsp. australis, X. indica, X. griffiniae, X. japonica, X. thuongxuanensis, and X. eapokensis . The larvicidal bioassay with the third- and fourth-instar mosquito larvae suggested that a whole-cell suspension of X. griffiniae (bMSN3.3_TH) had the highest efficiency in eradicating A. aegypti and A. albopictus, with 90 ± 3.71% and 81 ± 2.13% mortality, respectively, after 96 h exposure. In contrast, 1% of ethyl acetate extracted from X. indica (bSNK8.5_TH) showed reduced mortality for A. aegypti of only 50 ± 3.66% after 96 h exposure. The results indicate that both X. griffiniae (bMSN3.3_TH) and X. indica (bSNK8.5_TH) could be used as biocontrol agents against Aedes larvae.
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Belyy A, Lindemann F, Roderer D, Funk J, Bardiaux B, Protze J, Bieling P, Oschkinat H, Raunser S. Mechanism of threonine ADP-ribosylation of F-actin by a Tc toxin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4202. [PMID: 35858890 PMCID: PMC9300711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tc toxins deliver toxic enzymes into host cells by a unique injection mechanism. One of these enzymes is the actin ADP-ribosyltransferase TccC3, whose activity leads to the clustering of the cellular cytoskeleton and ultimately cell death. Here, we show in atomic detail how TccC3 modifies actin. We find that the ADP-ribosyltransferase does not bind to G-actin but interacts with two consecutive actin subunits of F-actin. The binding of TccC3 to F-actin occurs via an induced-fit mechanism that facilitates access of NAD+ to the nucleotide binding pocket. The following nucleophilic substitution reaction results in the transfer of ADP-ribose to threonine-148 of F-actin. We demonstrate that this site-specific modification of F-actin prevents its interaction with depolymerization factors, such as cofilin, which impairs actin network turnover and leads to steady actin polymerization. Our findings reveal in atomic detail a mechanism of action of a bacterial toxin through specific targeting and modification of F-actin. Entomopathogenic bacteria used for pest control secrete potent Tc toxins. Here, the authors combine biochemistry, solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy and cryo-EM to show in atomic detail how the toxin disrupts the host cell cytoskeleton and kills the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Belyy
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Lindemann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Roderer
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Funk
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bieling
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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Mucci NC, Jones KA, Cao M, Wyatt MR, Foye S, Kauffman SJ, Richards GR, Taufer M, Chikaraishi Y, Steffan SA, Campagna SR, Goodrich-Blair H. Apex Predator Nematodes and Meso-Predator Bacteria Consume Their Basal Insect Prey through Discrete Stages of Chemical Transformations. mSystems 2022; 7:e0031222. [PMID: 35543104 PMCID: PMC9241642 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00312-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbiosis drives physiological processes of higher-order systems, including the acquisition and consumption of nutrients that support symbiotic partner reproduction. Metabolic analytics provide new avenues to examine how chemical ecology, or the conversion of existing biomass to new forms, changes over a symbiotic life cycle. We applied these approaches to the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, its mutualist bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, and the insects they infect. The nematode-bacterium pair infects, kills, and reproduces in an insect until nutrients are depleted. To understand the conversion of insect biomass over time into either nematode or bacterium biomass, we integrated information from trophic, metabolomic, and gene regulation analyses. Trophic analysis established bacteria as meso-predators and primary insect consumers. Nematodes hold a trophic position of 4.6, indicative of an apex predator, consuming bacteria and likely other nematodes. Metabolic changes associated with Galleria mellonella insect bioconversion were assessed using multivariate statistical analyses of metabolomics data sets derived from sampling over an infection time course. Statistically significant, discrete phases were detected, indicating the insect chemical environment changes reproducibly during bioconversion. A novel hierarchical clustering method was designed to probe molecular abundance fluctuation patterns over time, revealing distinct metabolite clusters that exhibit similar abundance shifts across the time course. Composite data suggest bacterial tryptophan and nematode kynurenine pathways are coordinated for reciprocal exchange of tryptophan and NAD+ and for synthesis of intermediates that can have complex effects on bacterial phenotypes and nematode behaviors. Our analysis of pathways and metabolites reveals the chemistry underlying the recycling of organic material during carnivory. IMPORTANCE The processes by which organic life is consumed and reborn in a complex ecosystem were investigated through a multiomics approach applied to the tripartite Xenorhabdus bacterium-Steinernema nematode-Galleria insect symbiosis. Trophic analyses demonstrate the primary consumers of the insect are the bacteria, and the nematode in turn consumes the bacteria. This suggests the Steinernema-Xenorhabdus mutualism is a form of agriculture in which the nematode cultivates the bacterial food sources by inoculating them into insect hosts. Metabolomics analysis revealed a shift in biological material throughout progression of the life cycle: active infection, insect death, and conversion of cadaver tissues into bacterial biomass and nematode tissue. We show that each phase of the life cycle is metabolically distinct, with significant differences including those in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid pathways. Our findings demonstrate that symbiotic life cycles can be defined by reproducible stage-specific chemical signatures, enhancing our broad understanding of metabolic processes that underpin a three-way symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Mucci
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katarina A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mengyi Cao
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael R. Wyatt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shane Foye
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah J. Kauffman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gregory R. Richards
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michela Taufer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yoshito Chikaraishi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Shawn A. Steffan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Wu LH, Chen YZ, Hsieh FC, Lai CT, Hsieh C. Combined effect of Photorhabdus luminescens and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai on Plutella xylostella. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2917-2926. [PMID: 35384447 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated a new biopesticide containing different combinations of Photorhabdus luminescens (ATCC 29,999; Pl) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bt) to leverage their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella. Mixtures containing proteins of various sizes were assayed to determine which combination of the two bacteria would yield the maximum insecticidal activity. A histopathologic slide revealed vacuole formations and rifts near the apical membrane (a symptom of Bt) and severe thinning of the intestinal wall (a symptom of Pl). When the two bacteria were cultured separately and then mixed, the insecticidal activity of the treatment reached 83.33% ± 8.82%. The insecticidal activity was elevated and significantly accelerated when Bt was mixed with both the Pl supernatant and the isolated protein with a molecular mass [Formula: see text] 100 kDa of Pl. These results highlight the potential of Pl as a potent bioinsecticide to economically and sustainably control Pl. xylostella and other lepidopteran pests. KEY POINTS: • Growth inhibition by Bacillus thuringiensis exerted a significant effect on insecticidal activity. • Large Photorhabdus luminescens proteins can accelerate the synergistic insecticidal effect on Plutella xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Wu
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pintung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Y Z Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, 824444, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chia Hsieh
- Biopesticides Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C T Lai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pintung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chienyan Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, 824444, Taiwan.
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20
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Fodor A, Gualtieri M, Zeller M, Tarasco E, Klein MG, Fodor AM, Haynes L, Lengyel K, Forst SA, Furgani GM, Karaffa L, Vellai T. Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii (EMC) and X. budapestensis (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030342. [PMID: 35335666 PMCID: PMC8950435 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge, not only for public health, but also for sustainable agriculture. Antibiotics used in humans should be ruled out for use in veterinary or agricultural settings. Applying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) molecules, produced by soil-born organisms for protecting (soil-born) plants, seems a preferable alternative. The natural role of peptide-antimicrobials, produced by the prokaryotic partner of entomopathogenic-nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic associations, is to sustain monoxenic conditions for the EPB in the gut of the semi-anabiotic infective dauer juvenile (IJ) EPN. They keep pathobiome conditions balanced for the EPN/EPB complex in polyxenic (soil, vanquished insect cadaver) niches. Xenorhabdus szentirmaii DSM16338(T) (EMC), and X. budapestensis DSM16342(T) (EMA), are the respective natural symbionts of EPN species Steinernema rarum and S. bicornutum. We identified and characterized both of these 15 years ago. The functional annotation of the draft genome of EMC revealed 71 genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and polyketide synthases. The large spatial Xenorhabdus AMP (fabclavine), was discovered in EMA, and its biosynthetic pathway in EMC. The AMPs produced by EMA and EMC are promising candidates for controlling MDR prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens (bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, protozoa). EMC releases large quantity of iodinin (1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide) in a water-soluble form into the media, where it condenses to form spectacular water-insoluble, macroscopic crystals. This review evaluates the scientific impact of international research on EMA and EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Középfasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-(30)-490-9294
| | - Maxime Gualtieri
- Nosopharm, 110 Allée Charles Babbage, Espace Innovation 2, 30000 Nîmes, France;
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Eustachio Tarasco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michael G. Klein
- USDA-ARS & Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 13416 Claremont Ave, Cleveland, OH 44130, USA;
| | - Andrea M. Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
| | - Leroy Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Katalin Lengyel
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (NIPN), Zrinyi utca 3, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven A. Forst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA;
| | - Ghazala M. Furgani
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13793, Libya
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- MTA-ELTE Genetics Research Group, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Platt-Samoraj A. Toxigenic Properties of Yersinia enterocolitica Biotype 1A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:118. [PMID: 35202145 PMCID: PMC8877543 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article was to present the most important toxins that are produced by biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica, and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are able to synthesize variants of thermostable YST enterotoxin and play a key role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica also produce Y. enterocolitica pore-forming toxins, YaxA and YaxB. These toxins form pores in the cell membrane of host target cells and cause osmotic lysis, which is of particular importance in systemic infections. Insecticidal toxin complex genes have been detected in some clinical biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica. However, their role has not yet been fully elucidated. Strains belonging to biotype 1A have long been considered non-pathogenic. This view is beginning to change due to the emerging knowledge about the toxigenic potential of these bacteria and their ability to overcome the defense barriers of the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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22
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Sarma DK, Kumar M, Dhurve J, Pal N, Sharma P, James MM, Das D, Mishra S, Shubham S, Kumawat M, Verma V, Tiwari RR, Nagpal R, Marotta F. Influence of Host Blood Meal Source on Gut Microbiota of Wild Caught Aedes aegypti, a Dominant Arboviral Disease Vector. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020332. [PMID: 35208787 PMCID: PMC8880539 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood feeding is an important behavior of Aedes aegypti, a dominant arboviral disease vector, as it can establish and transmit viruses to humans. Bacteria associated with the mosquito gut can modulate the biological characteristics and behavior of disease vectors. In this study, we characterized the gut microbiota composition of human-blood-fed (HF), non-human-blood-fed (NHF) and non-fed (NF) field-collected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, using a 16S metagenomic approach, to assess any association of bacterial taxa with the blood-feeding behavior of Ae. aegypti. A significant difference in the microbiota composition between the HF and NF mosquito group was observed. A significant association was observed in the relative abundance of families Rhodobacteraceae, Neisseriaceae and Dermacoccaceae in the HF group in contrast to NF and NHF Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, respectively. At the class level, two classes (Rhodobacterales and Neisseriales) were found to be in higher abundance in the HF mosquitoes compared to a single class of bacteria (Caulobacterales) in the NF mosquitoes. These results show that human-blood feeding may change the gut microbiota in wild Ae. aegypti populations. More research is needed to determine how changes in the midgut bacterial communities in response to human-blood-feeding affect the vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Jigyasa Dhurve
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Namrata Pal
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Poonam Sharma
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Meenu Mariya James
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Deepanker Das
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Sweta Mishra
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Swasti Shubham
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhouri, Bhopal 462030, Madhya Pradesh, India; (M.K.); (J.D.); (N.P.); (P.S.); (M.M.J.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, College of Health & Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Francesco Marotta
- ReGenera R&D International for Aging Intervention, 20144 Milano, Lombardia, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.K.S.); (F.M.)
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Yadav M, Rathore JS. Functional and transcriptional analysis of chromosomal encoded hipBA Xn2 type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module from Xenorhabdus nematophila. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105309. [PMID: 34839000 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila is an entomopathogenic bacterium that synthesizes numerous toxins and kills its larval insect host. Apart from such toxins, its genome also has a plethora of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. The role of TA systems in bacterial physiology is debatable; however, they are associated with maintaining bacterial genomic stability and their survival under adverse environmental conditions. Here, we explored the functionality and transcriptional regulation of the type II hipBAXn2 TA system. This TA system was identified in the genome of X. nematophila ATCC 19061, which consists of the hipAXn2 toxin gene encoding 278 amino acid residues and hipBXn2 encoding antitoxin of 135 amino acid residues. We showed that overexpression of HipAXn2 toxin reduced the growth of Escherichia coli cells in a bacteriostatic manner, and amino-acids G8, H164, N167, and S169 were key residues for this growth reduction. Promoter activity and expression profiling of the hipBAXn2 TA system was showed that transcription was induced in both E. coli as well as X. nematophila upon exposure to different stress conditions. Further, we have exhibited the binding features of HipAXn2 toxin and HipBXn2 antitoxin to their promoter. This study provides evidence for the presence of a functional and well-regulated hipBAXn2 TA system in X. nematophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Yadav
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Yamuna Expressway, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Rathore
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Yamuna Expressway, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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24
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Vicente-Díez I, Blanco-Pérez R, Chelkha M, Puelles M, Pou A, Campos-Herrera R. Exploring the Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and the Natural Products Derived from Their Symbiotic Bacteria to Control the Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111033. [PMID: 34821833 PMCID: PMC8622629 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The European grapevine moth (EGVM) Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacks vineyards in Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. Global movement toward sustainable agriculture urges the development of environmentally friendly tools that can replace traditional pesticides. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are well-known biological control agents against various arthropod pests. The EPNs act together with symbiotic bacteria that produce natural products with insecticidal potential. Novel formulations and application technology allow their application against aerial pests, including those associated with vineyards. This study investigated the viability of four EPN species and their corresponding bacteria derivates (unfiltered ferment, UF, or cell-free supernatant, CFS) against EGVM (larval and pupa instars). The results revealed that all EPN species killed various EGVM larval stages. Killing pupae required a higher number of IJs than controlling larvae. Steinernema carpocapsae registered the most promising results, killing ~50% L1 and >75% L3/L5 in 2 days. The use of the bacterial bioactive compounds achieved similar results, with UF registering higher activity than CFS. Overall, we demonstrated that both EPN and bacterial bioproducts have a great potential to control EGVM in sustainable viticulture. Further research in co-formulation with adjuvants is required to ensure their survival in the aboveground grapevine areas. Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM) Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a relevant pest in the Palearctic region vineyards and is present in the Americas. Their management using biological control agents and environmentally friendly biotechnical tools would reduce intensive pesticide use. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are well-known virulent agents against arthropod pests thanks to symbiotic bacteria in the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus (respectively) that produce natural products with insecticidal potential. Novel technological advances allow field applications of EPNs and those bioactive compounds as powerful bio-tools against aerial insect pests. This study aimed to determine the viability of four EPN species (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. riojaense, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) as biological control agents against EGVM larval instars (L1, L3, and L5) and pupae. Additionally, the bioactive compounds from their four symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus bovienii, X. nematophila, X. kozodoii, and Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii, respectively) were tested as unfiltered ferment (UF) and cell-free supernatant (CFS) against the EGVM larval instars L1 and L3. All of the EPN species showed the capability of killing EGVM during the larval and pupal stages, particularly S. carpocapsae (mortalities of ~50% for L1 and >75% for L3 and L5 in only two days), followed by efficacy by S. feltiae. Similarly, the bacterial bioactive compounds produced higher larval mortality at three days against L1 (>90%) than L3 (~50%), making the application of UF more virulent than the application of CFS. Our findings indicate that both steinernematid species and their symbiotic bacterial bioactive compounds could be considered for a novel agro-technological approach to control L. botrana in vineyards. Further research into co-formulation with adjuvants is required to expand their viability when implemented for aboveground grapevine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vicente-Díez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Rubén Blanco-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Maryam Chelkha
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
- Research Team “Lombricidae, Improving Soil Productivity and Environment” (LAPSE), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.), Centre Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, Takaddoum, Rabat BP 5118, Morocco
| | - Miguel Puelles
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Alicia Pou
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-941-894980 (ext. 410102)
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Can Symbiotic Bacteria ( Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus) Be More Efficient than Their Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Pieris rapae and Pentodon algerinus Larvae? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100999. [PMID: 34681098 PMCID: PMC8533234 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Food security is the people’s main concern, and agricultural crops play a significant role in ensuring it. Agricultural pests, on the other hand, are regarded one of the most serious threats to cause a significant problem for food security. Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Herterorhabditids and Sterinernematids fulfil the fundamental requirements of perfect bio-control agents; however, their efficacy mostly dependent on their symbiotic bacteria. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the ability of the isolated symbiotic bacteria (Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus) to control Pieris rapae and Pentodon algerinus larvae in comparison with their own nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema riobravis, respectively. The results showed that both nematode species and their symbiotic bacteria were able to suppress both insect species. However, both bacterial genera were more efficient than the investigated nematode species against P. rapae, although nematodes were superior against P. algerinus. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry of Xenorhabdus sp. and Photorhabdus sp. identified the key components with the insecticidal properties. The two bacteria genera were proven to be safe and had no significant effect on normal WI-38 human cells. In conclusion, the symbiotic bacteria can be employed safely and effectively against the tested insects independently on their own entomopathogenic nematodes. Abstract Pieris rapae and Pentodon algerinus are considered a global threat to agricultural crops and food security; hence, their control is a critical issue. Heterorhabditid and Steinernematid nematodes, along with their symbiotic bacteria, can achieve the optimal biocontrol agent criterion. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema riobravis, and their symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus) against P. rapae and P. algerinus larvae. The virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was determined at different infective juvenile concentrations and exposure times, while the symbiotic bacteria were applied at the concentration of 3 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL at different exposure times. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis and the cytotoxic effect of Photorhabdus sp. and Xenorhabdus sp. were determined. The results indicated that H. bacteriophora, S. riobravis, and their symbiotic bacteria significantly (p ≤ 0.001) induced mortality in both insect species. However, H. bacteriophora and its symbiont, Photorhabdus sp., were more virulent. Moreover, the data clarified that both symbiotic bacteria outperformed EPNs against P. rapae but the opposite was true for P. algerinus. GC-MS analysis revealed the main active compounds that have insecticidal activity. However, the results revealed that there was no significant cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, H. bacteriophora, S. riobravis, and their symbiotic bacteria can be an optimal option for bio-controlling both insect species. Furthermore, both symbiotic bacteria can be utilized independently on EPNs for the management of both pests, and, hence, they can be safely incorporated into biocontrol programs and tested against other insect pests.
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Córdoba-Aguilar A, San Miguel-Rodríguez M, Rocha-Ortega M, Lanz-Mendoza H, Cime-Castillo J, Benelli G. Adult damselflies as possible regulators of mosquito populations in urban areas. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4274-4287. [PMID: 34086403 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dragonfly and damselfly larvae have been considered as possible biocontrol agents against young instars of mosquito vectors in urban environments. Yet our knowledge about adult odonate predation against mosquito adults is scarce. We quantified daily and annual predation rates, consumption rates and prey preferences of adult Hetaerina vulnerata male damselflies in an urban park. A focus on predation of mosquito species was provided, quantified their arbovirus (dengue, chikungunya and Zika) infection rates and biting activity. RESULTS Foraging times of H. vulnerata overlapped with those of the maximum activity of hematophagous mosquitoes. The most consumed preys were Diptera and Hymenoptera and, in lower quantities, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Psocoptera and Neuroptera. Of note, 7% of the diet was represented by hematophagous dipterans, with 2.4% being Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Prey abundance in the diet coincided with that of the same species in the environment. The arboviral infection rate (dengue, chikungunya and Zika) was 1.6% for A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The total biting rate of these mosquito vectors was 16 bites per person per day, while the annual rate of infectious bites was 93.4. CONCLUSION Although 2.4% for both Aedes species seems a low consumption, considering the presence of 12 odonate species at the park, it can be argued that adult odonates may play a relevant role as mosquito vector regulators, therefore impacting the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Our study outlines the need for further research on the topic of the possible role of adult odonates for mosquito biocontrol. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081660. [PMID: 34451705 PMCID: PMC8401807 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to sustainable agricultural development aspire to use safer means to control pests and pathogens. Photorhabdus bacteria that are insecticidal symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Heterorhabditis can provide such a service with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to cope with the insect immune system. This review highlights the need of Photorhabdus-derived insecticidal, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, and toxic materials to fit into current, or emerging, holistic strategies, mainly for managing plant pests and pathogens. The widespread use of these bacteria, however, has been slow, due to cost, natural presence within the uneven distribution of their nematode partners, and problems with trait stability during in vitro culture. Yet, progress has been made, showing an ability to overcome these obstacles via offering affordable mass production and mastered genome sequencing, while detecting more of their beneficial bacterial species/strains. Their high pathogenicity to a wide range of arthropods, efficiency against diseases, and versatility, suggest future promising industrial products. The many useful properties of these bacteria can facilitate their integration with other pest/disease management tactics for crop protection.
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Mastore M, Caramella S, Quadroni S, Brivio MF. Drosophila suzukii Susceptibility to the Oral Administration of Bacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus nematophila and Its Secondary Metabolites. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070635. [PMID: 34357295 PMCID: PMC8305655 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent decades, climate change and the international fruit trade have favored the movement of allochthonous species such as harmful insects into new geographic areas. The settlement of phytophagous insects and vectors in new areas, where potential predators are often lacking, has increased the use of chemical insecticides for their control. The intensive use of these substances represents a serious problem for ecosystems and human health; a possible alternative to chemical control is biological control, i.e., the use of biological insecticides that are compatible with the environment. The aim of our work was to further improve biological control methods for the management of the dipteran Spotted Wing Drosophila, an insect recently introduced in America and Europe, which can damage thin-skinned fruit crops. The methodologies applied are based on the combined use of different entomopathogens, i.e., bacteria, fungi, nematodes, etc., harmful for insects, with the purpose of increasing their effectiveness. The results obtained show that the combined use of two entomopathogenic bacteria increases both the lethality and rapidity of action. From an application viewpoint, studies like this are essential to identify new methods and bioinsecticides and, once transferred to the field, can be crucial to eliminate or, at least, reduce the use of chemicals. Abstract Drosophila suzukii, Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD), is a serious economic issue for thin-skinned fruit farmers. The invasion of this dipteran is mainly counteracted by chemical control methods; however, it would be desirable to replace them with biological control. All assays were performed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Xenorhabdus nematophila (Xn), and Xn secretions, administered orally in single or combination, then larval lethality was assessed at different times. Gut damage caused by Bt and the influence on Xn into the hemocoelic cavity was also evaluated. In addition, the hemolymph cell population was analyzed after treatments. The data obtained show that the combined use of Bt plus Xn secretions on larvae, compared to single administration of bacteria, significantly improved the efficacy and reduced the time of treatments. The results confirm the destructive action of Bt on the gut of SWD larvae, and that Bt-induced alteration promotes the passage of Xn to the hemocoel cavity. Furthermore, hemocytes decrease after bioinsecticides treatments. Our study demonstrates that combining bioinsecticides can improve the efficacy of biocontrol and such combinations should be tested in greenhouse and in field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Caramella
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0332-421404
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Olawale SI, Busayo OOM, Olatunji OI, Mariam M, Olayinka OS. Plasmid profiles and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from abattoirs wastewater within Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 12:547-555. [PMID: 33613909 PMCID: PMC7884279 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i6.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Waste water from abattoirs could harbour bacteria some of which are pathogenic. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the quality of wastewater from some abattoirs in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The counts of viable bacteria, total coliform, faecal coliform, enterococci, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella/Shigella spp. of the wastewater was determined using selective media. The sanitary condition appraisal, antibiotic susceptibility test and plasmid profile of the isolates were assessed using standard methods. Results: The highest count of viable bacteria and total coliform obtained were 9.0 × 107 and 3.0 × 107 CFU/ml respectively. Faecal coliform and enterococcal count had the same highest value of 3.0 × 105 CFU/ml. The highest count of pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella spp. were 2.5 × 108, 1.9 × 107 and 3.0 × 104 CFU/ml respectively. The abattoirs sanitary scores ranged from 28.6–57.1%. The isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.5–1.0. Plasmid curing with 0.1 mg/ml of acridine orange solution led to reduction in the MAR index of most of the Gram negative bacteria. Pseudomonas stutzeri was susceptible to all the antibiotics while Proteus vulgaris was resistant to all the antibiotics after curing. Most of the Gram negative bacteria isolated belong to the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae while the Gram positive bacteria belong to the families Staphylococcaceae, Enterococcaceae and Streptococcaceae. Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that wastewaters from the abattoirs were contaminated by bacteria with high MAR index. Most of these bacteria borne their antibiotic resistant factors in their plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Ismaila Olawale
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Muhammed Mariam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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